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MODULE 1
FOUNDATION MODULE
1ST YEAR BDS
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Table of Contents
Vision & Mission .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
Teaching Hours Allocation........................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Themes for Foundation Module .................................................................................................................................................................................. 4
Learning Outcomes ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
Cognitive Domain ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................5
Psychomotor Domain....................................................................................................................................................................................................................5
Affective Domain...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................5
Theme 1: Orientation................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
TABLE OF SPECIFICATION ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................7
Theme 2 Basic Unit of Life: The Cell ............................................................................................................................................................................ 9
Lab Work..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Theme 3 Development of Human Body & Human Dentition ................................................................................................................................... 12
Lab Work..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 15
Theme 4 Organization of Human Body & Human Dentition .................................................................................................................................... 16
Lab Work..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 20

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Vision & Mission

Khyber Medical University (KMU) Vision:

Khyber Medical University will be the global leader in health sciences academics and research for efficient and compassionate
health care.

Khyber Medical University (KMU) Mission:

Khyber Medical University aims to promote professional competence through learning and innovation for providing
comprehensive quality health care to the nation.

Institute of Health Professions Education & Research (IHPER) Mission:

To produce leaders, innovators and researchers in health professions education who can apply global knowledge to resolve local
issues.

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Teaching Hours Allocation

Table 2: Hours allocation for different subjects

S. No Subject Hours
1. Anatomy 47

2. Oral biology (oral histology and tooth 28

morphology)

3. Physiology 24

4. Biochemistry 24

5. Pathology 2

6. Pharmacology 2

7. Community & Preventive dentistry 3

Total 130

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Themes for Foundation Module

S# Theme Duration in Weeks

1. Orientation week 1 week

2. Basic unit of life: The Cell 1 week

3. Development of Human body & 1 week

Human Dentition
4. Organization of Human Body & 2 week
Human Dentition
Total 5 weeks

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Learning Outcomes
By the end of this module, the students should be able to;

Cognitive Domain
1. Familiarize with BDS Curriculum.
2. Recognize the role of different disciplines in studying human body.
3. Describe the various stages of pre embryonic human development.
4. Familiarize about basic Anatomical terms (General and Oral Anatomy).
5. Recognize various developmental stages of face and oral cavity.
6. Describe the structure, function and biochemical composition of cell.
7. Describe the cell division, its types and genetic material along with its clinical correlation.
8. Describe various cellular adaptations during cell growth, differentiation and cell injury.
9. Describe the basic organization of human body.
10. Explain the maintenance of homeostatic mechanism.
11. Describe the importance of buffer and PH system.

Psychomotor Domain
1. Perform the basic laboratory techniques and use of microscope.
2. Display steps of sterilization and disinfection.
3. Prepare assignment on MS office individually and in team.

Affective Domain
1. Follow the standard operating procedures of lab.
2. Follow preventive and safety measures in dental practices.
3. Participate individually and in team work efficiently.
4. Maintain discipline of the college.
5. Follow the norms of the college properly.

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Theme I: Orientation Week

(White Coat Ceremony+ Departmental Visits)

1. White coat ceremony (Day-01 Activity)

Departmental visits (Day-02- 05)

Visit to Basic Medical Sciences Departments (DME, Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry, Pathology, Pharmacology,
2.
Library, Digital Library, SAS, Hostels).
Visit to Basic Dental Sciences Departments (Oral Biology, Science of Dental Materials, Oral Pathology, Community
3.
Dentistry, Phantom- Head Lab).
Visit to Clinical Dental/ Medical Departments (Operative Dentistry, Periodontology, Orthodontics, Prosthodontics, Oral
4. & Maxillofacial Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Radiology, Paediatric Dentistry, Diagnostic Department, General
Medicine, and General Surgery).
5. Introductory Lectures (Refer to Table of Specification below)

