cwimsL¨vb

web¨vm, mgv‡ek, wbY©vqK I g¨vwUª·

(Permutation, Combination Determinant and Matrix)

f‚wgKv:
Avgiv Rvwb web¨vm, mgv‡ek, wbY©vqK I g¨vwUª· MwYZ kv‡¯¿i ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| Z_¨mg~‡ni cwimsL¨vwbK
we‡køl‡bi Rb¨I G¸‡jv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| Z_¨mg~‡ni cwimsL¨vwbK hvPvB ó¨vwUwóK
wbY©q Ki‡Z wbY©vqK e¨vcK Kv‡R jv‡M| myZivs G BDwb‡U web¨vm, mgv‡ek, wbY©vqK I g¨vwUªKm m¤ú‡K©
cÖv_wgK aviYv †`Iqv n‡q‡Q|

D‡Ïk¨
G BDwbU †k‡l Avcwb ej‡Z cvi‡eb
 web¨vm
 mgv‡ek
 wbY©vqK
 g¨vwUª·

Aa¨vq AvU c„ôv 159

GBP Gm wm

cvV-8.1 web¨vm (Permutation)

f‚wgKv
G cv‡V web¨vm m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb -

 web¨v‡mi msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb
 wKfv‡e web¨vm MVb Kiv hvq ej‡Z cvi‡eb
 web¨v‡mi msÁv wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
 web¨vm m¤úwK©Z KwZcq mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

web¨vm t KZK¸‡jv e¯Íz †_‡K K‡qKwU ev meKwU e¯Íz GKev‡i wb‡q wbw`©ó µg Abyhvqx hZ
cÖKv‡i mvRv‡bv hvq Zv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K GK GKwU web¨vm e‡j|

web¨vm msL¨v t
i) g‡bKwi, n msL¨K e¯Íz Av‡Q Ges G‡`i r msLK (r<n) e¯Íz GKevi wb‡q mvRv‡Z n‡e|
G‡ÿ‡Î n e¯Íz †_‡K r e¯Íz wb‡q mvRv‡bvi msL¨v n‡e-
n r = Error!
p
= n(n-1)(n-2) ..................... (n-r+1)

ii) Avevi n msL¨K e¯Íz †_‡K n msL¨K e¯Íz GKevi wb‡q mvRv‡bvi msL¨v n‡e n! Ges
n! = n(n-1)(n-2)(n-3) .............................. 3.2.1

D`vniY-1:
x, y, z wZbwU Aÿi †_‡K 2wU K‡i Aÿi wb‡q ci ci mvRv‡j 3 2= 6wU msL¨v cvIqv hv‡e Ges G¸‡jv
p
nj t xy, xz, yx, yz, zx, zy

Avevi wZbwU K‡i wb‡q mvRv‡j 3! = 3(3-1) = 6wU msL¨v cvIqv hv‡e Ges G¸‡jv nj - xyz, xzy, yxz,
yzx, zxy, zyx
Dc‡ii cÖvß cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K ejv nq GK GKwU web¨vm|

cwiwgZ web¨vm c„ôv 160

 cwimsL¨vb

D`vniY -2 t
5p3, 7p3, 5! Gi gvb wbY©q Kiæb |
mgvavb t
Avgiv Rvwb, npr = Error!
5!
 5p3 = 3!= 20
7!
7p3 = Error!= 4!
7654!
= 4! = 210

5! = 5432 = 120

iii) e¯Íz¸wji c~bive„wË NU‡Z cv‡i Gme †ÿ‡Î web¨vm msL¨v t

g‡bKwi, n msL¨K wfbœ wfbœ e¯Íz Av‡Q Ges G‡`i g‡a¨ †_‡K r msL¨K e¯Íz wb‡q web¨vm msL¨v n‡e nr
‡hLv‡b †Kvb e¯Íz r msL¨Kevi c~bive„wË NU‡Z cv‡i|
cÖ_g ¯’vbwU c~iY Kiv hvq n cÖKv‡i wØZxq ¯’vbwU c~ib Kiv hvq n cÖKv‡i †Kbbv me¸‡jv e¯ÍzB c~bivq
e¨envi Kiv hvq| myZivs n  n = n2 cÖKv‡i cÖ_g I wØZxq ¯’vb c~iY Kiv hvq|
Z…Zxq ¯’vbwUI Abyiƒcfv‡e n msL¨K Dcv‡q c~ib Kiv hvq| AZGe, 1g, 2q I 3q ¯’vb n2  n = n3
Dcv‡q c~iY Kiv hvq|
AZGe ejv hvq †h, r msL¨K ¯’vb nrmsL¨K Dcv‡q c~ib Kiv hvq|
A_©vr wb‡Y©q web¨vm msL¨v = nr

D`vniY -3 t
2, 3, 4, 5, 6 GB AsK¸wji cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K †h †Kvb msL¨Kevi wb‡q 4 AsK wewkó KZ¸wj msL¨v MVb Kiv
hvq|
mgvavb t
GLv‡b GKB e¯Ízi AsK 4 msL¨Kevi c~bive„wË NU‡Z cv‡i| myZivs 5wU AsK †_‡K cÖwZev‡i 4wU AsK
wb‡q web¨v‡mi msL¨v n‡e, 54= 625

Aa¨vq AvU c„ôv 161

GBP Gm wm

mvims‡ÿc t
web¨vm nj KZ¸‡jv e¯Íz †_‡K K‡qKwU ev meKqwU e¯Íz wb‡q wbw`©ó µg Abyhvqx hZ cÖKvi mvRvb hvq †mB
msL¨v|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb - 8.1 t

