Reviewed: 28-02-2025

MODULE 4
CERVICO-FACIAL MODULE
1st Year BDS

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Table of Contents

Khyber Medical University (KMU) Vision ............................................................................................................... 3

Khyber Medical University (KMU) Mission ............................................................................................................. 3

Institute of Health Professions Education & Research (IHPER) Mission.......................................................................... 3

Themes ......................................................................................................................................................... 4

Teaching Hours Allocation .................................................................................................................................. 5

Learning Objectives .......................................................................................................................................... 6

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Vision & Mission

Khyber Medical University (KMU) Vision:

Khyber Medical University will be the global leader in health sciences academics and research for efficient and compassionate
health care.

Khyber Medical University (KMU) Mission:

Khyber Medical University aims to promote professional competence through learning and innovation for providing
comprehensive quality health care to the nation.

Institute of Health Professions Education & Research (IHPER) Mission:

To produce leaders, innovators and researchers in health professions education who can apply global knowledge to resolve
local issues.

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Themes

S# Theme Duration in
Weeks/days
1. Neck Pain 3 days (18hrs)

2. Neck Swelling 3 days (22hrs)

3. Earache & Imbalance 2 days (10hrs)

4. Difficulty in Chewing 1 week (29hrs)

Total 3 weeks (79 hrs)

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Teaching Hours Allocation

S. No Subject Hours

1. Anatomy 42

2. Physiology 9

3. Oral Biology & Tooth Morphology 21

4. Orthodontics 2

5. Biochemistry 2

6. Oral Maxillofacial 2

7. General Medicine 1

Total 79

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Learning Objectives

By the end of this Module, 1styear BDS students will be able to:
1. Identify the anatomical structures of the neck.

2. Discuss the development, histology, structure, and common diseases associated with thyroid and parathyroid gland.

3. Describe the development, histology, structure, and function of ear.

4. Discuss the structure, function, and diseases of the muscles, joints, and other tissues involved in mastication.

5. Define occlusion and malocclusion.

6. Discuss the structure and features of mandibular pre-molars and molars.

7. Classify impression materials and demonstrate manipulation of impression materials.

8. Discuss the classification, structure, function, biochemical properties, pathology, and management of salivary glands.

9. Discuss the histology, structure, biochemical properties, and function of cervical spine.

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Theme 1: Neck Pain

Subject Topic Hours Learning Objective
Gross Anatomy Hyoid Bone 1hr 1. Describe the structure of the hyoid bone.
2. Describe muscle attachments of hyoid bone.
3. Explain the clinical implications.
Anterior Triangle of 2hrs 4. Describe superficial fascia and deep fascia.
Neck 5. Enlist subdivisions of anterior triangle of neck
a. Submental Triangle
b. Digastric triangle
c. Carotid Triangle
d. Muscular Triangle
6. Describe boundaries of anterior triangle of neck.
7. Describe content of anterior triangle of neck.
8. Describe boundaries of carotid triangle of neck.
9. Describe content of carotid triangle of neck.
10. Describe boundaries of muscular triangle.
11. Enlist contents of muscular triangle.
12. Describe attachments, nerve supply and actions of infrahyoid muscles.
13. Enumerate clinical problems related to anterior neck region.
Posterior Triangle 1hr 14. Describe boundaries of posterior triangle.
15. Enlist divisions of posterior triangle.
16. Explain contents of posterior triangle.
17. Discuss swelling of supraclavicular lymph nodes.
Pharynx 1hr 18. Describe boundaries of pharynx.

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19. Enlist parts of pharynx and compare them.