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TABLE OF SPECIFICATION

Subject Topic Hours Learning objectives

Anatomy Anatomy and 1. Define anatomy and its branches.
its sub- 1 hour 2. Describe purpose of study of anatomy and its branches.
branches
Physiology Physiology and 3. Define physiology and enumerate its branches.
its sub 1 hour 4. Discuss human physiology and its sub branches.
branches 5. Discuss functional organization of human body.
Biochemistry Introduction 3 hour 6. Define biochemistry.
to 7. Discuss the role of biochemistry in dentistry.
biochemistry 8. Discuss biochemistry of the cell.
9. Discuss carbohydrates, proteins, biological membrane.
10. Discuss vitamins, mineral & trace elements.
Pathology Introduction 11. Define pathology.
to pathology 1 hour 12. Enumerate the different branches of pathology.
13. Identify different sampling and processing techniques in different branches of
pathology.
Pharmacology Intro to 1 hour 14. Define pharmacology and its role in patient care.
pharmacology
Oral Biology Introduction 15. Define oral biology and its branches.
to oral 1 hour 16. Define tooth morphology.
histology and 17. Recognize Anatomic and physiologic consideration of form and function of oro-dento-
tooth facial structures.
morphology
Community & Introduction 1 hour 18. Define public health, health and dental public health.
Preventive to community 19. Enlist tools of public health.
Dentistry dentistry and 20. Discuss the scope of dental public health.
dental health 21. Explain history of dental public health.

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Curriculum 22. Discuss the curriculum and modules.

Medical structure 23. Describe the use of study guides. (not to be assessed)
Education Teaching 1 hour 24. Differentiate between various teaching & learning strategies.
learning 25. Enlist various assessment tools & assessment policy.
strategies 26. Explain the role of teacher.
27. Discuss the responsibilities of the student.
28. Apply Study skills.
Role of 29. Describe the structure and functions of Pakistan Medical and Dental Council
Regulatory (PM&DC).
Bodies (PMDC 1 hour 31. Discuss the role of World Federation Medical Education (WFME).
And 30. Describe the structure and functions of Higher Education Commission (HEC).
HEC) 31. Describe the role of Higher Education Commission (HEC).
32. Discuss the relevant policies related to educational institutes. e.g., policy on
protection against sexual harassment in higher education institutions, policy on drug
and tobacco abuse in higher education institutions etc.
Self-Learning Importance of 33. Define IT and its importance.
Resource IT skills 1 hour 34. Introduction to library/e-library.
Centre (SLRC) 35. Intro to AI tools in academics and research.
36. Discuss policy of institute regarding social media usage.
MS word skills 37. Prepare the assignment on MS word with insertion of tables and flowchart.
PowerPoint 1 hour 38. Prepare the presentation on power point.
skills 39. Draw tables on the excel sheet using formulas.
Excel sheet

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Theme II: Basic Unit of Life: The Cell

Subject Topic Hours Learning Outcomes

Histological concepts of 40. Describe the cell as a living unit of body.

cell 1 hour 41. Describe the structure of cell and its organelles.
42. Describe the structure of cytoplasmic organelles of the cell &
correlate it with their functions.
Nuclear structure & 1 hour 43. Describe the structure of the nucleus, nucleolus & chromosome and
components their functions in cell integrity.
Cell junction 1 hour 44. Define cell junction.
45. Describe the structure and functions of the junctions.
Histology 46. Discuss the junctions on the basal and lateral surfaces of the cell.
47. Enlist the junctional complex.
Cell division 2 hour 48. Explain the process of cell division.
Embr ology

emnsd

Mitosis and meiosis 49. Describe mitotic cell division with its stages.
Embryology 50. Explain the process of Meiosis.
51. Explain the non-disjunction of chromosomes.
52. Correlate the process of non-disjunction with chromosomal
abnormalities.
Tooth structures & cells of 1 hour 53. Define and recognize tooth structures.
Oral Biology oral cavity
54. Identify different cells in the oral cavity.

