APPENDIX C – ENERGY MODELING ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

Appendix C - Energy Thermal

Building Envelope ModelingBridging
Analysis and Results
Guide BUILDING ENVELOPE THERMAL BRIDGING GUIDE

ARCHETYPE BUILDING INDEX

Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................C.i
1.0 Large Institutional Archetype Summary ...............................................................................................C.1
2.0 Low-Mid Rise MURB Archetype Summary ...........................................................................................C.6
3.0 High Rise MURB Archetype Summary ................................................................................................C.10
4.0 Secondary School Archetype Summary .............................................................................................C.17
5.0 Rec Centre Archetype Summary .........................................................................................................C.22
6.0 Commercial Office Archetype Summary.............................................................................................C.27
7.0 Hotel Archetype Summary ...................................................................................................................C.35
8.0 Non-Food Retail Archetype Summary.................................................................................................C.40
Appendix C - Energy Thermal
Building Envelope ModelingBridging
Analysis and Results
Guide BUILDING ENVELOPE THERMAL BRIDGING GUIDE

INTRODUCTION

C.i
Appendix C - Energy Thermal
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Analysis and Results
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Introduction
The energy analysis undertaken for this study is focused on generally quantifying the impact of the opaque
envelope on whole building energy use for different major building types (archetypes). The energy results
shown below are for illustrative purposes to give an approximate idea of the scale of the energy impact
resulting from the opaque building envelope. The results should not replace project specific energy models for
design decision making, but may be used as guidance to inform early design.

Archetypes
The archetypes are rectangular buildings with size, number of stories and aspect ratios approximated based
on experience with similar projects. Although buildings come in many different sizes, shapes and orientations,
any geometry selected would be arbitrary; thus standard rectangular shapes were chosen.

Each archetype also uses mechanical and lighting systems that reflect standard practice for a large portion of
the BC market. Mechanical and electrical systems can vary significantly between similar projects, however,
one representative system was chosen for illustrative purposes. Higher performing mechanical systems may
show less impact from the building envelope, while higher performing lighting systems may show more impact
due to reduction in heat gain. However, the general trend and slope of the curves shown below are expected
to be consistent for most buildings, though the absolute values may vary significantly depending on design.
The energy model input details for each archetype are summarized below, with each input followed by graphs
of electricity and gas energy use over varying R-values.

Energy Graphs
The graphs below represent both annual electricity and gas energy usage over a wide range of R-values for
each archetype, at two different glazing ratios, and for 3 different BC climates. The graphs were developed to
quantify the difference in electricity and gas energy related to differences in the opaque envelope related to the
impact of thermal bridging through interface details. Specific scenarios and results are discussed in detail in
Part 2.

Energy Use Intensity

Some readers may be interested in the overall energy results of the archetype buildings. A summary of the
energy use intensity, in ekWh/m2, is shown in the Table below. The table considers the results for all
archetype buildings, but only at one window to wall ratio, one R-value (R15) and one climate (Vancouver, BC).

Window- Gas Use Electricity Use Total Energy

Building Archetype
to-Wall Intensity Intensity Use Intensity
(Vancouver Climate)
Ratio (%) (kWh/m2) (kWh/m2) (kWh/m2)
Institutional 30 250 178 427
Low Mid Rise MURB 30 126 60 186
High Rise MURB 40 126 60 186
Secondary School 20 80 69 148
Rec Centre 30 220 136 356
Commercial Office 40 36 107 143
Hotel 40 152 73 225
Non-Food Retail 30 83 88 171

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THERMAL MASS
Most energy models deal with thermal mass through the use of conduction transfer functions. These functions
are determined based on the materials of the assembly modeled, and tell the model how to distribute, over
time, the heat losses and gains through the walls and roofs that are calculated at each time step. The
calculation is independent of the U-value but impacts energy use through the distribution of heat losses and
heat gains over time, dependent on the material properties modeled. Figures C0.1 and C0.2 respectively show
the response factor and cumulative heat flow for low and high mass walls for a concrete high rise MURB with
electric baseboard heating.

0.02
Low Mass
0.015
High Mass Interior Insulation
0.01 High Mass Exterior Insulation

0.005

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
Hours

Figure C0.1: Response factor for mass walls

0.4
Heat Flow (W/m2K)

0.35
0.3
0.25
Low Mass
0.2
0.15 High Mass Interior Insulation
0.1 High Mass Exterior Insulation
0.05
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
Hours

Figure C0.2: Cumulative heat flow for mass walls

Figures C0.3 through C0.8 below show the difference in energy use between high (concrete walls) and low
(steel stud walls) thermal mass systems. At the lowest R-value, R2.5, there is as much as 3-5% heating energy
savings for mass walls over steel stud walls for the high rise MURB archetype, depending on climate zone.
However, over the range of R-values, the average difference in heating energy is 1% or less. The figures also
show that a slightly lower R-value in mass walls, about R0.5 to R1.5 lower, yields the same energy use as
lightweight walls. However, ASHRAE 90.1-2010 prescribes mass walls at R-values lower than steel stud walls
by about R3, R1.5, and R10 for BC climate zones 5, 6, and 7, respectively. As such, the reduction in R-value
for mass walls in ASHRAE 90.1 may not be fully warranted for BC climate zones. However, this point is
somewhat moot since the change in absolute energy use at the higher prescribed code R-values is not
significant.

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THERMAL MASS ANALYSIS ANNUAL ENERGY USE

110

40% WWR, Steel Stud

Elelctricity Use (ekWh/m2)

100
40% WWR, Concrete Mass

90

80

70

60
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C0.3: Prince George – Electricity Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

160

40% WWR, Steel Stud

158
40% WWR, Concrete Mass
Gas Use (ekWh/m2)

156

154

152

150
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C0.4: Prince George – Gas Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

[Link]
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Building Envelope ModelingBridging
Analysis and Results
Guide BUILDING ENVELOPE THERMAL BRIDGING GUIDE

THERMAL MASS ANALYSIS ANNUAL ENERGY USE

90

40% WWR, Steel Stud

Elelctricity Use (ekWh/m2)

80 40% WWR, Concrete Mass

70

60

50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C0.5: Summerland – Electricity Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

136

40% WWR, Steel Stud

134
40% WWR, Concrete Mass
Gas Use (ekWh/m2)

132

130

128

126
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C0.6: Summerland – Gas Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

C.v
Appendix C - Energy Thermal
Building Envelope ModelingBridging
Analysis and Results
Guide BUILDING ENVELOPE THERMAL BRIDGING GUIDE

THERMAL MASS ANALYSIS ANNUAL ENERGY USE

90

40% WWR, Steel Stud

Elelctricity Use (ekWh/m2)

80 40% WWR, Concrete Mass

70

60

50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C0.7: Vancouver – Electricity Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

132

40% WWR, Steel Stud

130
40% WWR, Concrete Mass
Gas Use (ekWh/m2)

128

126

124

122
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C0.8: Vancouver – Gas Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

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1.0 LARGE INSTITUTIONAL ARCHETYPE SUMMARY