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ:
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b:
1| 4 2-Gi gvb KZ|
p
K) 10 L) 12
M) 4 N) 2
2| 6 3Gi gvb KZ?
p
K) 6 L) 120
M) 3 N) 12
3| 5! Gi gvb KZ?
K) 100 L) 120
M) 60 N) 20
4| e¯Íz¸wji c~bive„wË NU‡Z cv‡i Gme †ÿ‡Î web¨v‡mi msL¨v KZ?
K) nr L) n!
M) npr N) †KvbwUB bq

mZ¨/wg_¨v t
5| n! = n(n-1) (n-2) ............... 3. 2. 1

ïY¨¯’vb c~iY t
6| e¯Íz¸wji c~bive„wË NU‡Z cv‡i G †ÿ‡Î web¨v‡mi r msL¨K ¯’vb ------- msL¨K Dcv‡q c~ib Kiv
hvq|
7| n msL¨K e¯Íz †_‡K r msL¨K e¯Íz wb‡q mvRv‡bv msL¨v npr= -------- |
evK¨ wgjv‡bv

cwiwgZ web¨vm c„ôv 162

 cwimsL¨vb

8| n P r
K) wb‡q MwVZ web¨v‡mi msL¨v n r
9| n msL¨K wfbœ wfbœ wRwbm n‡Z cybive„wË NwU‡q r msL¨K wRwbm L) n!
(n  r)!

cvV-8.2 mgv‡ek (Combination)

f‚wgKv
G cv‡V mgv‡ek m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj|

Aa¨vq AvU c„ôv 163

GBP Gm wm

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb -
 mgv‡e‡ki msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb
 mgv‡ek MVb Kivi Dcvq ej‡Z cvi‡eb
 mgv‡ek m¤úwK©Z mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb

mgv‡ek (Combination)

KZ¸‡jv wfbœ wfbœ msL¨K e¯Íz †_‡K K‡qKwU e¯Íz wb‡q †h `j ev MÖæc MVb Kiv nq Zv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K GK
GKwU mgv‡ek e‡j|
aiv hvK, a, b, c 3 Rb †L‡jvqvo| Gi g‡a¨ 2 Rb K‡i †L‡jvqvo wb‡q wb¤œwjwLZ `j MVb Kiv hvq|
ab, ac, bc
G‡`i cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K ejv nq GK GKwU mgv‡ek|
n msL¨K wfbœ wfbœ e¯Íz †_‡K r msL¨K e¯Íz wb‡q MwVZ mgv‡e‡ki msL¨v
ncr= Error!

cÖgvY:
n msL¨K wfbœ wfbœ e¯Íz †_‡K cÖ‡Z¨Kevi r msL¨K e¯Íz wb‡j mgv‡ek msL¨v nq ncr
GLb cÖ‡Z¨K mgv‡e‡k ev `‡j r msL¨K wfbœ wfbœ e¯Íz Av‡Q Ges G‡`i‡K wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ r! Dcv‡q
mvRv‡bv hvq| A_©vr cÖwZwU mgv‡ek †_‡K r! msL¨K web¨vm cvIqv hvq|
AZGe, ncrmsL¨K mgv‡ek †_‡K ncr r! msL¨K web¨vm cvIqv hvq|
myZivs ncr r! = npr= Error!

ev, ncr = Error!

(cÖgvwYZ)
gšÍe¨ t
n msL¨K wfbœ wfbœ e¯Íz †_‡K me¸‡jv
e¯Íz wb‡q mgv‡e‡ki msL¨v
n!
ncn = n!o!= 1, ( 0! = 1)

D`vniY -1 t

cwiwgZ web¨vm c„ôv 164

 cwimsL¨vb

6 evû wewkó GKwU mgZwjK †ÿ‡Îi †KŠwYK we›`y¸wji ms‡hvM †iLv Øviv KZ¸‡jv wÎf‚R MVb Kiv hvq
wbY©q Kiæb |

mgvavb t
mgZwjK †ÿ‡Îi me©‡gvU 6wU †KŠwbK we›`y Av‡Q| 3wU †KŠwbK we›`y Øviv GKwU wÎfzR MVb Kiv hvq|
wÎf‚‡Ri msL¨v n‡e 6 3= Error!
c
6543!
= 3!3!
654
= 32

= 20 wU
wb‡Y©q wÎf‚‡Ri msL¨v 20wU n‡e|

D`vnviY-2 t
CAMBRIDGE kãwUi eY©¸wj †_‡K 5wU eY© wb‡q mgv‡e‡ki msL¨v †ei Kiæb|
mgvavb t
CAMBRIDGE kãwU‡Z †gvU 9wU eY© Av‡Q| 5wU eY© wb‡q MwVZ mgv‡e‡ki msL¨v
9 = Error!
c5

98765!
= 5!4!
9876
= 432 = 126 wU
wb‡Y©q mgv‡e‡ki msL¨v 126wU |

D`vniY -3 t
6Rb †L‡jvqvo †_‡K 2Rb K‡i 3wU `j MVb Ki‡Z n‡e| KZ cÖKv‡i GB `j MVb Kiv hvq?
mgvavb t
6Rb †L‡jvqvo †_‡K 2Rb K‡i 1g `j
6 = Error! = 15 Dcv‡q MVb Kiv hvq|
c2
2q `j evKx (6-2) = 4 Rb †L‡jvqvo †_‡K 2Rb K‡i|
4 = Error! = 6 Dcv‡q MVb Kiv hvq|
c2
3q `j Aewkó (4-2) = 2 Rb †L‡jvqvo †_‡K 2Rb K‡i|