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Cell Membrane 1 hour 55. Discuss the structural organization of cell membrane.
56. Explain the functions lipids and proteins of cell membrane.
57. State the significance of glycocalyx of cell membrane.
Cytoplasmic Organelles 2 hours 58. Enlist cytoplasmic organelles.
59. Discuss the functions of ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi
bodies, mitochondria, cytoskeleton, lysosomes and peroxisomes.
Physiology
60. State the functions of different types of cytoskeleton.
61. Explain the mechanism of endocytosis: Pinocytosis and Phagocytosis.
62. State the steps of Phagocytosis.
Locomotion of the cell 1 hour 63. Enlist the types of cellular movements.
64. Discuss the mechanism of ameboid locomotion.
65. Discuss ciliary movement of the cell.
Transport across Cell 2 hours 66. Differentiate between diffusion and active transport.
Membrane 67. Discuss diffusion of lipid soluble substances through cell membrane.
68. Discuss diffusion of water soluble substances through protein channels.
69. Explain the mechanism of facilitated diffusion.
70. Explain the graph showing differentiation between simple and
facilitated diffusion.
71. Discuss the mechanism of active transport across the cell membrane.
72. Differentiate between primary and secondary active transport.
Membrane Potentials & 2 hours73. Define membrane potential and explain its mechanism.
Action Potentials 74. Discuss the resting membrane potential in neuronal cell.
75. Describe ionic conc. differences across cell membrane.
76. Explain the Nernst equation.
77. Explain origin of normal resting membrane potential.
78. Explain action potential in neuronal cell and its stages.
79. Explain the role of voltage gated Na+ and K+ channels in action
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80. Discuss the changes in conductance of Na and K channels with changes

in membrane potentials.
81. Discuss “All-or-nothing” Principle.
Biochemical structure of 1 hours 82. Explain the Bio-chemical composition of cell organelles and cytoplasm.
cell and its organelles 83. Describe the chemical structure of cytosol.
84. Describe the chemical structure and importance of mitochondrial
membrane.
85. Describe Bio-chemical structure of nuclear membrane and its
Nucleus functions.
2 hours 86. Define and explain nucleotides and nucleosides.
87. Describe the components of nucleotides.
Biochemistry 88. Describe the functions of Nucleotides.
89. Describe the types of nucleic acids.
90. Differentiate between RNA and DNA.
91. Describe the Structure of nucleic acids.
92. Describe biochemical functions.
Cell transport 93. Explain membrane transport.
mechanism 1 hour 94. Discuss passive diffusion, active transport, and facilitated transport via
a channel or carrier.

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95. Describe and evaluate the role of ion gradients, co transporters, and
ATP in active transport mechanisms.
96. Enumerate the various causes of cell injury.
Cell injury 1 hour 97. Describe the response of a normal cell to stimuli.
Pathology
98. Describe the mechanisms of cell injury.
99. Enumerate the different types of cellular adaptations.
Routes of administration
100. Enlist the route of administration of a drug.
of drugs
101. Explain how drugs are transported across cell membrane and factors
Drug distribution and
Pharmacology affecting it.
bioequivalence
102. Describe different types of drug receptors and enzyme inhibition as a
Receptor and cellular 1 hour
mechanism of action of drugs.
basis
Lab Work

Microscope 2 hours 103. Identify the parts of microscope.

104. Demonstrate the operation of microscope.
Lab equipment
105. Demonstrate the focusing of slide on microscope using different powers
and Techniques
Physiology and magnifications.
Practical • Identify the equipment used in Labs
• Follow SOPs (standard operating protocols)
• Display safety measures in performing lab techniques
106. Display methods of sterilization and disinfection.
Oral biology & Introduction to oral 2 hours 107. Recognize the tooth structures.
Tooth biology & Tooth 108. Identify different cells in the oral cavity.
Morphology Morphology
Community & Cross infection control 2 hours 109. Demonstrate hand washing technique.
Preventive 110. Demonstrate use of Personal Protective Equipment.
Dentistry

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Theme III: Development of Human Body & Human Dentition

Subject Contents Hours Learning Outcomes
Embryology Introduction to 1 hour 111. Discuss embryologic terminology.
Embryology 112. Explain significance of embryology.
Gametogenesis 113. Describe the process of Gametogenesis.
1 hour 114. Enlist the differences between spermiogenesis and spermatogenesis
115. Describe the morphological changes during maturation of gametes.
116. Describe oogenesis and its correlation with meiosis.
117. Compare oogenesis and spermatogenesis.
Female 1 hour 118. Describe the ovarian cycle.
reproductive 119. Discuss the process of follicular development.
cycle 120. Explain the process of ovulation.
121. Correlate with the phases of menstrual cycle
Fertilization 122. Define fertilization.
1 hour 123. Describe the process of fertilization.
124. Describe the outcome of fertilization.
First week 125. Describe the process of cleavage of zygote.
development 1 hour 126. Discuss the formation of blastocyst.
Cleavage & 127. Summarize the events of first week of development normal and
Blastocyst abnormal.
Formation
Bilaminar Germ 1 hour 128. Describe the formation of amniotic cavity.
Disc 129. Discuss the development of embryonic disc
130. Explain the development of Chorionic sac.