Archetype Symmary Values Units / Notes
Gross Floor Area (GFA) 240,000 (22,297) ft2 (m2)
Number of Floors 6
Wall Height 15 (4.57) ft (m)
Window:Wall Ratio (WWR) 30% / 50%
Length:Width Ratio 4:1
Wall:Roof Ratio 2.25
Lighting Power Density (LPD) 1.2 (13) W/ft2 (W/m2)
Plug Power Density (PPD) 1 (10) W/ft2 (W/m2)
General System Information Boiler/Chiller/CT Plant, Constant Volume, CSA
Rates
Performance Details As per below According to standard practice
Zoning 15 5/floor, multiplier for middle floors
Building Envelope Components
Roof (insulated entirely above deck) 20.8 (3.66) R-value, h.ft2.F/BTU (m2.K/W)
Wall 23.7 (4.17) R-value Curve, h.ft2.F/BTU (m2.K/W)
Slab-on-grade (unheated) 0.159 (0.9) F-factor, BTU/[Link].F (m.K/W)
Glazing (Double-pane) 0.387 (2.2) U-value, BTU/h.ft2.F (m2.K/W)
0.45 Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)
Internal Loads
Occupancy 5 (20) person/100 ft2 (m2/person)
Lighting 1.2 (13) W/ft2 (W/m2)
Receptacle 1 (10) W/ft2 (W/m2)
Domestic Hot Water Peak 307 (90) BTUh/person (W/person)
Air Infiltration 0.05 (0.25) cfm/ft2 (L/s/m2) external surface area
Ventilation Rates
Air Changes Per Hour 2 Healthcare Estimate
Schedules
HVAC, Plug Loads, Lighting, Occupancy, Domestic Health ASHRAE 90.1 - User's Manual, Table G-F
Hot Water
Zone Level Equipment
Total Supply Airflow Minimum at 6 ACH, peak autosized
Heating Equipment
Equipment Type Hot Water Reheat Coil
Controls
Heating Design Supply Air Temperature 20 (11.1) Above Space Temperature, F (°C)
Building Level Equipment
System Type VAV
Fan Control VFD
Fan Efficiency 65 %
Motor Efficiency 90 %
Total Fan Static Pressure 5 (1250) in (Pa)
Total Supply Airflow Autosized
Heating Equipment
Equipment Type Hot Water Coil
Cooling Equipment
Equipment Type Chilled Water Coil
Controls
Heating Supply Air Temperature 50 (10) F (°C)
Cooling Supply Air Temperature Min 55, Max 64.4 (Min 12.8, Max 18) Reset for Warmest Zone, F (°C)
Outdoor Air Economizer 75 (24) Fixed Dry Bulb, Maximum Temperature, F (°C)

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Plant Level Equipment

Heating Equipment
Equipment Type Gas Boiler
Efficiency 80 %
Design Water Outlet Temperature 177.8 (81) F (°C)
Hot Water Pump
Pump Control VFD
Pump Configuration Primary Only
Pump Motor Efficiency 90 %
Pump Head 60 (180) ft (kPa)
Cooling Equipment
Equipment Type Electric Chiller
Efficiency 5 COP
Condenser Type Water Cooled
Chiller Flow Control Variable
Leaving Chilled Water Temperature 44 (6.67) F (°C)
Entering Condenser Fluid Temperature 85 (29.4) F (°C)
Chilled Water Pump
Pump Control VFD
Pump Configuration Primary and Secondary
Pump Motor Efficiency 90 %
Pump Head 60 (180) ft (kPa)
Heat Rejection Equipment
Equipment Type Cooling Tower
Design Inlet Air Wet-Bulb Temperature 78 (25.6) F (°C)
Design Approach Temperature 7 (3.9) Difference, F (°C)
Design Range Temperature 10 (5.6) Difference, F (°C)
Condenser Pump
Pump Control Constant Speed
Pump Configuration Primary Only
Pump Motor Efficiency 90 %
Pump Head 60 (180) ft (kPa)
SHW Equipment
System Type and Fuel Gas
Efficiency 80 %
Peak Demand 307 (90) BTUh/person (W/person)
Controls
Hot Water Design Exit Temperature 180 (82) F (°C)
Hot Water Loop Design Temperature Difference 20 (11.1) F (°C)
Chilled Water Design Exit Temperature 45 (7.22) F (°C)
Chilled Water Loop Design Temperature Difference 44 (6.67) F (°C)
Condenser Water Design Exit Temperature 85 (29.4) F (°C)
Condenser Loop Design Temperature Difference 42 (5.6) F (°C)
Hot Water Loop Temperature Min 150, Max 180 (Min 66, Max 82) Outdoor Air Reset, F (°C)
Chilled Water Loop Temperature Min 45, Max 54 (Min 7, Max 12) Outdoor Air Reset, F (°C)
Condenser Water Loop Temperature Min 70, Max 84 (Min 21, Max 29) Follow Outdoor Air, F (°C)

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Analysis and Results
Guide BUILDING ENVELOPE THERMAL BRIDGING GUIDE

LARGE INSTITUTIONAL ANNUAL ENERGY USE

178

50% WWR
Electricty Use (ekWh/m2)

173
30% WWR

168

163

158
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C1.1: Prince George – Electricity Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

400

50% WWR
380
Gas Use (ekWh/m2)

30% WWR
360

340

320

300
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C1.2: Prince George – Gas Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

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Analysis and Results
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LARGE INSTITUTIONAL ANNUAL ENERGY USE

192

50% WWR
Electricty Use (ekWh/m2)

187
30% WWR

182

177

172
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C1.3: Summerland – Electricity Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

320

50% WWR
300
Gas Use (ekWh/m2)

30% WWR

280

260

240
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C1.4: Summerland – Gas Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

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Analysis and Results
Guide BUILDING ENVELOPE THERMAL BRIDGING GUIDE

LARGE INSTITUTIONAL ANNUAL ENERGY USE

187

50% WWR
Electricty Use (ekWh/m2)

182
30% WWR

177

172

167
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C1.5: Vancouver – Electricity Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

300

50% WWR
Gas Use (ekWh/m2)

280 30% WWR

260

240
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C1.6: Vancouver – Gas Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

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2.0 LOW-MID RISE MURB ARCHETYPE SUMMARY