Aa¨vq AvU c„ôv 165

GBP Gm wm

2 = 1 Dcv‡q MVb Kiv hvq|

c2
3wU `j MV‡bi †gvU Dcvq = 1561 = 90

wb‡R Kiæb: UNIVERSITY kãwUi eY©¸wj †_‡K ¯^ieY©¸wj wb‡q mgv‡e‡ki msL¨v wbY©q Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc t
n msL¨K wfbœ wfbœ e¯Íz †_‡K cÖ‡Z¨Kevi r msL¨K e¯Íz wb‡j mgv‡ek msL¨v nq ncr

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.2:
‰be©¨w³K cÖkœ:
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b:
1| ncrGi gvb KZ?
K) Error! L) Error!
n!
M) r! N) †KvbwUB bq
2| ncnGi gvb KZ?
K) n L) 1
M) r N) ‡KvbwUB bq|
3| O! Gi gvb KZ?
K) 0 L) 1
M) n N) ‡KvbwUB bq|
4| 4 1Gi gvb KZ?
c
K) 4 L) 4-1
M) 1 N) ‡KvbwUB bq|

cwiwgZ web¨vm c„ôv 166

 cwimsL¨vb

mZ¨/wg_¨v wbY©q Kiæb:

5| ncrmsL¨K mgv‡ek †_‡K n P r  r! msL¨K web¨vm cvIqv hvq|

ïY¨¯’vb c~iYt
6| ncr r! = --------------- |
7| n msL¨K e¯Íz wb‡q mgv‡ek msL¨v ncr= --------------|
evK¨ wgjv‡bv:
8| n C r
K) n P r

9| n c r  r! L) n! r!(n  r)!

cvV-8.3 wbY©vqK (Determinant)

f‚wgKv
G cv‡V wbY©vqK m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj|

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb -
 wbY©vq‡Ki msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb
 wbY©qv‡Ki mvwi Ges Kjvg m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb
 wbY©vqK wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

wbY©vq‡Ki msÁv
we‡kl AvKv‡i wjwLZ wbw`©ó GK cÖKv‡ii ivwk‡K wbY©vqK e‡j|
g‡b Kwi,
a x + b = 0 ............................ (i)
1 1
Ges a2x + b2= 0 ..................................( ii)
b1
GLb mgxKiY (i) ‡_‡K cvIqv hvq x = - a1

Aa¨vq AvU c„ôv 167

GBP Gm wm

GB x Gi gvb mgxKiY (ii)-G emv‡q cvIqv hvq a2( a1)+ b2= 0

b
- 1

A_©vr a1b2- a2b1= 0 ..........................(iii)

mgxKiY (iii) Gi kZ© mv‡c‡ÿ x Gi GKB gvb Øviv mgxKiY (i) Ges (ii) DfqB wm× nq|

||
a1
b1
a2
mgxKiY (iii) Gi evg c‡ÿi ivwk a b - a b =
1 2 2 1
b2 †K
wbY©vqK e‡j|
a1,b1,a2,b2 †K wbY©vq‡Ki Dcv`vb ejv nq| Dcv`vb¸wji Abyf‚wgK web¨vm‡K mvwi Ges j¤^ web¨vm‡K
Kjvg ejv nq| wbY©vq‡K mvwi I Kjv‡gi msL¨v mgvb _v‡K Ges G msL¨v nj wbY©vq‡Ki gvÎv|

||
a1
b1
a2
b2
wbY©vq‡K 2wU mvwi I 2wU Kjvg Av‡Q| myZivs GUv GKwU wØgvwÎK wbY©vqK|

wÎgvwÎK wbY©vqK wb¤œiƒc t

||
a1
b1
c1
a2
b2
c2
a3
b3
c3

wbY©vq‡Ki gvb wbY©q t

GKwU wÎgvwÎK wbY©vq‡Ki gvb wb¤œwjwLZ Dcv‡q cvIqv hvq|

|| || || ||
a1
b1
c1
a2
b2
c2 b2 a2 a2
a3 c2 c2 b2
b3 b3 a3 a3
c3 = a1 c3 - b1 c3 + c1 b3

= a1(b2c3-b3c2) - b1(a2c3-a3c2)+ c1(a2b3-a3b2)

= a1b2c3 - a1b3c2 - b1a2c3 + b1a3c2 + c1a2b3 - c1a3b2

cwiwgZ web¨vm c„ôv 168

 cwimsL¨vb

= (a1b2c3 + a2b3c1 + a3b1c2) - (a1b3c2 + a2b1c3 + a3b2c1)

c×wZ t
i) 1g mvwii Dcv`vb 3wU w`‡q h_vµ‡g wZbwU wØZxq gvÎvi wbY©vq‡K ¸b Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges G ¸b¸‡jvi
Av‡M ch©vqµ‡g †hvM I we‡qvM wPý †`qv n‡q‡Q|
ii) 1g mvwii wbw`©ó Dcv`vb¸wj †h mvwi I Kjv‡g Aew¯’Z, H mvwi I Kjvg g~j wbY©vqK †_‡K ev`
w`‡q wØZxq gvÎvi wbY©vqK MwVZ n‡q‡Q|
iii) wØZxq gvÎvi wbY©vqK‡K fv½v‡bv ev we¯Í„wZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
iv) exRMwYZxq mgwói gva¨‡g wbY©vqK gy³ K‡i wbY©vq‡Ki gvb wbY©q Kiv n‡q‡Q| Dc‡ii c×wZ
c~b:c~b: cÖ‡qvM K‡i †h †Kvb wbY©vq‡Ki gvb cvIqv hvq|

