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 R.M.D. ENGINEERING COLLEGE

22EC701 ANTENNAS AND

MICROWAVE ENGINEERING

Department : ECE

Batch/Year : 2022-2026/ IV

Created by : Dr.P. Poonkuzhali,Associate Professor

Mr.V.S. Prabhu, Assistant Professor

 Table of Contents
[Link] Contents Page Number
1 Course Objectives 7

2 Pre Requisites 8

3 Syllabus 9

4 Course outcomes 11

5 CO- PO/PSO Mapping 11

6 Unit IV – Passive Microwave Devices 12

6.1 Lecture Plan 12

6.2 Activity based learning 13

6.3 Lecture Notes 15

Passive Devices 15
Hybrid Junctions 16
E plane TEE 17
H plane TEE 19

Magic Tees 21
Circulator 25
Isolator 27

Directional coupler 28

Termination 32

Attenuator 33

5
S.N Contents Page
o Number
6.4 Assignments 36

6.5 Part A Q & A 37

6.6 Part B Questions 43

6.7 Supportive online Certification courses 44

6.8 Real time Applications in day to day life and 45

to Industry

6.9 Contents beyond the Syllabus 49

7 Assessment Schedule 50

8 Prescribed Text Books & Reference Books 51

9 Mini Project suggestions 52

6
 1. Course Objectives

• To give insight of the fundamental characteristics and

parameters of antennas
• To give a thorough understanding of the radiation
characteristics of different types of HF and VHF antennas
• To understand operating principles and design concepts of
antenna arrays
• To design & analyze microwave frequency antennas and also
to bring awareness of antenna applications in various types
of communication
• To create an awareness about the different types of
propagation of radio waves at different frequencies.

7
2. Pre Requisites

22PH102 Physics for Electronics Engineering

22EC303 Electromagnetic fields and

Transmission lines

8
 3. SYLLABUS
22EC701 ANTENNAS AND MICROWAVE ENGINEERING
UNIT I – FUNDAMENTALS OF RADIATION
Definition of antenna parameters – Radiation Pattern, Gain, Directivity, Radiation Resistance, Effective
aperture, Effective length, Band width, Beam width, Input Impedance, Polarization, Baluns, Antenna
temperature, Friis’ Transmission formula.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
[Link] of all the antenna parameters using HFSS

UNIT II – VHF, UHF, AND MICROWAVE ANTENNAS

Wire Antennas- Short dipole, Halfwave dipole, Horn antenna, Parabolic Reflector antenna, Principle of
frequency independent antennas – Helical antenna, Log periodic antenna, Microstrip antennas.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
[Link] and simulate a dipole antenna and analyse the 3D radiation pattern in both the E-plane and
H-plane
[Link] Pattern of Horn Antenna
4. Design a Simple Microstrip patch antenna and plot its Reflection coefficient and VSWR

UNIT III – ANTENNA ARRAYS

Two-element array, N-element linear array –Broadside and End fire array, Pattern multiplication, Non-
uniform excitation- Binomial array, Concept of Phased arrays, Adaptive array, Smart antennas.
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
[Link] Pattern of Broadside and End Fire Array antenna.

UNIT IV – PASSIVE MICROWAVE DEVICES

Passive Devices: Hybrid Junctions (E plane, H plane & Magic Tees), Circulator, Isolator, Directional
coupler, Termination, Attenuator.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
6. E Plane Tee
7.H Plane Tee
[Link]
9. Directional Coupler

UNIT V – ACTIVE MICROWAVE DEVICES AND MEASUREMENTS

Active Devices : Gunn diode, IMPATT diode, PIN diode, Varactor diode and Schottky diode, Klystron,
TWT, Magnetron, VSWR and Frequency Measurements

LISTOF EXPERIMENTS
[Link] Characteristics of GUNN Diode
TOTAL: 45+30=75 PERIODS

9
 Course Outcomes Highest
CO No. Cognitive
Level

Identify basic antenna parameters and contrast radiation pattern of K2

C401.1
antenna.

Comprehend the radiation mechanism of VHF, UHF and Microwave K2

C401.2
Antennas.