20. Describe structure of pharynx.
21. Describe structures passing between phyrangeal muscles.
22. Describe origin, insertion of constrictors of pharynx.
23. Explain Waldeyer’s lymphatic ring.
Pharyngeal Spaces 1hr 24. Explain types of phyrangeal spaces.
Lyranx 2hrs 25. Describe gross features of larynx, cartilages membranes and muscles.
26. Enlist muscles which cause movement of larynx.
27. Describe movements of vocal cords.
28. Describe blood supply of vocal cords.
29. Describe nerve supply of vocal cords.
30. Describe lymphatic drainage of vocal cords.
31. Enumerate clinical problems (e.g., tumors of vocal cords, damage to
external lyrangeal nerve, damage to recurrent lyrangeal nerve etc.)
Cervical Fascia 1hr 32. Describe skin, superficial fascia and deep cervical fascia.
33. Discuss attachments of deep cervical fascia and pharyngeal spaces.
Common Carotid 2hrs 34. Describe parts of common carotid artery i.e., carotid sinus, carotid body.
Artery and its 35. Describe course and relation of ECA.
branches
36. Explain branches of ECA.
37. Describe parts of ICA with reference to relations.
Subclavian, 2hrs 38. Describe course of subclavian vein.
Internal Jugular, 39. Describe course and relations of IJV.
Brachiocephalic
40. Describe different parts of Brachiocephalic vein.
Vein

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Lymphatic Drainage 1hr 41. Explain role of superficial and deep group of lymph nodes in drainage of
of Head and Neck head and neck.
Cervical Vertebrae 2hrs
42. Describe attachments of Cervical vertebrae.
43. Enumerate clinical problems of cervical vertebrae (e.g., cervical
spondylosis, fracture of cervical vertebrae etc.)
Cervical Plexus 1hr 45. Enlist branches of cervical plexus.
Brachial Plexus 1hr 46. Describe the formation of brachial plexus.
47. Enlist the branches of brachial plexus.
Theme 2: Neck Swelling
Gross Anatomy Thyroid 1hr 48. Describe location and extent of thyroid gland.
49. Briefly explain capsules of thyroid.
50. Explain parts and relations of thyroid gland.
51. Describe blood supply of thyroid gland.
52. Describe nerve supply of thyroid gland.
53. Describe lymphatics of thyroid gland.
Neuroanatomy Vagus Nerve and 1hr 54. Explain the origin, course, branches, and the divisions of the vagus
Ansa Cervicalis nerve.
55. Describe Ansa cervicalis.
Cervical Part of 1hr 56. Describe features and relations of Cervical part of sympathetic trunk.
Sympathetic Trunk:

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57. Discuss features, location, and branches of:

a. Superior cervical ganglion
b. Middle cervical ganglion
c. Inferior cervical ganglion
58. Discuss Horner’s syndrome.
Physiology Thyroid hormone 2 58. Discuss the Synthesis and Secretion of the Thyroid Metabolic Hormones
physiological 59. Discuss the physiological functions of thyroid hormones
functions 60. Describe the regulation of thyroid hormone secretion
61. Describe the diseases of thyroid:
a. Hyperthyroidism
b. Hypothyroidism
Biochemistry Thyroid Hormone 2hr
62. Describe the Sources of iodine, zinc and Selenium.
63. Discuss diseases of iron deficiency.
64. Discuss the role of Iodine, Zinc and Selenium in the synthesis and
regulation of thyroid hormone.
General Medicine Thyroid, and 1hr 65. Discuss the clinical aspects of common diseases associated with thyroid
Parathyroid and parathyroid.
Oral and Cervical 1hr 66. Describe the features of acute & chronic cervical lymphadenopathy.
maxillofacial Lymphadenopathy
surgery Facial space 1hr 67. Explain clinical features of facial space infections.
infections

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Lab Work
Physiology Thyroid Status 2
examination 68. Demonstrate the proper technique for inspecting the thyroid gland for
visible enlargement or asymmetry in a patient.
69. Evaluate the thyroid gland's mobility by asking the patient to swallow and
observing its movement with the trachea
70. Relate physical examination findings to the physiological changes in
thyroid function (e.g., hypo- or hypersecretion of thyroid hormone.
71. Interpret findings from thyroid examination and correlate them with
clinical conditions such as goiter, hypothyroidism, or hyperthyroidism