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3rd week of 131. Describe Formation of three germ layers.

development. 3 hours o Derivatives of Ectoderm.
o Derivatives of Mesoderm( A. Paraxial mesoderm,B. Intermediate
mesoderm, C. Lateral plate mesoderm.)
o Derivatives of endoderm
3rd to 8th week 2 hours 132. Describe the formation of different organo-genetic period with a process of
the embryonic folding.
period 133. Define fetal period.
4th to 8th week of 134. Enlist the important changes that occur during the fetal period.
development. 135. Enumerate the factors affecting the fetal period.
Third month to 2 hours 136. Describe [Link] placenta.
birth: 137. Describe chorionic frondosum and decidua basalis.
The fetus and 138. Discuss fetal membranes in twins.
placenta 139. Describe parturition.
fetal membrane 140. Enlist the development of different types of fetal membranes.
141. Describe the formation and function of amniotic fluid.
142. Enumerate teratogens.
143. Describe the effects of teratogens on fetus.

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Biochemistry Carbohydrates 145. Explain carbohydrate and its Bio-chemical structure.

1 hours 146. Classify carbohydrate and give their Bio-chemical importance.
147. Relate the structure of polysaccharides with its clinical importance.
148. List the functions of carbohydrates in cell membrane, energy provision
and nutrition supply to different parts of body.
149. Describe the different isomers of monosaccharides Galactose, mannose,
fructose, dextrose.
150. Describe the role of dextrose in I/V infusion.
151. Describe the role of mannitol in cerebral edema.
152. Describe the structure of disaccharides and oligosaccharides.
Polysaccharides 153. Define and discuss Polysaccharides.
154. Discuss structures and types of Polysaccharides.
Monosaccharide’s 155. Define Monosaccharide’s.
1 hour
156. Discuss structure and types.
Reducing and 157. Define reducing sugars, types.
non-reducing 1 hour 158. Discuss the structure and types of reducing sugars.
Sugars
jhg Physiology Homeostasis 1 hour 159. Differences between extra and intracellular fluids.
160. Discuss the mechanism of homeostasis.
161. Describe the origin of nutrients in extracellular fluid
Control system of 1 hour 162. Explain control mechanisms of the body with examples.
the body
163. Discuss the characteristics of control system: Negative and positive feedback
mechanisms.
Tooth 3hours 164. Discuss the stages of tooth development.
Oral biology development 165. Discuss the cells involved in tooth development.
166. Explain single and multiple root formation.
167. Discuss clinic consideration.

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Lab Work
Physiology Capillary blood 168. Identify the sites for obtaining blood sample with different methods and
Practical sampling 2 hours discuss the indication for their use.
169. Obtain capillary blood sample for hematological investigation through prick
method.

Separation of Blood 2 hours 170. Demonstrate the correct use of a centrifuge machine to separate blood
& Plasma by components into plasma and cellular fractions.
Centrifuge method 171. Demonstrate the step-by-step process of preparing a blood sample for
centrifugation, including proper handling and labeling.

Biochemistry Detection of 4 hours 172. Perform test for detection of glucose.

Practical Monosaccharide 173. Perform test for detection of fructose.
in a given 174. Perform test for detection of galactose.
175. Perform test for detection of lactose.
Solution
Detection of 2 hours 176. Perform the test for unknown sugar in a solution.
unknown sugar in a
solution
Detecting of 2 hours 177. Perform test for detection of maltose.
Reducing and 178. Perform test for detection of sucrose.
non-reducing
Sugars
Tooth 3hours 179. Identify the stages of tooth development.
Oral biology development 180. Recognize the cells involved in tooth development.
181. Identify single and multiple root formation.