C401.3 Design and analyse antenna arrays. K4

C401.4 Demonstrate the characteristics of passive microwave components K3

K2
C401.5 Summarize the characteristics of active microwave devices

C401.6 Appropriate identification of an antenna for a specific application K3

5. CO- PO/PSO Mapping

Program Specific
Outcomes (PSO)
K Program Outcomes (PO)
Le
vel
K3,
of K3 K4 K4 K5 K5, A3 A2 A3 A3 A3 A3 A2
PSO PSO PSO
CO K6
-1 -2 -3
P K6 K5 K6
PO- PO- PO- PO- PO- PO- PO- PO- PO- PO- PO-
O-
1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
3

C401.1 K2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2

C401.2 K2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2

C401.3 K4 2 3 - - - - - - 2 2 - - - - 2

C401.4 K3 3 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2

C401.5 K2 2 1 1 - - - - - 2 2 - - 2 - 2

C401.6 K3 3 2 2 2 3 - - - 3 3 3 2 - - 2

C401 2 2 2 2 3 - - - 2 2 3 2 2 - 2

10
 6.1 Lecture Plan ([Link], Topic, No. of Periods, Proposed date,
Actual Lecture Date, pertaining CO, Taxonomy level, Mode of
Delivery)
UNIT IV PASSIVE MICROWAVE DEVICES 9
Passive Devices: Hybrid Junctions (E plane, H plane & Magic Tees),

Circulator, Isolator, Directional coupler, Termination, Attenuator.

To Mode
Actual Taxo
pic Proposed of
Topics to be covered Lecture CO nomy
No Date Deliver
date Level
. y

1. Passive Devices CO4 K2

Chalk &
Talk,PPT

2 Hybrid Junctions (E plane TEE) CO4 K2

Chalk &
Talk,PPT

3. H plane TEE CO4 K2

Chalk &
Talk,PPT
4. Chalk &
Magic Tees CO4 K2
Talk
5. Circulator Chalk &
CO4 K2
Talk
6. Isolator Chalk &
CO4 K2
Talk
Chalk &
7. Directional coupler CO4 K2
Talk

8. Termination CO4 K2
Chalk &
Talk,PPT

9. Attenuator CO4 K2
Chalk &
Talk,PPT

11
6.2. ACTIVITY BASED LEARNING TECHNICAL QUIZ
[Link] dividers and couplers are --------- microwave components used for power
division or power combining.

a) Passive b) Active c) Linear d) Non-linear

2. T junction is an example

a) 2 port network b) 3 port network

c) 4 port network d) None of the above

[Link] factor of a directional coupler must be maximum and is a key
factor that determines the performance of the coupler

a) True b) False

4. Isolation of a directional coupler is a measure of

a) Power delivered to the uncoupled port

b) Power delivered to the uncoupled port

c) Power delivered to the second port

d) None of the above

5.A directional coupler with three or more holes is sometimes used in
preference to the two –hole coupler

a) because it is more efficient

b) to increase the coupling of the signal

c) to reduce spurious mode generation

d) to increase the bandwidth of the system

6. The main benefit of using microwaves is

a) Lower cost equipment

b) Greater transmission distances

c) Simpler equipment

d) More spectrum space for signals

[Link] passive device allows microwave energy to pass in only one direction?
a) Attenuator
b) Circulator
c) Isolator
d) Magic Tee

[Link] E-plane Tee acts as a _________ port device.

a) Two
b) Three
c) Four
d) One

9.A circulator has how many ports typically?

a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 6

[Link] a directional coupler, which port receives the coupled signal?

a) Input port
b) Transmitted port
c) Coupled port
d) Isolated port

[Link] Tee is a combination of:

a) E-Plane and H-Plane Tees
b) Directional coupler and Isolator
c) Attenuator and Termination
d) None of the above
 6.3. Lecture Notes
UNIT IV PASSIVE MICROWAVE DEVICES
Passive Devices: Hybrid Junctions (E plane, H plane & Magic
Tees), Circulator, Isolator, Directional coupler, Termination,
Attenuator

4.1 MICROWAVE PASSIVE COMPONENTS

• Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with wavelengths ranging from
1m to 1mm, or frequencies between 300MHz and 300GHz.
• At microwave frequencies ( above 1GHz to 100 GHz ) the losses in the two line
transmission system will be very high and hence it cannot be used at high frequencies,
hence microwave signals are propagated through the waveguides in order to minimize
the losses.
• A waveguide consists of a hollow metallic tube of either rectangular or circular cross section
used to guide electromagnetic wave. Rectangular waveguide is most commonly used as
waveguide. Waveguides are used at frequencies in the microwave range.

• In waveguides electric and magnetic fields are confined to the space within the guides.
Thus no power is lost through radiation, and even the dielectric loss is negligible, since the

guides are normally air-filled.

