The production of new organism form the already existing

organism of the same species is known as Reproduction.

- The process of reproduction ensures continuity of life earth.

on

- Reproduction is essential for the survival of a species on this

earth.

- The production of a new organism from a single parent without

the involvement of sex cells (or gametes) is called asexual
reproduction.

- The production of a new organism from two parents by

making use of their Sex cells (or gametes) is called Sexual
reproduction.

Ques - Differentiate between Asexual Reproduction and Sexual

Reproduction.
- In this process of fission, a unicellular organism splits or
divides into two or more new organism.
- The breaking up of the body of a simple organism into two or
more pieces on maturing, each of which subsequently grows to
form a complete new organism, is called fragmentation.

- Example – Spirogyra
 +
F Fr
i a

Spi
rog

The c
procea
E
 -
Hydra Planaria
a

Real photo of Planaria

-
In bgorganism
ur. -
E
- Hydra

−
Tproduces
units called 'spores'.
t
− In Vegetative propagation, new plants are obtained from
the parts of old plants (like Stem, roots and leaves) without
the help of any Reproductive organs.
-
b l

lia
 ey
−
E

-
 − Sexual Reproduction involves the fusion of gametes or sex

R
h

R
e

Sp
or

cells resulting in the formation of zygote − Due to the

fusion of gametes, the chances of variations are very high
during sexual reproduction flowers.

•
It is the male reproductive part of the flower.

•
It is composed of two parts - Anther and Filament.

•
Stamen produces pollen grains that are yellow in
colour.

-
Q A n W
u s h
– Sv l

T
•
•
I I
- t

O
v
•
Its function is to protect the flower in its initial
stages.
 •
The colourful parts of a flower are called Petals.

•
Its function of petals is to attract insects for
pollination and to protect the reproductive organs.

T • SM
h ti

Contai
ns either Stamens or Pistil
•
Example - Papaya, Watermelon
 •
Contains both Stamens and Pistil
•
Example - Hibiscus, Mustard

The transfer of pollen grains from anther of a stamen to the

stigma of a carpel is called pollination.
 •
T-lip S

Real
photo
 Complete process of Reproduction in Flower
Just in one Diagram

•
After fertilization, the zygote divides several times to
form an embryo within the ovule.

•
The ovule develops a tough coat and is converted
into Seed.
 •
The ovary grows rapidly and ripens to form a form of
Fruit.

•
The Seed contains the future plant which develops
into a Seedling.

Easy Diagram

oO
fv
 •
The age at which the Sex hormone and gametes
begin to be produces and the Boy and Girl become
sexually mature is called Puberty.

•
In males, after Puberty, testes starts producing
sperms and the Male sex hormone called
Testosterone.

•
In females, after puberty, ovaries starts producing
Ova (or eggs) and Female sex hormone, Estrogen.

•
Male and female also starts developing secondary
sexual characters.

Secondary Sexual characters in Male :

a. Hair grow in Armpits, Pubic regions, Chest and

Face
b. Body becomes muscular.
c. The voice deepens.
d. Chest and Shoulders broaden.

Secondary Sexual characters in Female :

a. Hair grow in Armpits and Pubic regions.

b. Mammary glands develop and enlarge.
c. Hips broaden.
 d. Fallopian tube, uterus and Vagina enlarge.

BDiagrams are of same thing but

o L
e
AR
ni
•

(Vas deferens, Seminal Vesicle, Prostrate)

 − It is primary reproductive organ in male.

− It is located outside the abdominal cavity in scrotum

because sperm formation requires a lower temperature
than the normal body temperature.

Functions of Testes –

T•
P•
C
o

p
• The male reproductive system consists of portions which
- e

− Both of these gland add fluid secretions to the sperms

which makes the transport of sperms easier and
provides nutrition.
− Forms a common passage for both Sperms and Urine.
-

P
–
T

-
D
-
A
•

F
•

V
Human Body: Reproductive System
 • Secretion of Estrogen and Progesterone

− One egg is produced every month by ovaries.

 − It is the primary reproductive organ in female. It
performs two major functions

− It acts as a site of fertilization.

I
t
t

• Production of
-
- The sperms enter through the vaginal passage during
sexual intercourse.

E
g
−
T
O-
h bag like structure
v known as the uterus.

− Uterus opens into the vagina through cervix.

- They travel upwards and reach the oviduct where they

may encounter egg.
 - The development of the child inside the mother's body
takes approximately nine months (Gestation period).
The child is born as a result of rhythmic contractions of
the muscle in the uterus.

- Every month, Ovary releases one egg and

uterus prepares itself to receive the fertilised egg
by developing thick, spongy lining.
It receives
- If fertilisation doesn't
sperms take place, egg along with the
from

C
a

c
− Uterus
is a

-
The fertilized egg (zygote) starts diving to form a ball of
c
e -

The e
m breaks down and comes out through
uterus lining
vagina as blood
•
Syphills Caused by Bacteria

•
AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) Caused by
Virus

I
− The prevention of pregnancy inI Women is called Contraception.
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O
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This cycle :e takes place
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