D`vniY -1 t
wb‡¤œi wbY©vq‡Ki gvb wbY©q Kiæb |

|| ||
6 4

||
6
4 0 -5
3 6 3
i) 4 ii) 2 iii) -3

mgvavb t

||
6
4
3
i) 4 = 24-12 =12

||
4
0
6
ii) 2 = 8-0 =8

||
6
-5
3
iii) - 3 = -18+15 = -3

D`vniY -2 t
wb‡¤œi wbY©vq‡Ki gvb wbY©q Kiæb |

Aa¨vq AvU c„ôv 169

GBP Gm wm

|
2
1
2
5
3
4
8
6
7

mgvavb t

| || || ||
2
1
2
5
3
4 3 5 5
8 4 4 3
6 6 8 8
7 = 2 7 -1 7 + 2 6

= 2(21-24) -1(35-32) +2(30-24)

= -6 -3 +12
=3

wb‡R Kiæb:
wb‡¤œi wbY©vq‡Ki gvb wbY©q Kiæb |

||
5
7
9
4
6
8
3
2
10 Gi gvb wbY©q Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc t
we‡kl AvKv‡i wjwLZ wbw`©ó GK cÖKv‡ii ivwk‡K wbY©vqK e‡j|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.3

cwiwgZ web¨vm c„ôv 170

 cwimsL¨vb

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ:
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b
1| †KvbwU wbY©vqK ?

()
a1

||
a1
b1 b1
a2 a2
K) b2 L) b2

[]
a1
b1
a2
M) b2 N) †KvbwUB bq|
2| wbY©vq‡Ki gvÎv Kvi mgvb?
K) mvwi ev Kjvg msL¨v L) Dcv`v‡bi msL¨v
M) wbY©vq‡Ki gvb N) †KvbwUB bq

||
5
2
3
3| 4 Gi gvb KZ?
K) 5 L) 14
M) -14 N) 20

mZ¨/wg_¨v wbY©q t
4| a1, a2, b1, b2, ‡K wbY©vq‡Ki Dcv`vb e‡j

a1 b1
5| a1= †K †gwUª· e‡j|
a2 b2

6| †Kvb wbY©vq‡K 2wU mvwi I 2 Kjvg _vK‡j Zv‡K wØgvwÎK wbY©vqK e‡j|

ïY¨¯’vb c~iY t

||
a
1
b
1
a
2
7| a , b - a , b = b2 ‡K ---------- |
1 2 2 1
8| wbY©vq‡Ki Dcv`vb¸wji Abyf‚wgK web¨vm‡K ----------------- |

Aa¨vq AvU c„ôv 171

GBP Gm wm

evK¨ wgjv‡bv t
9| wbY©vq‡K mvwi I Kjv‡gi msL¨v K) 2wU mvwi I 2wU Kjvg Av‡Q|
myZivs GUv GKwU wØgvwÎK wbY©vqK|

||
a L) mgvb _v‡K Ges G msL¨v nj
1
b
a
1 wbY©vq‡Ki gvÎv|
2
10| b wbY©vq‡Ki
2

cwiwgZ web¨vm c„ôv 172

 cwimsL¨vb

cvV-8.4 wbY©vq‡Ki wewfbœ ¸bvejxmn cÖgvY

f‚wgKv:
G cv‡V wbY©vq‡Ki wewfbœ ¸Yvejx cÖgvY Kiv nj|

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb -
 wbY©vq‡Ki wewfbœ ¸Yvejx ej‡Z cvi‡eb
 wbY©vq‡Ki ¸Yvejx cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb

¸Yvejx -1 t
†Kvb wbY©vq‡Ki mvwi Ges Kjvgmg~n ci¯úi ¯’vb cwieZ©b Ki‡j wbY©vq‡Ki gvb cwieZ©b bv n‡q GKB
_v‡K|
cÖgvY t

||
a1
b1
a2
g‡b Kwi, B= b2

||
a1
a2
b1
mvwi ev Kjvg cwieZ©b K‡i wbY©vqK nq B' = b2

GLb, B = a1b2- a2b1

Avevi B' = a1b2- a2b1
AZGe, B = B'
Abyiƒcfv‡e wÎgvwÎK wbY©vq‡Ki †ÿ‡ÎI mvwi Ges Kjvgmg~n ci¯úi ¯’vb cwieZ©b K‡i †`Lvb hvq †h, B
= B' (cÖgvwYZ)|

¸Yvejx - 2 t
†Kvb wbY©vq‡Ki `ywU Kjvg ev mvwi wVK GKiKg n‡j wbY©vq‡Ki gvb k~b¨ n‡e|

Aa¨vq AvU c„ôv 173

GBP Gm wm

cÖgvY t

||
a1
a2
a3
a1
a2
a3
b1
b2
g‡b Kwi, B = b3
wbY©vqK `ywU mvwi wVK GKiKg
cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h, B = 0
GLb wbY©vqKwUi gvb -
B= a1(a2b3 - a3b2) - a2(a1b3 - a3b1) + a3(a1b2 - a2b1)
= a1a2b3 - a1a3b2 - a1a2b3 + a2a3b1 + a1a3b2 - a2a3b1

= 0 (cÖgvwYZ)

