Mechanical Measurements and
Instrumentation
MODULE 11
C O U R S E I N S T R U C TO R : C H I R A N J I B B A R U A H
APRIL, 2025
Measurement of sound
A microphone is a sensor or transducer that
converts sound (acoustic energy) into electrical
energy that we can amplify, digitize, display,
record, and more.
A microphone consists of the following:
A diaphragm made of thin material like plastic
resonates in response to the incoming sound
pressure waves.
A coil attached to the diaphragm moves back and
forth in sympathy
Measurement of sound
A permanent magnet creates a magnetic field that
induces current into the coil when moved by
diaphragm.
This current is an “analog” of the sound. It flows
out of the coil and can be amplified, converted to
digital, recorded for display and analysis, etc.
Observation of waveforms
Observing waveforms involves visualizing and
analyzing the shape of a signal over time, typically
using an oscilloscope.
This allows for the study of characteristics like
amplitude, frequency, and waveform shape, which
can reveal information about the signal's nature and
behavior.
Observation of waveforms
When observing waveforms, you're looking at:
Amplitude: The magnitude of the signal, represented
by the vertical axis on the oscilloscope.
Time: The horizontal axis represents time, showing how
the signal changes over duration.
Shape: The overall form of the waveform, which can be
sinusoidal, square, triangular, etc., revealing the
signal's nature.
Distortion: Any deviations from the ideal waveform
shape, which can indicate problems or effects on the
signal.
Observation of waveforms
Observation of waveforms
A key benefit of an oscilloscope is its ability to
accurately reconstruct a signal.
The better the reconstruction of the signal the
higher the signal integrity.
Here's one way to think of signal integrity: An
oscilloscope is analogous to a camera that captures
signal images that you then observe and interpret.
The different systems and performance capabilities
of an oscilloscope contribute to its ability to deliver
the highest signal integrity possible.
Observation of waveforms
Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
The cathode ray oscilloscope is an electronic test
instrument, it is used to obtain waveforms when
the different input signals are given. In the early
days, it is called as an Oscillograph.
The oscilloscope observes the changes in the
electrical signals over time, thus the voltage and
time describe a shape and it is continuously
graphed beside a scale.
By seeing the waveform, we can analyze some
properties like amplitude, frequency, rise time,
distortion, time interval, and etc.
Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
The main parts of the cathode ray oscilloscope are
as follows:
Cathode Ray Tube
Electronic Gun Assembly
Deflecting Plate
Fluorescent Screen For CRT
Glass Envelope
For gaining the high emission of electrons at the
moderate temperature, the layers of barium and
strontium are deposited on the end of the cathode.
Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
When the electron is injected through the electron
gun, it passes through the control grid.
The control grid controls the intensity of electron
in the vacuum tube.
If the control grid has high negative potential, then
it allows only a few electrons to pass through it.
Thus, the dim spot is produced on the lightning
screen. If the negative potential on the control grid
is low, then the bright spot is produced.
Hence the intensity of light depends on the
negative potential of the control grid.
Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
After moving the control grid the electron beam
passing through focusing and accelerating anodes.
The accelerating anodes are at a high positive
potential and hence they converge the beam at a
point on the screen.
After moving the control grid the electron beam
passing through the focusing and accelerating
anodes.
The accelerating anodes are at a high positive
potential and hence they converge the beam at a
point on the screen.
Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
Lissajous Patterns
Lissajous patterns, also known as Lissajous figures
or Bowditch curves, are visual representations of
the superposition of two sinusoidal oscillations with
different frequencies or phase relationships.
These patterns, formed when the signals are
applied to the horizontal and vertical deflection
plates of a cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO), provide
information about the frequencies, amplitudes, and
phase differences between the signals.
Lissajous Patterns
Formation: When two sinusoidal signals with
different frequencies and phases are applied to the
X and Y plates of a CRO, the resulting pattern on
the screen is a Lissajous figure.
Phase difference: The shape of the Lissajous
pattern reveals the phase difference between the
two signals:
A straight line indicates that the signals are either
in phase (0°) or 180° out of phase.
A circle indicates a 90° (or 270°) phase difference.
Lissajous Patterns
Frequency ratio: The frequency ratio of the two
signals determines the shape of the Lissajous fig.
If the frequency ratio is rational, the curve will
eventually close.
If the frequency ratio is irrational, the curve will
not close and fill a region.
Lissajous Patterns
Lissajous Patterns