Anatomy Anterior and 2hrs 72. Demonstrate surface landmarks on a person of anterior and posterior
posterior triangles triangles of the neck.
of neck
Pharynx 2hrs 73. Demonstrate surface anatomy of pharynx on model.
Larynx 2hrs 74. Demonstrate the gross features of larynx.
Thyroid Gland 2hrs 75. Identify histological features of thyroid gland.
Cervical vertebrae 2hrs 76. Identify different parts of cervical vertebrae
• Atlas(C1)
• Axis(C2)
• C3
• C7

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Theme 3: Earache & Imbalance

Gross Anatomy External Ear 1hr 77. Discuss parts of external ear.
External Acoustic 78. Describe features of external acoustic meatus.
Meatus.
Tympanic 79. Describe structure of tympanic membrane.
Membrane
Middle Ear 1hr 80. Describe features of middle ear.
81. Explain boundaries of middle ear.
82. Briefly explain functions of middle ear.
83. Briefly explain mastoid air cells.
Internal Ear 1hr 84. Explain bony and membranous labyrinth.
Neuroanatomy Vestibulocochlear 1hr 85. Explain the origin, course, branches of the divisions of the
Nerve vestibulocochlear nerve and enumerate its functions.
Physiology Auditory System 2hrs 86. Explain conduction of sound from the tympanic membrane to the cochlea
87. Describe functional anatomy of the cochlea
88. Describe the functions of organ of corti.
89. Discuss auditory pathways and functions of cerebral cortex in hearing
90. Describe types of deafness.
Lab Work
Anatomy Ear 2hrs 91. Demonstrate various structures of ear on model.
Physiology Hearing tests 2hrs 92. Demonstrate the correct technique for performing basic hearing tests, including
the Rinne test, Weber test, and Schwabach test, using a tuning fork.
93. Apply the principles of air conduction (AC) and bone conduction (BC) to interpret
the results of the Rinne test.
94. Analyze the findings of the Weber test to differentiate between conductive and
sensorineural hearing loss.
95. Perform the absolute bone conduction test (Schwabach test) to assess the
integrity of cochlear function.
96. Interpret the results of hearing tests in relation to normal and abnormal auditory
physiology, identifying potential causes of hearing impairment.

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Theme 4: Difficulty in Chewing

Anatomy Muscles Of 2hrs 97. Explain origin, insertion, nerve supply, blood supply and actions of
Mastication muscles of mastication.
Otic Ganglion 1hr 98. Describe location and connections of otic ganglion.
99. Briefly explain branches of otic ganglion.
Physiology Ingestion of food 1hr 100. Describe the process of mastication (chewing)
101. Enlist the muscles involved in masticatory process
102. Name the cranial nerve that innervate muscles of mastication
103. Describe chewing reflex
104. Discuss the importance of chewing
Oral Biology & Deciduous teeth 1hr 105. Describe differences between deciduous and permanent teeth.
Tooth
Morphology
Eruption 3hrs 106. Describe various eruption movements.
107. Discuss the theories of eruption.
108. Describe mechanism of tooth movement.
109. Describe histology of tooth movement.
Shedding 3hrs 110. Describe the process of shedding of deciduous teeth.
111. Enumerate the differences in the shedding pattern between the
anterior and posterior teeth.
112. Describe role of odontoclast in shedding of deciduous teeth.
113. Explain the occurrence of retained deciduous root, deciduous teeth,
and sub merged teeth.

