1 FORMULA SHEET

**Trigonometric formula** 1 − tanθ **Factorization formula**

cos2θ = 1 − 2sin2 θ; cos2θ =
1 1 1 1 + tanθ 𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = ; cos 𝜃 = ; tan 𝜃 = ; 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐷 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) . co s ( )
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 2
2tanθ 3tanθ − tan θ 2 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 tan2θ = 2
; tan3θ =
1 − tan θ 1 − 3tan2 θ 𝐶−𝐷 𝐶+𝐷
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = ; 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 3 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐶 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐷 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )
sin3θ = 3sinθ − 4sin θ; cos3θ = 4cos θ − 3cosθ 2 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠(−𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃; 𝑠𝑖𝑛(−𝜃) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃; 𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
1 − cos2θ = 2sin2 θ; 1 + cos2θ = 2cos 2 θ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐷 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )
𝑡𝑎𝑛(−𝜃) = −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 2 2
1 − sin2θ = (cosθ − sinθ)2 ;
𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
**Allied angles** 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐷 = −2𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) . 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
1 + sin2θ = (cosθ + sinθ) 2 2
𝜋 𝜋
sin ( − 𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃; sin ( + 𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 **.Half angle formula** 𝐶+𝐷 𝐷−𝐶
2 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐷 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) . 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
𝜋 𝜋 2 2
𝜃
cos ( − 𝜃) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃; cos ( + 𝜃) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝜃 𝜃 2𝑡𝑎𝑛
2 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ; 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 2 ; **Inverse Trigo-formula**
2 2 𝜃
𝜋 𝜋 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2
tan ( − 𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃; tan ( + 𝜃) = −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 2 sin−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) = 𝑥; cos −1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) = 𝑥; tan−1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) = 𝑥;
2 2
𝜃 1 1
sin(𝜋 − 𝜃) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃; sin(𝜋 + 𝜃) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 2𝑡𝑎𝑛 sin−1 𝑥 = cosec −1 ( ) ; cos −1 𝑥 = sec −1 ;
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 2
𝜃 𝑥 𝑥
cos(𝜋 − 𝜃) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃; cos(𝜋 + 𝜃) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2
2 1
tan−1 𝑥 = cot −1 ; sin−1 𝑥 + cos −1 𝑥 = ;
𝜋
𝑥 2
tan(𝜋 − 𝜃) = −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃; tan(𝜋 + 𝜃) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ; 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 − 1;
2
tan−1 𝑥 + cot −1 𝑥 = ;
𝜋
csc −1 𝑥 + sec −1 𝑥 =
𝜋
2 2 2 2 2
**Sum and difference formula**
𝜃 𝑥+𝑦
sin(A + B)= sin A. cos B + cos A. sin B 𝜃 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 tan−1 (𝑥 + 𝑦) = tan−1 ( );
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ; 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 2; 1−𝑥𝑦
2 𝜃
sin(A - B)= sin A. cos B – cos A. sin B 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥−𝑦
2 tan−1 (𝑥 − 𝑦) = tan−1 ( )
1+𝑥𝑦
cos(A + B) = cos A. cos B – sin A. sin B 𝜃 𝜃
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ; 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ; **General Solution**
2 2
cos(A - B) = cos A. cos B + sin A. sin B
𝜃 𝜃 sin 𝜃 = 0 ⇒ 𝜃 = 𝑛𝜋;
tan(A + B) =
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴+𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐵
; tan(A - B) =
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴−𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐵 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 )2 ; tan 𝜃 = 0 ⇒ 𝜃 = 𝑛𝜋
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴.𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐵 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴.𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐵 2 2 𝜋
𝜋 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 𝜋 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜗 𝜃 𝜃 cos 𝜃 = 0 ⇒ 𝜃 = (2𝑛 + 1)
tan( + 𝜃) = ; tan( − 𝜃)= 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 )2 2
4 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 4 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 2 2 sin 𝜃 = sin 𝛼 ⇒ 𝜃 = 𝑛𝜋 + (−1)𝑛 𝛼
**Multiple angle formula** cos 𝜃 = cos 𝛼 ⇒ 𝜃 = 2𝑛𝜋 ± 𝛼
**Defactorization formula** tan 𝜃 = tan 𝛼 ⇒ 𝜃 = 𝑛𝜋 + 𝛼
2tanθ 2sin A. cosB= sin(A + B) + sin(A - B) sin2 𝜃 = sin2 𝛼 ⇒ 𝜃 = 𝑛𝜋 ± 𝛼
sin2θ = 2sinθ. cosθ; sin2θ =
1 + tan2 θ cos 2 𝜃 = cos 2 𝛼 ⇒ 𝜃 = 𝑛𝜋 ± 𝛼
2sin A. sin B = cos(A - B) - cos(A + B) tan2 𝜃 = tan2 𝛼 ⇒ 𝜃 = 𝑛𝜋 ± 𝛼
cos2θ = cos 2 θ − sin2 θ;
cos2θ = 2cos2 θ − 1; [Link]= cos(A +B) + cos(A - B)
2 FORMULA SHEET