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Theme IV: Organization of Human Body & Human Dentition

Subject Topic Hours Learning Outcomes

Anatomical 1 hour
182. Describe the anatomical terms for planes, position, and movements.
terms
General 1 hour 183. Describe the structure and function of bone.
anatomy of 184. Classify bones on the basis of length and shape.
bones 185. Identify the markings on bone.
cartilage and
joints 1 hour 186. Describe cartilage.
187. Classify the types of cartilage.
188. Describe the types of cartilages.
1 hour 189. Classify joints on the basis of structure.
Anatomy 190. Describe the mechanism of movements of joint.
Muscles 1 hour 191. Describe various muscle types along with structure.

Connective 3 hour 192. Explain different cells of connective tissue.

tissue 193. Describe composition of the ground substance.
194. Describe components of connective tissues.
195. Discuss loose and dense connective tissue.
Integumentary 2 hours 196. Describe layers of epidermis and dermis
system 197. Discuss skin creases, Nails, Hairs, Glands (Sebaceous & sweat)
Skin 198. Discuss the anatomical structures of Skin / Integumentary system.
General 1 hour
anatomy of 199. Describe Various types of Arteries and veins.
circulatory 200. Describe capillaries.
system
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Lymphatic 1 hour 201. Describe organization of the lymphatic system.

system 202. Explain the functions of lymphatic system.
203. Explain the mechanisms for the movement of lymph in the body.
204. Identify lymph nodes of head and neck.
Nervous 1 hour
system 205. Define the organization of nervous system.
Divisions
206. Describe the divisions of nervous system.
(central &
peripheral and 207. Describe the formation of spinal nerve and concept of dermatome and myotome.
somatic &
208. Describe the formation of nerve plexus.
autonomic)
209. Describe the organization of autonomic nervous system.
1 hour
Anatomy 230. Differentiate between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system on the
basis of structure.
Membranes: 1 hour
Fascia, 231. Describe the structure of membranes of human body.
ligaments and
232. Describe the anatomy and significance of fascia, ligaments and raphe.
raphe
Maxillofacial Radiological 233. Identify various anatomical landmarks on radiograph.
surgery anatomy in 1 hour 234. Describe commonly used radiographs.
dentistry (PA, 235. Describe various view used for obtaining radiographs.
OPG, CEPH,
PNS)

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Organization of 2 hour 236. Describe the structure of neuron.

Physiology nervous system: 237. Discuss major levels of CNS functions.
Structure of 238. Define and classify hormone.
Neuron, 239. Describe the synthesis, secretion and transport of hormones in the body.
Hormones and 240. Discuss the mechanism of action of hormones.
their
functions
Synapse, its 2 hours 241. Enlist the types of synapses: Chemical and electrical.
types and 242. Discuss physiological anatomy synapse.
synaptic 243. Enlist chemical substances that function as synaptic transmitter.
transmitters 244. Describe the electrical events during neuronal excitation and inhibition.
Autonomic 2 hours 245. Discuss general organization of autonomic nervous system.
nervous 246. Compare and contrast the functions of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous
system system.
247. Classify autonomic receptors and their types.
248. Explain the autonomic effects on various organs of the body.
Basic Body 1 hour 249. Define tissue.
tissue 250. Describe the basic tissues in human body. Definition of tissue
Histology i. Epithelial tissue
ii. Connective tissue
iii. Muscular tissue
iv. Nervous tissue
Epithelial 2 hours 251. Define epithelium.
tissues 252. Classify epithelium.
253. Describe the general features of epithelium.
254. Explain the specialized functions of different types of epithelial cells.
255. Describe the structure of main types of cell junctions.
256. Describe the surface specialization of epithelia.
257. Correlate their structure, with their location and function.

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1 hour 258. Enlist glandular epithelia.

Glandular 259. Classify them on the basis of morphology, nature of secretion and mode of
Epithelium secretion.
260. Differentiate between exocrine & endocrine glands on the basis of structure
and function.

Basement 1 hour
261. Describe the structure of the basement membrane & correlate it with its function.
Membrane
Bone 1 hour 262. Enumerate different cells of bone tissue.
263. Describe histological structure of bone.
264. Classify bone on the basis of histological feature.