Archetype Symmary Values Units / Notes
Gross Floor Area (GFA) 51, 200 (4,757) ft2 (m2)
Number of Floors 4
Wall Height 9 (2.74) ft (m)
Window:Wall Ratio (WWR) 30% / 50%
Length:Width Ratio 2:1
Wall:Roof Ratio 1.35
Lighting Power Density (LPD) 0.7 (8) W/ft2 (W/m2)
Plug Power Density (PPD) 0.5 (6) W/ft2 (W/m2)
General System Information Electric Baseboard, Gas-Fired MUA, Gas DHW
Performance Details As per below According to standard practice
Zoning 15 5/floor, multiplier for middle floors
Notes Typical of a wood frame MURB
Building Envelope Components
Roof (insulated entirely above deck) 20.8 (3.66) R-value, h.ft2.F/BTU (m2.K/W)
Wall 23.7 (4.17) R-value Curve, h.ft2.F/BTU (m2.K/W)
Slab-on-grade (unheated) 0.159 (0.9) F-factor, BTU/[Link].F (m.K/W)
Glazing (Double-pane) 0.387 (2.2) U-value, BTU/h.ft2.F (m2.K/W)
0.45 Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)
Internal Loads
Occupancy 4 (25) person/100 ft2 (m2/person)
Lighting 0.7 (8) W/ft2 (W/m2)
Receptacle 0.5 (6) W/ft2 (W/m2)
Domestic Hot Water Peak 1,707 (500) BTUh/person (W/person)
Air Infiltration 0.05 (0.25) cfm/ft2 (L/s/m2) external surface area
Ventilation Rates
People Outdoor Air Rate 5 (2.5) cfm/person (L/s/person)
Area Outdoor Air Rate 0.06 (0.3) cfm/ft2 (L/s/m2)
Schedules
HVAC, Plug Loads, Lighting, Occupancy, Domestic Hotel ASHRAE 90.1 - User's Manual, Table G-G
Hot Water
Zone Level Equipment
Heating Equipment
Equipment Type Electric Baseboard
Efficiency 100 %
Building Level Equipment
System Type MUA
Fan Control Constant Volume
Fan Efficiency 65 %
Motor Efficiency 90 %
Fan Static Pressure 4 (1,000) in (Pa)
Total Supply Airflow Autosized, 100% OA
Heating Equipment
Equipment Type Gas Coil
Efficiency 80 %
Controls
Heating Supply Air Temperature 64.4 (18) F (°C)
Plant Level Equipment
SHW Equipment
System Type and Fuel Gas
Efficiency 80 %
Peak Demand 1,707 (500) BTUh/person (W/person)

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LOW-MID RISE MURB ANNUAL ENERGY USE

120

50% WWR
Elelctricity Use (ekWh/m2)

100 30% WWR

80

60
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C2.1: Prince George – Electricity Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

160

50% WWR
158
Gas Use (ekWh/m2)

30% WWR
156

154

152

150
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C2.2: Prince George – Gas Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

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LOW-MID RISE MURB ANNUAL ENERGY USE

90

50% WWR
Elelctricity Use (ekWh/m2)

80
30% WWR

70

60

50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C2.3: Summerland – Electricity Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

136

50% WWR
134
Gas Use (ekWh/m2)

30% WWR
132

130

128

126
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C2.4: Summerland – Gas Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

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LOW-MID RISE MURB ANNUAL ENERGY USE

90

50% WWR
Elelctricity Use (ekWh/m2)

80
30% WWR

70

60

50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C2.5: Vancouver – Electricity Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

131

50% WWR
129
Gas Use (ekWh/m2)

30% WWR
127

125

123

121
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C2.6: Vancouver – Gas Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

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3.0 HIGH RISE MURB ARCHETYPE SUMMARY

Archetype Symmary Values Units / Notes
Gross Floor Area (GFA) 300,000 (27,871) ft2 (m2)
Number of Floors 30
Wall Height 9 (2.74) ft (m)
Window:Wall Ratio (WWR) 40% / 70%
Length:Width Ratio 1:1
Wall:Roof Ratio 10.80
Lighting Power Density (LPD) 0.7 (8) W/ft2 (W/m2)
Plug Power Density (PPD) 0.5 (6) W/ft2 (W/m2)
General System Information Electric Baseboard, Gas-Fired MUA, Gas DHW.
Performance Details As per below According to standard practice
Zoning 15 5/floor, multiplier for middle floors
Notes Representative of point tower
Building Envelope Components
Roof (insulated entirely above deck) 20.8 (3.66) R-value, h.ft2.F/BTU (m2.K/W)
Wall 23.7 (4.17) R-value Curve, h.ft2.F/BTU (m2.K/W)
Slab-on-grade (unheated) 0.159 (0.9) F-factor, BTU/[Link].F (m.K/W)
Glazing (Double-pane) 0.387 (2.2) U-value, BTU/h.ft2.F (m2.K/W)
0.45 Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)
Glazing (Triple-pane) 0.282 (1.6) U-value, BTU/h.ft2.F (m2.K/W)
0.45 Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)
Internal Loads
Occupancy 4 (25) person/100 ft2 (m2/person)
Lighting 0.7 (8) W/ft2 (W/m2)
Receptacle 0.5 (6) W/ft2 (W/m2)
Domestic Hot Water Peak 1,707 (500) BTUh/person (W/person)
Air Infiltration 0.05 (0.25) cfm/ft2 (L/s/m2) external surface area
Ventilation Rates
People Outdoor Air Rate 5 (2.5) cfm/person (L/s/person)
Area Outdoor Air Rate 0.06 (0.3) cfm/ft2 (L/s/m2)
Schedules
HVAC, Plug Loads, Lighting, Occupancy, Domestic Hotel ASHRAE 90.1 - User's Manual, Table G-G
Hot Water
Zone Level Equipment
Heating Equipment
Equipment Type Electric Baseboard
Efficiency 100 %
Building Level Equipment
System Type MUA
Fan Control Constant Volume
Fan Efficiency 65 %
Motor Efficiency 90 %
Fan Static Pressure 4 (1,000) in (Pa)
Total Supply Airflow Autosized, 100% OA
Heating Equipment
Equipment Type Gas Coil
Efficiency 80 %
Controls
Heating Supply Air Temperature 64.4 (18) F (°C)
Plant Level Equipment
SHW Equipment
System Type and Fuel Gas
Efficiency 80 %
Peak Demand 1,707 (500) BTUh/person (W/person)

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HIGH RISE MURB ANNUAL ENERGY USE

110

70% WWR
Elelctricity Use (ekWh/m2)

100
40% WWR
90

80

70

60
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C3.1: Prince George – Electricity Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

160

70% WWR
158
Gas Use (ekWh/m2)

40% WWR
156

154

152

150
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C3.2: Prince George – Gas Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

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HIGH RISE MURB ANNUAL ENERGY USE

90

70% WWR
Elelctricity Use (ekWh/m2)

80
40% WWR

70

60

50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C3.3: Summerland – Electricity Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

136

70% WWR
134
Gas Use (ekWh/m2)

40% WWR
132

130

128

126
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C3.4: Summerland – Gas Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

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HIGH RISE MURB ANNUAL ENERGY USE

90

70% WWR
Elelctricity Use (ekWh/m2)

80
40% WWR

70

60

50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C3.5: Vancouver – Electricity Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

131

70% WWR
129
Gas Use (ekWh/m2)

40% WWR
127

125

123

121
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C3.6: Vancouver – Gas Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

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HIGH RISE MURB (TRIPLE-GLAZING) ANNUAL ENERGY USE

100

70% WWR
Elelctricity Use (ekWh/m2)

90
40% WWR

80

70

60
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C3.7: Prince George – Electricity Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

160

70% WWR
158
Gas Use (ekWh/m2)

40% WWR
156

154

152

150
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C3.8: Prince George – Gas Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

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Analysis and Results
Guide BUILDING ENVELOPE THERMAL BRIDGING GUIDE

HIGH RISE MURB (TRIPLE-GLAZING) ANNUAL ENERGY USE

85

70% WWR
Elelctricity Use (ekWh/m2)