¸Yvejx t 3
hw` †Kvb wbY©vq‡Ki `yBwU cvkvcvwk mvwi ev Kjvg ci¯úi ¯’vb cwieZ©b K‡i Z‡e wbY©vq‡Ki wPý
cwieZ©b nq wKšÍz gvb GKB _v‡K|

cÖgvY t

||
a1
b1
a2
g‡b Kwi, cÖ`Ë wbY©vqK B= b2

cÖ`Ë wbY©vqKwU 1g I 2q mvwii ¯’vb cwieZ©b K‡i nq

||
a2
b2
a1
B' = b1
‡`Lv‡Z n‡e †h, B' = -B
GLb B' = a2b1 - a1b2
= -(a1b2 - a2b1)
= -B

wÎgvwÎK wbY©vqK

cwiwgZ web¨vm c„ôv 174

 cwimsL¨vb

||
a1
b1
c1
a2
b2
c2
a3
b3
B = c3

cÖ_g I wØZxq mvwii ¯’vb cwieZ©b K‡i nq

||
a2
b2
c2
a1
b1
c1
a3
b3
B' = c3
G‡ÿ‡ÎI †`Lv‡bv hvq †h,
B' = -B

¸Yvejx - 4 t
hw` †Kvb wbY©vq‡Ki †Kvb mvwi ev Kjv‡gi cÖ‡Z¨KwU Dcv`vb‡K GKB msL¨v Øviv ¸b Kiv nq Z‡e H
wbY©vq‡Ki gvb‡KI GKB msL¨v Øviv ¸b Ki‡Z n‡e|

cÖgvY t

||
a1
a2
b1
g‡b Kwi GKwU wØgvwÎK wbY©vqK B = b2
cÖ`Ë wbY©vqKwU 1g mvwii cÖ‡Z¨KwU Dcv`vb‡K k Øviv ¸b Ki‡j nq

||
ka1
ka2
b1
b2 = B'

‡`Lv‡Z n‡e †h, B' = kB

GLb B' = ka1b2 - ka2b1

Aa¨vq AvU c„ôv 175

GBP Gm wm

= k(a1b2 - a2b1)

=kB
B' = kB

Abyiƒcfv‡e wÎgvwÎK wbY©vq‡Ki †ÿ‡ÎI cÖgvY Kiv hvq|

B' = kB

mvims‡ÿc t
†Kvb wbY©vq‡Ki mvwi I Kjvgmg~n cii ¯’vb cwieZ©b Ki‡j wbY©vq‡Ki gvb cwieZ©b nq bv|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.4:
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ:
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b:
1| †Kvb wbY©vq‡Ki mvwi Ges Kjvgmg~n ci¯úi ¯’vb cwieZ©b Ki‡j wbY©vqKwUi gvb †Kgb n‡e?
K) gvb cwieZ©b nq L) gvb GKB _v‡K
M) gvb FbvZ¥K nq N) gvb abvZ¥K nq
2| †Kvb wbY©vq‡K `ywU Kjvg A_ev mvwi GKiKg n‡j Gi gvb KZ n‡e|
K) k~b¨ L) FbvZ¥K
M) abvZ¥K N) †KvbwUB bq|

||
4
1
2
3| 3 3 wbY©vqKwUi gvb KZ ?
K) 17 L) 30
M) 12 N) †KvbwUB bq

||
a1

||
a2
a2 b2
b1 a1
4| B b2 Ges B' = b1 n‡j †KvbwU mZ¨?
K) B' = B L) B' = -B
M) B' = 0 N) ‡KvbwUB bq

cwiwgZ web¨vm c„ôv 176

 cwimsL¨vb

mZ¨/wg_¨v wbY©q t
5| †Kvb wbY©vq‡Ki mvwi I Kjvgmg~n cwieZ©b Ki‡j wbY©vqKwUi gvb cwieZ©b nq|
ïY¨¯’vb c~iY t
6| †Kvb wbY©vq‡Ki ------------ ev -------- wVK GK iKg n‡j wbY©vq‡Ki gvb ---------------- n‡e|
evK¨ wgjv‡bv t
7| †Kvb wbY©vq‡Ki `ywU cvkvcvwk mvwi I Kjvg K) ¸b Ki‡j H wbY©vq‡Ki gvb‡KI GKB msL¨v
ci¯úi ¯’vb cwieZ©b Ki‡j Øviv ¸b Ki‡Z n‡e|
8| wbY©vq‡Ki †Kvb mvwi ev Kjv‡gi cÖ‡Z¨KwU L) wbY©vq‡Ki wPý cwieZ©b nq wKšÍz gv‡bi
Dcv`vb‡K GKB msL¨v Øviv cwieZ©b nq bv|

cvV-8.5 g¨vwUª· (Matrix)

f‚wgKv:
G cv‡V g¨vwUª· m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj|

GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb -

 g¨vwUª· m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb

 g¨vwUª‡·i AW©vi m¤^‡Ü wjL‡Z cvi‡eb

 g¨vwUª‡·i mgZv m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb

g¨vwUª‡·i aviYv t

Aa¨vq AvU c„ôv 177

GBP Gm wm

c~‡e©i cv‡V Avgiv wbY©vqK m¤ú‡K© aviYv K‡iwQ| GKwU wØgvwÎK wbY©vqK wb¤œiƒc-

||
a1
b1
a2
b2

wbY©vq‡Ki Abyiƒc mgxKi‡bi aªæeK¸‡jv‡K (a1, a2, b1, b2) mvwi I Kjvg AvKv‡i mvRv‡j †h
AvqZvKvi web¨vm cvIqv hvq Zv‡K g¨vwUª· e‡j| aªæe¸‡jvi Abyf‚wgK Ges Dj¤^ web¨vm‡K h_vµ‡g mvwi
I Kjvg ejv nq| g¨vwUª· †evSv‡Z `yBwU Z…Zxq eÜbx [ ] ev `yBwU cÖ_g eÜbx ( ) e¨envi Kiv nq|