4.1.1 Properties and Characteristics of Waveguide

• The conducting walls of the guide confine the electromagnetic fields and thereby guide
the electromagnetic wave through multiple reflections.
• When the waves travel longitudinally down the guide, the plane waves are reflected from
wall to wall, the process results in a component of either electric or magnetic fields in the
direction of propagation of the resultant wave.
• TEM waves cannot propagate through the waveguide since it requires an axial conductor
for axial current flow.
.
• When the wavelength inside the waveguide differs from that of outside the
guide, the velocity of wave propagation inside the waveguide must also be
different from that through free space.
• If one end of the waveguide is closed using a shorting plate and allowed a wave
to propagate from other end, then there will be complete reflection of the
waves resulting in standing waves.
4.1.2 Microwave Systems
A microwave system normally consists of a transmitter subsystem, including
microwave oscillator, waveguides and a transmitting antenna, and a receiver
subsystem that includes receiving antenna, a transmission line or waveguide, a
microwave amplifier or a receiver. Fig.4.1 shows a typical microwave system.

Figure 4.1 Microwave system

4.2 MICROWAVE HYBRID JUNCTIONS

A microwave circuit ordinarily consists of several microwave devices connected in
some way to achieve the desired transmission of the microwave signal. The
interconnection of two or more microwave devices may be regarded as a microwave
junction. Commonly used microwave junctions include such waveguide tees as E-
Plane, H-Plane, Magic-Tee, hybrid ring, directional coupler and circulator. From
network theory, a two port network can be described by number of parameter sets
such as H,Y,Z and ABCD. All these network parameters relate total voltages and total
current at each of the two ports. For instance,

𝑽𝟏
𝒉𝟏𝟏 = ฬ 𝑽𝟐 = 𝟎 (short circuit) → (4.32)
𝑰𝟏

𝑽
𝒉𝟏𝟐 = 𝑽𝟏 ฬ 𝑰𝟏 = 𝟎 (open circuit) → (4.33)
𝟏
If the frequencies are in the microwave range, the H,Y and Z parameters cannot be
measured for the following reasons:

1. Equipment is not readily available to measure total voltage and total current at
the ports of the network.

2. Short and open circuit are difficult to achieve over a broad band of frequencies

3. Active devices, such as power transistors and tunnel diodes, frequently will not
have stability for a short or open circuit.

A new method of characterization is needed to overcome these problems. The

logical variables to use at the microwave frequencies are travelling waves rather
than the total voltages and total currents. These are the S parameters which are
expressed as

𝑏1 = 𝑆11 𝑎1 + 𝑆12 𝑎2 → (4.33)

𝑏2 = 𝑆21 𝑎1+ 𝑆22 𝑎2 → (4.34)

4.2.1 Waveguide Tees

Waveguide tees may consist of E-plane tee, H-plane tee, Magic tee, hybrid
rings, corners, bends and twists.

Tee Junctions

In microwave circuits a waveguide or coaxial line junction with three

independent ports is commonly referred to as a tee junction. The waveguide tees
are used to connect a branch or section of waveguide in series or parallel with the
main waveguide transmission line either for splitting or combining power in a
waveguide system. Tee junction must be characterized by a matrix of third order
containing nine elements, six of which should be independent.
[Link] E-Plane Tee (Series Tee)

An E-plane tee is a waveguide tee in which the axis of its side arm is
parallel to the E field of the main guide.
 Fig.4.2 E Plane Tee

• If E-plane tee is perfectly matched with screw tuners or inductive or capacitive

windows at the junction, the diagonal components of the scattering matrix,
𝑆11, 𝑆22 , 𝑆33 are zero because there will be no reflection.

• When the waves are fed into the side arm (port 3), the waves appearing at port 1
and port 2 of the collinear arm will be in opposite phase and in same magnitude.
Therefore, 𝑆13 = - 𝑆23

Figure 4.3 (a) Input through main arm (b) Input from side arm

• The negative sign means 𝑆13 and 𝑆23 have opposite signs. The S matrix is given
of a E-plane tee is given by
𝑆11 𝑆12 𝑆13
S= 𝑆21 𝑆22 𝑆23 → (4.35)
𝑆31 𝑆32 𝑆33
• From the symmetry property of S-matrix, the symmetric terms are equal and they
are
𝑆12 = 𝑆21 𝑆31 = 𝑆13 𝑆23 = 𝑆32 → (4.36)