75 40% WWR

65

55
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C3.9: Summerland – Electricity Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

136

70% WWR
134
Gas Use (ekWh/m2)

40% WWR
132

130

128

126
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C3.10: Summerland – Gas Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

C.15
Appendix C - Energy Thermal
Building Envelope ModelingBridging
Analysis and Results
Guide BUILDING ENVELOPE THERMAL BRIDGING GUIDE

HIGH RISE MURB (TRIPLE-GLAZING) ANNUAL ENERGY USE

80

70% WWR
Elelctricity Use (ekWh/m2)

70 40% WWR

60

50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C3.11: Vancouver – Electricity Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

131

70% WWR
129
Gas Use (ekWh/m2)

40% WWR
127

125

123

121
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C3.12: Vancouver – Gas Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

C.16
Appendix C - Energy Thermal
Building Envelope ModelingBridging
Analysis and Results
Guide BUILDING ENVELOPE THERMAL BRIDGING GUIDE

4.0 SECONDARY SCHOOL ARCHETYPE SUMMARY

Archetype Symmary Values Units / Notes
Gross Floor Area (GFA) 78,400 (7,284) ft2 (m2)
Number of Floors 2
Wall Height 12 (3.6) ft (m)
Window:Wall Ratio (WWR) 20% / 40%
Length:Width Ratio 2:1
Wall:Roof Ratio 0.51
Lighting Power Density (LPD) 1.2 (13) W/ft2 (W/m2)
Plug Power Density (PPD) 0.5 (6) W/ft2 (W/m2)
General System Information Packaged VAV, HW reheat, PSZ in gym
Performance Details As per below According to standard practice
Zoning 10 5/floor
Building Envelope Components
Roof (insulated entirely above deck) 20.8 (3.66) R-value, h.ft2.F/BTU (m2.K/W)
Wall 23.7 (4.17) R-value Curve, h.ft2.F/BTU (m2.K/W)
Slab-on-grade (unheated) 0.159 (0.9) F-factor, BTU/[Link].F (m.K/W)
Glazing (Double-pane) 0.387 (2.2) U-value, BTU/h.ft2.F (m2.K/W)
0.45 Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)
Internal Loads
Occupancy 35 (3) person/100 ft2 (m2/person)
Lighting 1.2 (13) W/ft2 (W/m2)
Receptacle 0.5 (6) W/ft2 (W/m2)
Domestic Hot Water Peak 205 (60) BTUh/person (W/person)
Air Infiltration 0.05 (0.25) cfm/ft2 (L/s/m2) external surface area
Ventilation Rates
People Outdoor Air Rate 5 (2.5) cfm/person (L/s/person)
Area Outdoor Air Rate 0.06 (0.3) cfm/ft2 (L/s/m2)
Schedules
HVAC, Plug Loads, Lighting, Occupancy, Domestic School ASHRAE 90.1 - User's Manual, Table G-M
Hot Water
Zone Level Equipment
Heating Equipment
Equipment Type Hot Water Reheat Coil
Controls
Heating Design Supply Air Temperature 20 (11.1) Above Space Temperature, F (°C)
Building Level Equipment - General
System Type PVAV
Fan Control ASHRAE VFD Curve Variable
Fan Efficiency 65 %
Motor Efficiency 90 %
Total Static Pressure 3 (750) in (Pa)
Total Supply Airflow Autosized
Heating Equipment
Equipment Type Hot Water Coil
Heating Coil Inlet Water Temperature 180 (82.2) F (°C)
Heating Coil Outlet Water Temperature 130 (54.4) F (°C)
Heating Coil Inlet Air Temperature 62 (16.6) F (°C)
Heating Coil Outlet Air Temperature 90 (32.2) F (°C)
Cooling Equipment
Equipment Type Two-speed DX
Efficiency 2.78 COP
Equipment Type Single-speed DX
Efficiency 3.22 COP
Controls
Heating Sypply Air Temperature 50 (10) F (°C)
Cooling Supply Air Temperature Min 55, Max 64.4 (Min 12.8, Max 18) Reset for Warmest Zone, F (°C)
Outdoor Air Economizer 75 (24) Fixed Dry Bulb, F (°C)

C.17
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Building Envelope ModelingBridging
Analysis and Results
Guide BUILDING ENVELOPE THERMAL BRIDGING GUIDE

Building Level Equipment - Gym

System Type PSZ (Unitary)
Fan Control On/Off
Fan Efficiency 65 %
Motor Efficiency 90 %
Total Static Pressure 3 (750) in (Pa)
Total Supply Airflow Autosized
Heating Equipment
Equipment Type Hot Water Coil
Heating Coil Inlet Water Temperature 180 (82.2) F (°C)
Heating Coil Outlet Water Temperature 130 (54.4) F (°C)
Heating Coil Inlet Air Temperature 62 (16.6) F (°C)
Heating Coil Outlet Air Temperature 90 (32.2) F (°C)
Cooling Equipment
Equipment Type Single-speed DX
Efficiency 3.22 COP
Controls
Heating Supply Air Temperature Min 55.4, Max 113 (Min 13, Max 45) Single Zone Reheat Range, F (°C)
Plant Level Equipment
Heating Equipment
System Type Gas Boiler
Efficiency 80 %
Design Water Outlet Temperature 177.8 (81) F (°C)
Hot Water Pump
Pump Control Riding the Curve
Pump Configuration Primary Only
Pump Motor Efficiency 90 %
Pump Head 60 (180) ft (kPa)
SHW Equipment
System Type and Fuel Gas
Efficiency 80 %
Peak Demand 205 (60) BTUh/person (W/person)
Controls
Hot Water Design Exit Temperature 180 (82) F (°C)
Hot Water Loop Design Temperature Difference 20 (11) F (°C)
Hot Water Loop Temperature Min 150, Max 180 (Min 66, Max 82) Outdoor Air Reset, F (°C)

C.18
Appendix C - Energy Thermal
Building Envelope ModelingBridging
Analysis and Results
Guide BUILDING ENVELOPE THERMAL BRIDGING GUIDE

SECONDARY SCHOOL ANNUAL ENERGY USE

80

40% WWR
Elelctricity Use (ekWh/m2)

78
20% WWR
76

74

72

70
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C4.1: Prince George – Electricity Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

170

40% WWR
Gas Use (ekWh/m2)

150 20% WWR

130

110
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C4.2: Prince George – Gas Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

C.19
Appendix C - Energy Thermal
Building Envelope ModelingBridging
Analysis and Results
Guide BUILDING ENVELOPE THERMAL BRIDGING GUIDE

SECONDARY SCHOOL ANNUAL ENERGY USE

80

40% WWR
Elelctricity Use (ekWh/m2)

78
20% WWR

76

74

72
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C4.3: Summerland – Electricity Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

120

40% WWR
110
Gas Use (ekWh/m2)

20% WWR

100

90

80
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C4.4: Summerland – Gas Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

C.20
Appendix C - Energy Thermal
Building Envelope ModelingBridging
Analysis and Results
Guide BUILDING ENVELOPE THERMAL BRIDGING GUIDE

SECONDARY SCHOOL ANNUAL ENERGY USE

74

40% WWR
Elelctricity Use (ekWh/m2)