() []
a1 a1
b1 b1
a2 a2
†hgb - b2 Ge s b2 `yBwU g¨vwUª·|

g¨vwUª· MVbKvix msL¨v a1, a2, b1, b2 BZ¨vw`‡K g¨vwUª‡·i Dcv`vb ejv nq|

g¨vwUª‡·i mvwi ev Kjv‡gi msL¨vi Dci wfwË K‡i g¨vwUª‡·i AW©vi ev gvÎv wbY©q Kiv nq| mvaviYZ: mvwi
b

[]
11
b
12
b
13
b
14
b
21
b
22 34
b
23
b
24
b
31
b
32
b
33
ev Kjvg wb‡`©k Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡Z¨K Dcv`v‡b `ywU Subscript e¨eüZ nq | †hgb :- b
34

Ges Gi mvwi msL¨v 3 Ges Kjv‡gi msL¨v 4| AZGe D³ g¨vwUª‡·‡K 3*4 gvÎvi g¨vwUª· ejv nq|
GKwU g¨vwUª‡·i p msL¨K mvwi I q msL¨K Kjvg n‡j D³ g¨vwUª·‡K p*q g¨vwUª· e‡j| hw` p = q nq
Z‡e g¨vwUª·wU eM© g¨vwUª· Avevi p≠q n‡j g¨vwUª·wU AvqZvKvi g¨vwUª· | wb‡¤œ KZ¸wj g¨vwUª‡·i
D`vniY †`qv nj|

()
3
4
6
5 23
3
i) 8 GKwU 23 g¨vwUª·

cwiwgZ web¨vm c„ôv 178

 cwimsL¨vb

()
a
11
a
12
a
13
a
21
a 33
22
a
23
a
31
a
32
ii) a33 GKwU 33 eM© g¨vwUª·

()
a
11
a
12
a
21 32
a
22
a
31
iii) a32 GKwU 32 g¨vwUª·

c~‡e©B ejv n‡q‡Q wewfbœ mgxKiY‡K g¨vwUª· AvKv‡i †jLv hvq| †hgb : 3x + 5y = 0 Ges 5x + 7y =
0 mgxKi‡Yi wb¤œiƒc g¨vwUª· AvKv‡i †jLv hvq|

( )( )
3
5 x
5 y
7 = 0

g¨vwUª‡·i mgZv t
hw` `yBwU g¨vwUª‡·i gvÎv mgvb nq Ges GKwUi Dcv`v‡bi gvb Ab¨wUi Abyiƒc Dcv`v‡bi gv‡bi mgvb nq
Z‡e g¨vwUª· `ywU mgvb n‡e|

†hgb :

() ()
a11 b11
a12 b12
a13 b13
a21 23 b21 23
a22 b22
a23 = b23

hLb a11 = b11 a12 = b12 a13 = b13

a21 = b21 a22 = b22 a23 = b23

Aa¨vq AvU c„ôv 179

GBP Gm wm

mvims‡ÿc t
†Kvb mgxKi‡Yi aªæeK ¸‡jv‡K mvwi I Kjvg AvKv‡i mvRv‡j †h AvqZvKvi web¨vm cvIqv hvq Zv‡K
g¨vwUª· e‡j|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb - 8.5

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ:
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b:
1| g¨vwUª· †evSv‡Z †KvbwU e¨eüZ nq ?
K) | | L) [ ]
M) ( ] N) [ )
2| g¨vwUª‡·i gvÎv wK‡mi Dci wbf©i K‡i ?
K) mvwi I Kjvg L) ïay mvwi
M) ïay Kjvg N) †KvbwUB bq
3| GKwU g¨vwUª·‡K KLb eM© g¨vwUª· ejv nq ?
K) p = q L) p ≠q
M) p > q N) p < q

()
2
3
5
4
2
4| 5 g¨vwUª·wU KZ gvÎvi ?
K) 3  2 L) 2  3
M) 3  3 N) ‡KvbwUB bq|

mZ¨/wg_¨v wbY©qt
5| g¨vwUª· †evSv‡Z `ywU Z„Zxq eÜbx ev `ywU cÖ_g eÜbx e¨envi Kiv nq|
6| g¨vwUª‡·i mvwi ev Kjv‡gi msL¨vi Dci wfwË K‡i g¨vwUª‡·i gvÎv wbY©q Kiv nq|

ïY¨¯’vb c~iYt

cwiwgZ web¨vm c„ôv 180

 cwimsL¨vb

7| g¨vwUª‡·i mvwi ev Kjvg wb‡`©k Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡Z¨K Dcv`v‡b `ywU --------- e¨envi Kiv nq|
8| †Kvb g¨vwUª‡·i wZbwU mvwi I 4wU Kjvg _vK‡j D³ g¨vwUª‡·i gvÎv --- |

evK¨ wgjv‡bv t
9| †Kvb g¨vwUª‡·i mvwi I Kjvg hw` mgvb nq Z‡e K) Dcv`v‡bi gv‡bi mgvb nq Z‡e g¨vwUª· `ywU
mgvb g¨vwUª· n‡e|
10| hw` `yBwU g¨vwUª‡·i gvÎv mgvb I GKwUi L) D³ g¨vwUª· †K eM© g¨vwUª· ejv n‡e|
Dcv`v‡bi gvb Ab¨wUi

cvV-8.6 g¨vwUª‡·i wewfbœ m~Î I Zvi cÖgvY

f‚wgKv:
G cv‡V g¨vwUª‡·i m~Îvejx Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj|