Oral Enamel 6 hours 265. Discuss the organic and inorganic composition of enamel.
Biology
266. Explain enamel crystallites, rods, orientation, and their strength.
267. Discuss histological structures of enamel, their significance.
268. Differentiate enamel spindle, tufts, and lamellae.
269. Define and discuss significance of dentin enamel junction.
270. Describe life cycle of Ameloblast with theoretical background of each stage.
271. Interpret amelogenesis including matrix formation and mineralization.
272. Enlist enamel proteins and their role in amelogenesis.
273. Discuss Defects of development and amelogenesis including

Chemistry of 1 hou 274. Define acids, bases, strong acids, and weak acids.
Biochemistry Acids and r 275. List different types and sources of acids and bases in our body.
Bases

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Buffers 1 hour
276. Describe the mechanism of their normal balance and biochemical importance.
277. Explain PH of acids Buffer pairs.
278. Define Buffer and its role in maintenance of body PH.
279. Differentiate between good chemical and physiologic buffers Intracellular and extra
cellular buffers, chemical buffers of plasma, chemical buffers of urine.
280. Explain Mechanism of Acidosis and alkalosis and compensation.
281. Define colloidal state and Henderson Hasselbalch equation.

Solutions 282. Define normal solution.

1 hour 283. Define standard solution.
3 hours 284. Classify human dentition on the basis of types of teeth and sets of dentitions.
Introduction
285. Define dental formula.
To tooth 286. Indicate sequence and age of eruption of teeth.
287. Describe numbering system (FDI, universal and palmer notation system.
morphology/
288. Describe various morphological structures on tooth surfaces
nomenclature 289. Enumerate line and point angles of anterior and posterior teeth.
Oral Biology 290. Describe various morphological on tooth surfaces.
Anatomic and 291. Discuss number and significance of lobes in permanent teeth.
2 hours 292. Define and discuss inter-proximal spaces, contact areas, embrasures, cervical line
Physiologic and height of contour.
considerations 293. Describe crown surface form in terms of general shape and its significance to
specific function of tooth.

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of form and 294. Describe proper location and form of marginal ridges and facial line angles and their
relationship to embrasure form.
function of
295. Identify the number, length and distribution of roots and their influence on tooth
teeth form and function of both anterior and posterior teeth.

Lab Work
Tissue 2 hours 296. Demonstrate the process of tissue processing for histo-pathological examination.
Processing
H& E staining 297. Perform H & E staining of tissue slides under supervision in the laboratory.
Epithelia 2 hours 298. Identify and describe simple epithelia under Microscope.
299. Identify different types of epithelia based on histological features under Microscope
Histology such as simple squamous epithelium, simple cuboidal, simple columnar,
pseudostratified columnar, stratified squamous, stratified cuboidal, stratified
columnar, transitional epithelium.
Cartilage 1 Hour 300. Differentiate different types of cartilages based on histological structure such as
Hyaline cartilage, Fibrocartilage, Elastic cartilage.
Bone 1 Hour 301. Differentiate different types of bones based on histological structure such as
compact bone and spongy bone.

Muscles 2 hours 302. Identify the histological features of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscles.
Solutions 2 hour 303. Prepare of 0.9% NaCl.
Biochemistry
s 304. Measure the PH of given solution.
Examination 340. Identification and handling of examination instruments.
instruments 1 hour
Ergonomics 341. Define dental ergonomics.
342. Discuss importance of ergonomics in dentistry.

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343. Discuss the posture of dentist in sitting and standing position with respect to the
patient and unit.
344. Discuss position of dental assistant.
345. Describe ergonomics of 4 handed dentistry.
346. Enumerate ergonomics hazards.
Introduction to 2 hours 347. Identify on tooth models/images different morphological structures present on
Tooth tooth tooth surface.
Morphology morphology/ 348. Draw and label the diagram of all tooth surfaces (anterior and posterior teeth).
nomenclature
Enamel 4 hours 349. Identify the organic and inorganic composition of enamel.
350. Recognize enamel crystallites, rods, orientation, and their strength.
351. Identify histological structures of enamel, their significance.
352. Differentiate enamel spindle, tufts, and lamellae.
353. Identify the dentine enamel junction.
Introduction to 2 hours 354. Demonstrate Neubar’s chamber and its components.
Neubar’s 355. Apply the principles of cell counting to accurately determine the number of cells per
Physiology chamber unit volume using a Neubar’s chamber.
356. Interpret the grid layout of a Neubar’s chamber to identify and count cells in the
correct regions.

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