72 20% WWR

70

68
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C4.5: Vancouver – Electricity Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

110

40% WWR
100
Gas Use (ekWh/m2)

20% WWR

90

80

70
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C4.6: Vancouver – Gas Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

C.21
Appendix C - Energy Thermal
Building Envelope ModelingBridging
Analysis and Results
Guide BUILDING ENVELOPE THERMAL BRIDGING GUIDE

5.0 REC CENTRE ARCHETYPE SUMMARY

Archetype Symmary Values Units / Notes
Gross Floor Area (GFA) 60,000 (5,574) ft2 (m2)
Number of Floors 1
Wall Height 15 (4.57) ft (m)
Window:Wall Ratio (WWR) 30% / 60%
Length:Width Ratio 1.5:1
Wall:Roof Ratio 0.25
Lighting Power Density (LPD) 1.1 (12) W/ft2 (W/m2)
Plug Power Density (PPD) 0.75 (9) W/ft2 (W/m2)
General System Information Pool System (dry-o-tron or similar), PVAV
elsewhere
Performance Details As per below According to standard practice
Zoning Large perimeter zone for pool, 1 for core, 3 perimeter
5
for remaining
Notes Pool Rec Centre
Building Envelope Components
Roof (insulated entirely above deck) 20.8 (3.66) R-value, h.ft2.F/BTU (m2.K/W)
Wall 23.7 (4.17) R-value Curve, h.ft2.F/BTU (m2.K/W)
Slab-on-grade (unheated) 0.159 (0.9) F-factor, BTU/[Link].F (m.K/W)
Glazing (Double-pane) 0.387 (2.2) U-value, BTU/h.ft2.F (m2.K/W)
0.45 Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)
Internal Loads
Occupancy 20 (5) person/100 ft2 (m2/person)
Lighting 1.1 (12) W/ft2 (W/m2)
Receptacle 0.75 (9) W/ft2 (W/m2)
Domestic Hot Water Peak 307 (90) BTUh/person (W/person)
Air Infiltration 0.05 (0.25) cfm/ft2 (L/s/m2) external surface area
Ventilation Rates
People Outdoor Air Rate 5 (2.5) cfm/person (L/s/person)
Area Outdoor Air Rate 0.06 (0.3) cfm/ft2 (L/s/m2)
Schedules
HVAC, Plug Loads, Lighting, Occupancy, Domestic Assembly ASHRAE 90.1 - User's Manual, Table G-E
Hot Water
Zone Level Equipment
Heating Equipment
Equipment Type Hot Water Reheat Coil
Controls
Heating Design Supply Air Temperature 20 (11.1) Above Space Temperature, F (°C)
Building Level Equipment - General
System Type PVAV
Fan Control ASHRAE VFD Curve Variable
Fan Efficiency 65 %
Motor Efficiency 90 %
Total Static Pressure 3 (750) in (Pa)
Total Supply Airflow Autosized
Heating Equipment
Equipment Type Hot Water Coil
Heating Coil Inlet Water Temperature 180 (82.2) F (°C)
Heating Coil Outlet Water Temperature 130 (54.4) F (°C)
Heating Coil Inlet Air Temperature 62 (16.6) F (°C)
Heating Coil Outlet Air Temperature 90 (32.2) F (°C)
Cooling Equipment
Equipment Type Two-speed DX
Efficiency 2.87 COP
Controls
Heating Supply Air Temperature 50 (10) F (°C)
Cooling Supply Air Temperature Min 55, Max 64.4 (Min 12.8, Max 18) Reset for Warmest Zone, F (°C)
Outdoor Air Economizer 75 (24) Fixed Dry Bulb, Maximum Temperature, F (°C)

C.22
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Building Envelope ModelingBridging
Analysis and Results
Guide BUILDING ENVELOPE THERMAL BRIDGING GUIDE

Building Level Equipment - Gym

System Type PSZ (Unitary)
Fan Control On/Off
Fan Efficiency 65 %
Motor Efficiency 90 %
Total Static Pressure 3 (750) in (Pa)
Total Supply Airflow Autosized
Heating Equipment
Equipment Type Hot Water Coil
Heating Coil Inlet Water Temperature 180 (82.2) F (°C)
Heating Coil Outlet Water Temperature 130 (54.4) F (°C)
Heating Coil Inlet Air Temperature 62 (16.6) F (°C)
Heating Coil Outlet Air Temperature 90 (32.2) F (°C)
Cooling Equipment
Equipment Type Single-speed DX
Efficiency 3.22 COP
Controls
Heating Supply Air Temperature Min 55.4, Max 113 (Min 13, Max 45) Single Zone Reheat Range, F (°C)
Building Level Equipment - Pool
System Type PSZ (Unitary)
Fan Control On/Off
Fan Efficiency 65 %
Motor Efficiency 90 %
Total Static Pressure 3 (750) in (Pa)
Total Supply Airflow Autosized
Heating Equipment
Equipment Type Hot Water Coil
Heating Coil Inlet Water Temperature 180 (82.2) F (°C)
Heating Coil Outlet Water Temperature 130 (54.4) F (°C)
Heating Coil Inlet Air Temperature 62 (16.6) F (°C)
Heating Coil Outlet Air Temperature 90 (32.2) F (°C)
Cooling Equipment
Equipment Type Single-speed DX
Efficiency 2.87 COP
Controls
Dehumidification Setpoint 60 % RH
Dehumidification Control Type Cool Reheat
Heating Supply Air Temperature Min 55.4, Max 113 (Min 13, Max 45) Single Zone Reheat Range, F (°C)
Plant Level Equipment
Heating Equipment
Equipment Type Gas Boiler
Efficiency 80 %
Design Water Outlet Temperature 177.8 (81) F (°C)
Hot Water Pump
Pump Control Riding the Curve
Pump Configuration Primary Only
Pump Motor Efficiency 90 %
Pump Head 60 (180) ft (kPa)
SHW Equipment
System Type and Fuel Gas
Efficiency 80 %
Peak Demand 307 (90) BTUh/person (W/person)
Controls
Hot Water Design Exit Temperature 180 (82) F (°C)
Hot Water Loop Design Temperature Difference 20 (11) F (°C)
Hot Water Loop Temperature Min 150, Max 180 (Min 66, Max 82) Outdoor Air Reset, F (°C)

C.23
Appendix C - Energy Thermal
Building Envelope ModelingBridging
Analysis and Results
Guide BUILDING ENVELOPE THERMAL BRIDGING GUIDE

REC CENTRE ANNUAL ENERGY USE

144

60% WWR
Elelctricity Use (ekWh/m2)

142
30% WWR
140

138

136

134
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C5.1: Prince George – Electricity Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

290

60% WWR
280
Gas Use (ekWh/m2)

30% WWR
270

260

250

240
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C5.2: Prince George – Gas Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

C.24
Appendix C - Energy Thermal
Building Envelope ModelingBridging
Analysis and Results
Guide BUILDING ENVELOPE THERMAL BRIDGING GUIDE

REC CENTRE ANNUAL ENERGY USE

145

60% WWR
Elelctricity Use (ekWh/m2)