Aa¨vq AvU c„ôv 181

GBP Gm wm

GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb -

 g¨vwUª‡·i †hvM m~Î ej‡Z cvi‡eb
 g¨vwUª‡·i ¸Yb m~Î ej‡Z cvi‡eb
 D`vni‡Yi gva¨‡g g¨vwUª‡·i †hvM m~Î I ¸Yb m~Î e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

g¨vwUª‡·i †hvM m~Î t

`ywU g¨vwUª‡·i gvÎv GKB n‡j g¨vwUª· `ywU †hvM Kiv hvq Ges †hvMdjRwbZ g¨vwUª· GKB gvÎvi nq|
A_©vr hw` A I B Dfq g¨vwUª·B p  q gvÎvi nq Z‡e (A+B) g¨vwUª· I p  q gvÎvi n‡e|
wbqg t `ywU g¨vwUª· †hvM Ki‡Z n‡j 1g-wUi cÖ‡Z¨K Dcv`v‡bi mv‡_ 2q-wUi Abyiƒc Dcv`vb †hvM Ki‡Z
n‡e|

()
a11
a12
a13
a21 23
a22
hw` - A= a23

()
b11
b12
b13
b21 23
b22
Ges B = b23

( )
a11 + b11
a12 + b12
a13 + b13
a21 + b21 23
a22 + b22
Z‡e A+B = a23 + b23
GLv‡b A, B g¨vwUª· Ges (A+B) nj 2  3 g¨vwUª·|

D`vniY - 1 t

() ()
3 4
-4 0
2 -2
2 4
5 2
A= -3 Ges B= -1 n‡j A+B wbY©q Kiæb|

cwiwgZ web¨vm c„ôv 182

 cwimsL¨vb

mgvavb t

()()
3 4
-4 0
2 -2
2 4
5 2
A+B = -3 + -1

( )
3+4
-4+0
2+ -2
2+4
5+2
= 3+ -1
-

()
7
-4
0
6 23
7
= -4
g¨vwUª‡·i ¸Ym~Î t
A Ges B `ywU g¨vwUª‡·i ¸Ydj ZLbB wbY©q Kiv hvq hLb A g¨vwUª‡·i Kjv‡gi msL¨v B g¨vwUª‡·i mvwii
mgvb nq|
A_©vr Apr Brq= (AB)pq
wKšÍz AB ≠ BA

()
a
11
a
12
a
13
a 23
21
a
22
g‡b Kwi A= a23

 b11 b12 
 
Ges B  b21 b22 
b b 
 31 32  32
GLv‡b A g¨vwUª‡·i Kjv‡gi msL¨v 3 Ges B g¨vwUª‡·i mvwii msL¨v 3| A I B g¨vwUª‡·i ¸bdj
wb¤œwjwLZ Dcv‡q cvIqv hvq|
i) A g¨vwUª‡·i 1g mvwii cÖ‡Z¨KwU Dcv`vb‡K B g¨vwUª‡·i 1g Kjv‡gi Abyiƒc cÖ‡Z¨KwU Dcv`vb w`‡q
¸b Ki‡Z n‡e Ges G ¸bd‡ji mgwó nj AB g¨vwUª‡·i 1g mvwii 1g Dcv`vb| GKB fv‡e A g¨vwUª‡·i
1g mvwii cÖ‡Z¨KwU Dcv`vb‡K B g¨vwUª‡·i 2q Kjv‡gi Abyiƒc cÖ‡Z¨KwU Dcv`vb w`‡q ¸b K‡i G¸‡jvi
mgwó nj AB g¨vwUª‡·i 1g mvwii wØZxq Dcv`vb| Gfv‡e AMÖmi n‡qB AB Gi 1g mvwii me Dcv`vb
cvIqv hv‡e|
ii) Dc‡ii cÖwµqvq AB Gi mg¯Í mvwi wbY©q Kiv hv‡e|

Aa¨vq AvU c„ôv 183

GBP Gm wm

myZivs
AB =

(aa1121b 11 + a12b21 + a13b31 a11b12 + a12b22 + a13b32

b11 + a22b21 + a23b31 a21b12 + a22b22 + a23b32 )

D`vniY -2 t

() ()
1 1
-1 3
0 3
2 -2
2 2
A= -1 Ges B = 1 n‡j AB KZ?
cÖgvY Kiæb †h, AB ≠ BA
mgvavb t-

( )( )
1 1
-1 3
0 3
2 -2
2 2
AB = 1
- 1

= Error!