∗∗ 𝑳𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕𝒔:∗∗ 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 1 1 −1
𝑥
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒: = 𝑋 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = tan +𝑐
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎
𝑙𝑖𝑚 sin 𝑥 = sin 𝑎 ; 𝑙𝑖𝑚 cos 𝑥 = cos 𝑎
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
𝑑𝑥 1 1
𝑥 𝑛 −𝑎𝑛 𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + 𝑐
lim 𝑥 = 𝑎 ;𝑘 𝑘
lim 𝑘 = 𝑘; lim = 𝑛 .𝑎 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2
𝑥−→𝑎 𝑥−→𝑎 𝑥−→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
1
lim = 1; lim =1 𝑑𝑦 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 | + 𝑐
𝑥−→0 𝑥 𝑥−→0 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡 √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2
𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: =
𝑎𝑥 −1 𝑒 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥
lim = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎; lim =1 𝑑𝑡 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 +𝑐
𝑥−→0 𝑥 𝑥−→0 𝑥
√𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑎
log (1 + 𝑥) 1
lim = 1; lim (1 + 𝑥)𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑎2 −1 𝑥
𝑥−→0 𝑥 𝑥−→0 ∫ √𝑎 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = √𝑎 − 𝑥 +
2 2 sin +𝑐
∗∗ 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:∗∗ 2 2 𝑎
∗∗ 𝑫𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒔:∗∗ 𝑥 𝑛+1 1
∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝑐; ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑥 𝑎2
𝑑 𝑑 1 1 𝑛+1 𝑥𝑛 ∫ √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = √𝑥 − 𝑎 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 |
2 2
𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 ; ( ) = −𝑛 𝑥 𝑛+1 ; 2 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑛 𝑎𝑥
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐; ∫ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐 +𝑐
𝑑 𝑑 log 𝑎
𝑘 = 0; 𝑥=1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑎2
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2√𝑥 + 𝑐; ∫ 𝑘𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑐 ∫ √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = √𝑥 + 𝑎 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 |
2 2
𝑑 𝑥
𝑎 = 𝑎 log 𝑎; 𝑥 𝑑
log 𝑥 =
1 √𝑥 2 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 +𝑐
∫ sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝑐; ∫ cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑 1 𝑑 1
log 𝑎 𝑥 = ; √𝑥 = 2√𝑥 1 1 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 xlog 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 ∫ sec 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝑐;; ∫ sec xtan 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 + 𝑐 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = sec −1 ( ) + 𝑐
𝑑 𝑑 𝑥√𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎
sin 𝑥 = cos 𝑥; cos 𝑥 = − sin 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ cosec 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − cot 𝑥 + 𝑐;
𝑓′(𝑥)
𝑑 𝑑 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑓(𝑥)| + 𝑐
tan 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥; sec 𝑥 = sec xtan 𝑥 ∫ cosec xcot 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − cosec 𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 ∫ tan 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = log|sec 𝑥| + 𝑐; ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = log|sin 𝑥| + 𝑐 𝑓′(𝑥)
cot 𝑥 = − cosec 2 𝑥; cosec 𝑥 = − cosec xcot 𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2√𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
√𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑 1 𝑑 1 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑠𝑒𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥| + 𝑐
sin−1 𝑥 = 2
; cos −1 𝑥 = − [𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛+1
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2 𝑛
𝜋 𝑥 ∫[𝑓(𝑥)] . 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
𝑑 −1 1 𝑑 −1 1 =𝑙𝑜𝑔 |tan ( + )| + 𝑐 𝑛+1
tan 𝑥= ; cot 𝑥=− 4 2
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2
𝑑 −1 1 𝑑 −1 1 ∫ cos𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = log |cos𝑒𝑐 𝑥 − cot 𝑥 | + 𝑐 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 [𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 . 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐
sec 𝑥= ; cosec 𝑥=−
𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥 2 −1 𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥 2 −1
1 1 𝑥−𝑎
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 | |+𝑐 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠:
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒: (𝑢. 𝑣) = 𝑢. 𝑣 + 𝑣. 𝑢 𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 2𝑎 𝑥+𝑎
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
1 1 𝑎+𝑥 ∫ 𝑢 . 𝑣𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢 ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑥 − ∫ (∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑥. ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑 𝑑 ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 | |+𝑐 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣. 𝑢 − 𝑢. 𝑣 𝑎 − 𝑥2 2𝑎 𝑎−𝑥
𝑄𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒: ( ) = 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