143
30% WWR

141

139

137
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C5.3: Summerland – Electricity Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

250

60% WWR
240
Gas Use (ekWh/m2)

30% WWR

230

220

210
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C5.4: Summerland – Gas Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

C.25
Appendix C - Energy Thermal
Building Envelope ModelingBridging
Analysis and Results
Guide BUILDING ENVELOPE THERMAL BRIDGING GUIDE

REC CENTRE ANNUAL ENERGY USE

140

60% WWR
Elelctricity Use (ekWh/m2)

139
30% WWR
138

137

136

135
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C5.5: Vancouver – Electricity Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

250

60% WWR
240
Gas Use (ekWh/m2)

30% WWR

230

220

210
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C5.6: Vancouver – Gas Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

C.26
Appendix C - Energy Thermal
Building Envelope ModelingBridging
Analysis and Results
Guide BUILDING ENVELOPE THERMAL BRIDGING GUIDE

6.0 COMMERCIAL OFFICE ARCHETYPE SUMMARY

Archetype Symmary Values Units / Notes
Gross Floor Area (GFA) 196,000 (18,209) ft2 (m2)
Number of Floors 10
Wall Height 12 (3.6) ft (m)
Window:Wall Ratio (WWR) 40% / 70%
Length:Width Ratio 1:1
Wall:Roof Ratio 3.43
Lighting Power Density (LPD) 1 (11) W/ft2 (W/m2)
Plug Power Density (PPD) 0.75 (9) W/ft2 (W/m2)
General System Information Boiler/Chiller/CT Plant, VAV Reheat
Performance Details As per below According to standard practice
Zoning 15 5/floor, multiplier for middle floors
Building Envelope Components
Roof (insulated entirely above deck) 20.8 (3.66) R-value, h.ft2.F/BTU (m2.K/W)
Wall 23.7 (4.17) R-value Curve, h.ft2.F/BTU (m2.K/W)
Slab-on-grade (unheated) 0.159 (0.9) F-factor, BTU/[Link].F (m.K/W)
Glazing (Double-pane) 0.387 (2.2) U-value, BTU/h.ft2.F (m2.K/W)
0.45 Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)
Glazing (Triple-pane) 0.282 (1.6) U-value, BTU/h.ft2.F (m2.K/W)
0.45 Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)
Internal Loads
Occupancy 5 (20) person/100 ft2 (m2/person)
Lighting 1 (11) W/ft2 (W/m2)
Receptacle 0.75 (9) W/ft2 (W/m2)
Domestic Hot Water Peak 307 (90) BTUh/person (W/person)
Air Infiltration 0.05 (0.25) cfm/ft2 (L/s/m2) external surface area
Ventilation Rates
People Outdoor Air Rate 5 (2.5) cfm/person (L/s/person)
Area Outdoor Air Rate 0.06 (0.3) cfm/ft2 (L/s/m2)
Schedules
HVAC, Plug Loads, Lighting, Occupancy, Domestic Office ASHRAE 90.1 - User's Manual, Table G-I
Hot Water
Zone Level Equipment
Heating Equipment
Equipment Type Hot Water Reheat Coil
Controls
Heating Design Supply Air Temperature 20 (11.1) Above Space Temperature, F (°C)
Building Level Equipment
System Type VAV
Fan Control ASHRAE VFD Curve Variable
Fan Efficiency 70 %
Motor Efficiency 90 %
Total Static Pressure 4 (1000) in (Pa)
Total Supply Airflow Autosized
Heating Equipment
Equipment Type Hot Water Coil
Heating Coil Inlet Water Temperature 180 (82.2) F (°C)
Heating Coil Outlet Water Temperature 130 (54.4) F (°C)
Heating Coil Inlet Air Temperature 62 (16.6) F (°C)
Heating Coil Outlet Air Temperature 90 (32.2) F (°C)
Cooling Equipment
Equipment Type Chilled Water Coil
Controls
Heating Supply Air Temperature 50 (10) F (°C)
Cooling Supply Air Temperature Min 55, Max 64.4 (Min 12.8, Max 18) Reset for Warmest Zone, F (°C)
Outdoor Air Economizer 75 (24) Fixed Dry Bulb, Maximum Temperature, F (°C)

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Appendix C - Energy Thermal
Building Envelope ModelingBridging
Analysis and Results
Guide BUILDING ENVELOPE THERMAL BRIDGING GUIDE

Plant Level Equipment

Heating Equipment
Equipment Type Gas Boiler
Efficiency 80 %
Design Water Outlet Temperature 177.8 (81) F (°C)
Hot Water Pump
Pump Control Constant Speed
Pump Configuration Primary Only
Pump Motor Efficiency 90 %
Pump Head 60 (180) ft (kPa)
Cooling Equipment
Equipment Type Electric Chiller
Efficiency 5.67 COP
Condenser Type Water Cooled
Chiller Flow Mode Constant
Leaving Chilled Water Temperature 44 (6.67) F (°C)
Entering Condenser Fluid Temperature 85 (29.4) F (°C)
Chilled Water Pump
Pump Control Constant Speed
Pump Configuration Primary Only
Pump Motor Efficiency 90 %
Pump Head 60 (180) ft (kPa)
Heat Rejection Equipment
Equipment Type Cooling Tower
Design Inlet Air Wet-Bulb Temperature 78 (25.6) F (°C)
Design Approach Temperature 7 (3.9) Difference, F (°C)
Design Range Temperature 10 (5.6) Difference, F (°C)
Condenser Pump
Pump Control VFD
Pump Configuration Primary Only
Pump Motor Efficiency 90 %
Pump Head 60 (180) ft (kPa)
SHW Equipment
System Type and Fuel Gas
Efficiency 80 %
Peak Demand 307 (90) BTUh/person (W/person)
Controls
Hot Water Design Exit Temperature 180 (82) F (°C)
Hot Water Loop Design Temperature Difference 20 (11) F (°C)
Chilled Water Design Exit Temperature 45 (7.22) F (°C)
Chilled Water Loop Design Temperature Difference 44 (6.67) F (°C)
Condenser Water Design Exit Temperature 85 (29.4) F (°C)
Condenser Loop Design Temperature Difference 42 (5.6) F (°C)
Hot Water Loop Temperature Min 150, Max 180 (Min 66, Max 82) Outdoor Air Reset, F (°C)
Chilled Water Loop Temperature Min 45, Max 54 (Min 7, Max 12) Outdoor Air Reset, F (°C)
Condenser Water Loop Temperature Min 70, Max 84 (Min 21, Max 29) Follow Outdoor Air, F (°C)

C.28
Appendix C - Energy Thermal
Building Envelope ModelingBridging
Analysis and Results
Guide BUILDING ENVELOPE THERMAL BRIDGING GUIDE

COMMERCIAL OFFICE ANNUAL ENERGY USE

135

70% WWR
Elelctricity Use (ekWh/m2)

130
40% WWR
125

120

115

110
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C6.1: Prince George – Electricity Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

115

105 70% WWR

Gas Use (ekWh/m2)

95 40% WWR

85

75

65

55
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C6.2: Prince George – Gas Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