()
-2
5
6 22
= 1

( )( )
1 1
3 -1
3 0
-2 2
2 2
Avevi BA = 1 -1

()
1+6
-1+6
0-3
3-4
-3-4
0+2
2+2
-2+2
= 0-1

cwiwgZ web¨vm c„ôv 184

 cwimsL¨vb

()
7
5
-3
-1
-7
2
4
0
= -1
≠ AB (cÖgvwYZ)

() ()
2 1
5 7
9 3
1 8
1 5
wb‡R Kiæb: A = 3 Ges B= 4 n‡j i) AB Gi gvb wbY©q Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿct
`ywU g¨vwUª‡·i gvÎv GKB n‡j Dnv‡`i †hvM Kiv hvq Ges †hvM RwbZ g¨vwUª· GKB gvÎvi nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 8.6:

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ:
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b:
1| KLb `yBwU g¨vwUª· †hvM Kiv hvq?
K) 2wU g¨vwUª‡·i gvÎv mgvb n‡j L) 2wU g¨vwUª‡·i gvÎv Amgvb n‡j
M) †Kvb gvÎv bv _vK‡j N) †KvbwUB bq
2| g¨vwUª· A Ges B KLb ¸b Kiv hvq?
K) A Gi Kjv‡gi msL¨v B Gi mvwii msL¨v mgvb n‡j
L) A Gi Kjv‡gi msL¨v B Gi Kjv‡gi msL¨v mgvb n‡j
M) A Gi mvwii msL¨v B Gi mvwii msL¨v mgvb n‡j
N) †KvbwUB bq|

Aa¨vq AvU c„ôv 185

GBP Gm wm

() ()
2 2
3 1
1 1
3| A= 2 , B = 2 n‡j A+B = KZ?

()
4

()
4
4 4
3 2
K) 4 L) 4

()
2
2
2
M) 1 N) ‡KvbwUB bq

mZ¨/wg_¨v wbY©qt
4| hw` A I B DfqB g¨vwUª‡·i gvÎv pq nq Z‡e (A+B) g¨vwUª‡·i gvÎv I pq n‡e|
5| `ywU g¨vwUª‡·i †hvM Ki‡Z n‡j 1gwUi cÖ‡Z¨K Dcv`v‡bi mv‡_ 2qwUi Abyiƒc Dcv`v‡bi †hvM Kivi
`iKvi †bB|
ïY¨¯’vb c~iY t
6| Apr Brq= -------------------
7| Apq Bpp= ------------------
evK¨ wgjv‡bv t
8| A I B Gi ¸bdj ZLbB wbb©q Kiv hvq hLb K) = (A+B)23
9| A23, B23Gi †hvMdj L) A g¨vwUª‡·i Kjv‡gi msL¨v B
g¨vwUª‡·i mvwii msL¨vi mgvb|

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb-8

mswÿß I iPbvg~jK cÖkœvejx

1| web¨vm, mgv‡ek, wbY©vqK I g¨vwUª‡·i D`vniYmn msÁv w`b|

2| 8p2, 7p5, 7! Gi gvb wbY©q Kiæb|

3| 3,4,5,6,7,8,9 GB AsK¸wji cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K cÖ‡Z¨K msL¨vq GKevi gvÎ wb‡q 3 As‡Ki KZ¸wj
c„_K msL¨v MVb Kiv hv‡e ?

cwiwgZ web¨vm c„ôv 186

 cwimsL¨vb

4| 3,4,5,6,7,8,9 GB AsK¸wji cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K ‡h †Kvb msL¨K evi wb‡q wb‡q 3 AsK wewkó KZ¸wj
msL¨v MVb Kiv hv‡e ?

5| GKwU †kj‡d 20wU eB Av‡Q| 5wU K‡i eB wb‡q G‡`i‡K KZ cÖKv‡i mvRv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i ?

6| 4c4+ 5c1+ 10c3Gi gvb KZ ?

7| 10 evû wewkó GKwU mgZwjK †ÿ‡Îi †KŠwbK we›`yi ms‡hvM †iLv w`‡q KZ¸wj wÎf‚R AvKv †h‡Z
cv‡i|

8| AMERICA kãwUi eY©¸wj †_‡K cÖ‡Z¨Kevi 3wU eY© wb‡q KZ¸wj kã MVb Kiv hvq ?

9| wb¤œwjwLZ wbY©vqK mg~‡ni gvb wbY©q Kiæb ?

|| |
12 8
4 4
7 3
8 2
3 3
9 5
7 5
3 3
K) 10 L) 7

||
1
1
1
1
p
p2
1
p2
10| cÖgvY Kiæb †h, p4 = p(p-1) (p2-1)

() ()
3 3
5 -2
8 1
6 2
3 7
2 3
1 5
-2 0
11| A = 3 ,B= 2 n‡j (2A+B) g¨vwUª· KZ n‡e?

()
1
3
2
12|
2
A= 1,B = 4 ( )n‡j AB KZ n‡e?

Aa¨vq AvU c„ôv 187

GBP Gm wm

() ()
-1 1
3 -2
2 1
3 3
-2 2
4 1
5 4
1 2
13| A = -2 ,B= 3 n‡j AB KZ ?

cÖgvY Kiæb AB ≠ BA

DËigvjv:

n!
8.1: 1| L 2| L 3| L 4| K 5| mZ¨ 6| nr 7| 8| L 9| K
(n  r )!
n!
8.2: 1| L 2| L 3| L 4| K 5| wg_¨v 6| n p 7| 8| L 9| K
r
r! (n  r )!
8.3: 1| L 2| K 3| L 4| mZ¨ 5| wg_¨v 6| mZ¨ 7| wbY©vqK 8| mvwi 9| L 10| K
8.4: 1| L 2| K 3| L 4| L 5| wg_¨v 6| mvwi, Kjvg, ïb¨ 7| L 8| L
8.5: 1| L 2| K 3| K 4| L 5| mZ¨ 6| mZ¨ 7| cÖ_g ev Z…Zxq eÜbx 8| 34 9| L 10| K
8.6: 1| K 2| K 3| L 4| mZ¨ 5| wg_¨v 6| ABpq 7| ABpp 8| L 9| K

cwiwgZ web¨vm c„ôv 188