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Mandibular 1st & 3hrs 114. Discuss initiation of calcification, age of crown completion,
2nd Pre-Molars age oferuption, and root completion.
115. Discuss arch position and general outlines.
116. Describe various aspects (labial, lingual, mesial, distal, and
occlusalaspect) of crowns of mandibular pre-molars.
117. Describe number, location and significance of pulp horns, chamber,
andcanals.
118. Describe number, shape, and inclination of roots.
Maxillary 1st Molar 2 hrs 119. Indicate initiation of calcification, crown completion age, age of
eruption and root completion age, arch position, general outline.
120. Describe various aspects (buccal, lingual, mesial, distal, and occlusal)
of crowns of maxillary and mandibular molars.
121. Describe number, shape, and inclination of roots.
122. Describe number, location and significance of pulp horns, chamber,
and canals.
123. Differentiate between mandibular 1st and second molar.
124. Differentiate between mandibular and maxillary molars
Temporomandibular 4hrs 125. Enlist main types of joints (fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial).
Joint 126. Describe TMJ Articulation and how does it differ from other synovial
joints.
127. Discuss the embryology, gross anatomy, and functions of TMJ.
128. Describe histological features of articular disc, structure of synovial
membrane, composition of synovial fluid.
129. Identify the parts of TMJ in slides/image such as glenoid fossa,
articular disc, superior & inferior compartments, and condyle on skull and
on a patient.
130. Discuss the blood supply, nerve supply, age related changes in TMJ.

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131. Correlate clinical aspects of TMJ, integrate the knowledge of anatomy &
132. histology of TMJ into clinical practice and summarize TMJ
disorders.
Orthodontics Occlusion 2hrs 133. Define normal occlusion.
134. Describe the functions of teeth in mastication.
135. Describe malocclusion.
Lab Work
Anatomy Muscles of 2hrs 136. Demonstrate palpation of muscles of mastication.
mastication
Oral Biology & Mandibular Pre- 3 hrs 137. Identify on tooth models/specimens or images crown outline,
Tooth Morphology Molars buccal, lingual, mesial, distal surfaces, occlusal table, and its
components.
138. Draw and label different aspects of mandibular pre-molars (buccal,
lingual, mesial, distal, and occlusal aspect).
Maxillary 1st Molar 2 hrs 139. Identify on tooth models/specimens or images crown outline,
buccal, lingual, mesial, distal surfaces, occlusal table, and its
components.
140. Draw and label different aspects of maxillary 1st molar (buccal,
lingual, mesial, distal, and occlusal aspect).

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Learning Resources

S# Subjects Resources
1. Anatomy A. GROSS ANATOMY
1. Last's Anatomy
B. EMBRYOLOGY
1. Langman’s Medical Embryology
C. HISTOLOGY
1. Medical Histology By Laiq Hussain
Reference Books
1. Netter Atlas of Human Anatomy
2. Gray's Anatomy

2. Biochemistry Text Books

1. Lippincott illustrated reviews 8th
2. Harper’s illustrated Biochemistry 32th
3. U. Satyanarayan and U. Chakarpani 4th
Reference Books
1. Lippincott illustrated reviews
2. MLA. Harvey, Richard A., PhD. Lippincott’s illustrated reviews: Biochemistry
3. U. Satyanarayana Biochemistry
4. U. satyanarayan and U. Chakarpani 4th edition
5. Harper’s illustrated Biochemistry
6. Rodwell VW, Bender DA ,Botham KM., Kennelly PJ, Weil P. Eds. Victor [Link]
et al.
7. Fundamentals of Biochemistry
8. Donald V., Judith G. Voet, Charlotte W. John wiley and sons, New york
9. Netter’s essential Biochemisty
10. Lippincott illustrated reviews
11. MLA. Harvey, Richard A., PhD. Lippincott’s illustrated reviews: Biochemistry

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3. Physiology Textbooks
1. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 13th Edition by John E. Hall.
2. Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems, 8th Edition by Lauralee Sherwood

4. Oral Biology Textbook

1. Ten Cate’s Oral Histology
2. Orban’s Oral Histology and Embryology
3. Concise Dental Anatomy and Morphology by James L. Fuller
Reference Books
Oral Anatomy, Histology and Embryology by B.K.B Berkovitz

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