C.29
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Building Envelope ModelingBridging
Analysis and Results
Guide BUILDING ENVELOPE THERMAL BRIDGING GUIDE

COMMERCIAL OFFICE ANNUAL ENERGY USE

145

140 70% WWR

Elelctricity Use (ekWh/m2)

135 40% WWR

130

125

120

115
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C6.3: Summerland – Electricity Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

80

70% WWR
70
Gas Use (ekWh/m2)

40% WWR
60

50

40

30
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C6.4: Summerland – Gas Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

C.30
Appendix C - Energy Thermal
Building Envelope ModelingBridging
Analysis and Results
Guide BUILDING ENVELOPE THERMAL BRIDGING GUIDE

COMMERCIAL OFFICE ANNUAL ENERGY USE

130

70% WWR
Elelctricity Use (ekWh/m2)

125
40% WWR
120

115

110

105
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C6.5: Vancouver – Electricity Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

70

70% WWR
60
Gas Use (ekWh/m2)

40% WWR

50

40

30
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C6.6: Vancouver – Gas Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

C.31
Appendix C - Energy Thermal
Building Envelope ModelingBridging
Analysis and Results
Guide BUILDING ENVELOPE THERMAL BRIDGING GUIDE

COMMERCIAL OFFICE (TRIPLE-GLAZING) ANNUAL ENERGY

USE
135

70% WWR
Elelctricity Use (ekWh/m2)

130
40% WWR
125

120

115

110
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C6.7: Prince George – Electricity Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

110

100 70% WWR

Gas Use (ekWh/m2)

90 40% WWR

80

70

60

50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C6.8: Prince George – Gas Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

C.32
Appendix C - Energy Thermal
Building Envelope ModelingBridging
Analysis and Results
Guide BUILDING ENVELOPE THERMAL BRIDGING GUIDE

COMMERCIAL OFFICE (TRIPLE-GLAZING) ANNUAL ENERGY

USE
145

140 70% WWR

Elelctricity Use (ekWh/m2)

135 40% WWR

130

125

120

115
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C6.9: Summerland – Electricity Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

70

70% WWR
60
Gas Use (ekWh/m2)

40% WWR

50

40

30
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C6.10: Summerland – Gas Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

C.33
Appendix C - Energy Thermal
Building Envelope ModelingBridging
Analysis and Results
Guide BUILDING ENVELOPE THERMAL BRIDGING GUIDE

COMMERCIAL OFFICE (TRIPLE-GLAZING) ANNUAL ENERGY

USE
130

70% WWR
Elelctricity Use (ekWh/m2)

125
40% WWR
120

115

110

105
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C6.11: Vancouver – Electricity Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

60

70% WWR
50
Gas Use (ekWh/m2)

40% WWR

40

30

20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C6.12: Vancouver – Gas Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

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Building Envelope ModelingBridging
Analysis and Results
Guide BUILDING ENVELOPE THERMAL BRIDGING GUIDE

7.0 HOTEL ARCHETYPE SUMMARY

Archetype Symmary Values Units / Notes
Gross Floor Area (GFA) 121,000 (11,241) ft2 (m2)
Number of Floors 10
Wall Height 10 (3.1) ft (m)
Window:Wall Ratio (WWR) 40% / 70%
Length:Width Ratio 1:1
Wall:Roof Ratio 3.64
Lighting Power Density (LPD) 1 (11) W/ft2 (W/m2)
Plug Power Density (PPD) 0.25 (3) W/ft2 (W/m2)
General System Information FPFC, Boiler, AC Chiller
Performance Details As per below According to standard practice
Zoning 15 5/floor, multiplier for middle floors
Building Envelope Components
Roof (insulated entirely above deck) 20.8 (3.66) R-value, h.ft2.F/BTU (m2.K/W)
Wall 23.7 (4.17) R-value Curve, h.ft2.F/BTU (m2.K/W)
Slab-on-grade (unheated) 0.159 (0.9) F-factor, BTU/[Link].F (m.K/W)
Glazing (Double-pane) 0.387 (2.2) U-value, BTU/h.ft2.F (m2.K/W)
0.45 Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)
Internal Loads
Occupancy 5 (20) person/100 ft2 (m2/person)
Lighting 1 (11) W/ft2 (W/m2)
Receptacle 0.25 (3) W/ft2 (W/m2)
Domestic Hot Water Peak 1,707 (500) BTUh/person (W/person)
Air Infiltration 0.05 (0.25) cfm/ft2 (L/s/m2) external surface area
Ventilation Rates
People Outdoor Air Rate 5 (2.5) cfm/person (L/s/person)
Area Outdoor Air Rate 0.06 (0.3) cfm/ft2 (L/s/m2)
Schedules
HVAC, Plug Loads, Lighting, Occupancy, Domestic Hotel ASHRAE 90.1 - User's Manual, Table G-G
Hot Water
Zone Level Equipment
System Type Four Pipe Fan Coil (FPFC)
Fan Control On/Off
Fan Efficiency 70 %
Motor Efficiency 90 %
Total Static Pressure 0.028 (75) in (Pa)
Total Supply Airflow Autosized
Heating Equipment
Equipment Type Hot Water Coil in FPFC
Cooling Equipment
Equipment Type Chilled Water Coil in FPFC
Controls
Heating Design Supply Air Temperature 20 (11.1) Above Space Temperature, F (°C)
Cooling Design Supply Air Temperature 55 (12.8) F (°C)

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Analysis and Results
Guide BUILDING ENVELOPE THERMAL BRIDGING GUIDE

Building Level Equipment

System Type MUA
Fan Control Constant Volume
Fan Efficiency 65 %
Motor Efficiency 90 %
Total Static Pressure 3 (750) in (Pa)
Total Supply Airflow Autosized
Heating Equipment
Equipment Type Hot Water Coil in MUA
Heating Coil Inlet Water Temperature 180 (82.2) F (°C)
Heating Coil Outlet Water Temperature 160 (71.1) F (°C)
Heating Coil Inlet Air Temperature 61 (16.6) F (°C)
Heating Coil Outlet Air Temperature 90 (32.2) F (°C)
Cooling Equipment
MUA Cooling Coil Chilled Water Coil in MUA
Controls
Heating Supply Air Temperature 54 (12.2) F (°C)
Cooling Supply Air Temperature Min 55, Max 64.4 (Min 12.8, Max 18) Reset for Warmest Zone, F (°C)
Outdoor Air Economizer 75 (24) Fixed Dry Bulb, Maximum Temperature, F (°C)
Plant Level Equipment
Heating Equipment
Equipment Type Gas Boiler
Efficiency 80 %
Design Water Outlet Temperature 180 (82) F (°C)
Hot Water Pump
Pump Control VFD
Pump Configuration Primary Only
Pump Motor Efficiency 90 %
Pump Head 60 (180) ft (kPa)
Cooling Equipment
Equipment Type Electric Chiller
Efficiency 2.78 COP
Condenser Type Air Cooled
Chiller Flow Mode Constant
Leaving Chilled Water Temperature 44 (6.67) F (°C)
Entering Condenser Fluid Temperature N/A Air Cooled
Chilled Water Pump
Pump Control VFD
Pump Configuration Primary and Secondary
Pump Motor Efficiency 90 %
Pump Head 60 (180) ft (kPa)
Heat Rejection Equipment
Equipment Type Cooling Tower
SHW Equipment
Equipment Type Gas
Efficiency 80 %
Peak Demand 1,707 (500) BTUh/person (W/person)
Controls
Hot Water Design Exit Temperature 180 (82) F (°C)
Hot Water Loop Design Temperature Difference 20 (11) F (°C)
Chilled Water Design Exit Temperature 45 (7.22) F (°C)
Chilled Water Loop Design Temperature Difference 44 (6.67) F (°C)
Hot Water Loop Temperature Min 150, Max 180 (Min 66, Max 82) Outdoor Air Reset, F (°C)
Chilled Water Loop Temperature Min 45, Max 54 (Min 7, Max 12) Outdoor Air Reset, F (°C)

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Analysis and Results
Guide BUILDING ENVELOPE THERMAL BRIDGING GUIDE

HOTEL ANNUAL ENERGY USE

100

70% WWR
Elelctricity Use (ekWh/m2)

90 40% WWR

80

70
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C7.1: Prince George – Electricity Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

250

240 70% WWR

Gas Use (ekWh/m2)

230 40% WWR

220

210

200

190
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C7.2: Prince George – Gas Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

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Building Envelope ModelingBridging
Analysis and Results
Guide BUILDING ENVELOPE THERMAL BRIDGING GUIDE

HOTEL ANNUAL ENERGY USE

110

70% WWR
Elelctricity Use (ekWh/m2)

100
40% WWR

90

80

70
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C7.3: Summerland – Electricity Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

200

70% WWR
190
Gas Use (ekWh/m2)

40% WWR
180

170

160

150
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C7.4: Summerland – Gas Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

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Building Envelope ModelingBridging
Analysis and Results
Guide BUILDING ENVELOPE THERMAL BRIDGING GUIDE

HOTEL ANNUAL ENERGY USE

110

70% WWR
Elelctricity Use (ekWh/m2)

100
40% WWR

90

80

70
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C7.5: Vancouver – Electricity Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

190

70% WWR
180
Gas Use (ekWh/m2)

40% WWR
170

160

150

140
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C7.6: Vancouver – Gas Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

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Building Envelope ModelingBridging
Analysis and Results
Guide BUILDING ENVELOPE THERMAL BRIDGING GUIDE

8.0 NON-FOOD RETAIL ARCHETYPE SUMMARY

Archetype Symmary Values Units / Notes
Gross Floor Area (GFA) 48, 400 (4,497) ft2 (m2)
Number of Floors 1
Wall Height 20 (6.1) ft (m)
Window:Wall Ratio (WWR) 30%/60% storefront, 0% other
Length:Width Ratio 1:1
Wall:Roof Ratio 0.36
Lighting Power Density (LPD) 1.5 (17) W/ft2 (W/m2)
Plug Power Density (PPD) 0.25 (3) W/ft2 (W/m2)
General System Information PSZ-AC, gas fired heat
Performance Details As per below According to standard practice
Zoning 5 Core/perimeter
Notes Big Box Retail Type, glazing ratio is on storefront
elevation only, 0% glazing other elevations
Building Envelope Components
Roof (insulated entirely above deck) 20.8 (3.66) R-value, h.ft2.F/BTU (m2.K/W)
Wall 23.7 (4.17) R-value Curve, h.ft2.F/BTU (m2.K/W)
Slab-on-grade (unheated) 0.159 (0.9) F-factor, BTU/[Link].F (m.K/W)
Glazing (Double-pane) 0.387 (2.2) U-value, BTU/h.ft2.F (m2.K/W)
0.45 Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)
Internal Loads
Occupancy 15 (6.7) person/100 ft2 (m2/person)
Lighting 1.5 (17) W/ft2 (W/m2)
Receptacle 0.25 (3) W/ft2 (W/m2)
Domestic Hot Water Peak 137 (40) BTUh/person (W/person)
Air Infiltration 0.05 (0.25) cfm/ft2 (L/s/m2) external surface area
Ventilation Rates
People Outdoor Air Rate 5 (2.5) cfm/person (L/s/person)
Area Outdoor Air Rate 0.06 (0.3) cfm/ft2 (L/s/m2)
Schedules
HVAC, Plug Loads, Lighting, Occupancy, Domestic Retail ASHRAE 90.1 - User's Manual, Table G-L
Hot Water
Zone Level Equipment
Controls
Heating Design Supply Air Temperature 122 (50) F (°C)
Cooling Design Supply Air Temperature 55 (12.8) F (°C)
Building Level Equipment
System Type PSZ-AC (One Per Zone) Unitary Furnace:HeatCool
Fan Control Constant Volume
Fan Efficiency 70 %
Motor Efficiency 90 %
Total Static Pressure 2.4 (600) in (Pa)
Total Supply Airflow Autosized
Heating Equipment
Equipment Type Gas
Efficiency 80 %
Cooling Equipment
Equipment Type DX
Efficiency 3 COP
SHW Equipment
System Type and Fuel Gas
Efficiency 80 %
Peak Demand 137 (40) BTUh/person (W/person)
Controls
Heating Supply Air Temperature Min 55.4, Max 113 (Min 13, Max 45) Single Zone Reheat Range, F (°C)
Cooling Supply Air Temperature Min 55, Max 64.4 (Min 12.8, Max 18) Reset for Warmest Zone, F (°C)
Outdoor Air Economizer 75 (24) Fixed Dry Bulb, Maximum Temperature, F (°C)

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Appendix C - Energy Thermal
Building Envelope ModelingBridging
Analysis and Results
Guide BUILDING ENVELOPE THERMAL BRIDGING GUIDE

NON-FOOD RETAIL ANNUAL ENERGY USE

98

60% WWR
Elelctricity Use (ekWh/m2)

96
30% WWR
94

92

90

88
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C8.1: Prince George – Electricity Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

260

240 60% WWR

Gas Use (ekWh/m2)

220 30% WWR

200

180

160

140
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C8.2: Prince George – Gas Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

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Analysis and Results
Guide BUILDING ENVELOPE THERMAL BRIDGING GUIDE

NON-FOOD RETAIL ANNUAL ENERGY USE

104

60% WWR
Elelctricity Use (ekWh/m2)

102
30% WWR
100

98

96

94
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C8.3: Summerland – Electricity Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

190

60% WWR
170
Gas Use (ekWh/m2)

30% WWR
150

130

110

90
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C8.4: Summerland – Gas Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

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Building Envelope ModelingBridging
Analysis and Results
Guide BUILDING ENVELOPE THERMAL BRIDGING GUIDE

NON-FOOD RETAIL ANNUAL ENERGY USE

95

60% WWR
Elelctricity Use (ekWh/m2)

93
30% WWR
91

89

87

85
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C8.5: Vancouver – Electricity Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

170

60% WWR
150
Gas Use (ekWh/m2)

30% WWR
130

110

90

70
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Opaque Wall Assembly R-value (ft2-F-hr/Btu)
Figure C8.6: Vancouver – Gas Use vs. Opaque Wall Assembly R-Value

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