• From the zero property of S-matrix, the sum of products of each term of any
column (or row) multiplied by the complex conjugate of the corresponding terms
of any other column (or row) is zero and it is
𝑆11 𝑆12 ∗ + 𝑆21 𝑆22 ∗ + 𝑆31 𝑆32 ∗ = 0 → (4.37)
• Assume that the port 3 is perfectly matched 𝑆33 = 0 → (4.38)
• Substitute equation (4.38) and (4.36) in (4.35), the S matrix can be written as,
𝑆11 𝑆12 𝑆13
S= 𝑆12 𝑆22 −𝑆13 → (4.39)
𝑆13 −𝑆13 0
• From the unitary property, 𝑆 𝑆 * = 𝑈 → (4.40)
∗ ∗ ∗
𝑆11 𝑆12 𝑆13 𝑆11 𝑆12 𝑆13 1 0 0
𝑆12 𝑆22 −𝑆13 ∗
𝑆12 ∗
𝑆22 ∗
−𝑆13 = 0 1 0 → (4.41)
𝑆13 −𝑆13 0 ∗ ∗
𝑆13 −𝑆13 0 0 0 1
• Multiplying we get
R1C1: 𝑆11 𝑆11
∗ ∗
+ 𝑆12 𝑆12 + 𝑆13 𝑆13
∗
=1 → (4.42)

𝑆11 2
+ 𝑆12 2
+ 𝑆13 2
=1
→ (4.43)
R2C2: 𝑆12 𝑆12
∗ ∗
+ 𝑆22 𝑆22 + 𝑆13 𝑆13
∗
=1 → (4.44)
𝑆12 2
+ 𝑆22 2
+ 𝑆13 2
=1 → (4.45)
R3C3: 𝑆13 𝑆13
∗
+ 𝑆13 𝑆13
∗
=1 → (4.46)

R3C1 : 𝑆13 𝑆11

∗ ∗
−𝑆13 𝑆12 =0 → (4.47)

Equating equations (4.43) and (4.45) , we get

𝑆11 = 𝑆22 → (4.48)

1
From equation (4.46), 2 𝑆13 2
= 1 or 𝑆13 = → (4.49)
2
From equation (4.47) 𝑆13 (𝑆11
∗
- 𝑆12
∗
) =0 → (4.50)
From equation (4.50) 𝑆11 = 𝑆12 → (4.51)
From equation (4.48) 𝑆11 = 𝑆12 = 𝑆22 → (4.52)
1
Using this equation (4.52) in 𝑆11 2
+ 𝑆11 2
+ 2= 1
1
Or 𝑆11 = 2
Substituting above values in (4.39)

1 1 1
𝑆11 𝑆12 𝑆13 2 2 2
1 1 1
S= 𝑆12 𝑆22 −𝑆13 = − 2 → (4.53)
2 2
𝑆13 −𝑆13 0 1 1
− 0
2 2
[Link] H-Plane Tee (Shunt Tee)
• A H-plane tee is a waveguide tee in which axis of its side arm is “shunting” the E-
field or parallel to the H field of the main waveguide as shown in Fig.4.14.

Figure 4.3 H-Plane Tee

• If two inputs are fed into port 1 and port 2 of the colinear arm. The output wave
at port 3 will be in phase and additive.
• The property of H Plane Tee can be explained by S matrix.
• It has 3 inputs and output ports, the S-matrix is 3X3 matrix.
𝑆11 𝑆12 𝑆13
S= 𝑆21 𝑆22 𝑆23 → (4.54)
𝑆31 𝑆32 𝑆33
• If the input is fed into port 3, the wave will split equally into port 1 and port 2 in
phase and in the same magnitude.
• So, the S matrix of H-plane tee is same as E-plane tee except that
𝑆13 = 𝑆23 →(4.55)
• The port 3 is perfectly matched to the junction, 𝑆33 = 0 → (4.56)
• From the symmetry property of S-matrix, the symmetric terms are equal and they
are
𝑆12 = 𝑆21 𝑆31 = 𝑆13 𝑆23 = 𝑆32 → (4.57)
• Substituting equations (4.55),(4.56) and (4.57) in (4.55)
𝑆11 𝑆12 𝑆13
S= 𝑆12 𝑆22 𝑆13 → (4.58)
𝑆13 𝑆13 0

• From the unitary property, 𝑆 𝑆 * = 𝑈 → (4.59)

∗ ∗ ∗
𝑆11 𝑆12 𝑆13 𝑆11 𝑆12 𝑆13 1 0 0
𝑆12 𝑆22 𝑆13 ∗
𝑆12 ∗
𝑆22 ∗
𝑆13 = 0 1 0 → (4.60)
𝑆13 𝑆13 0 ∗ ∗
𝑆13 𝑆13 0 0 0 1
Multiplying we get,
R1C1: 𝑆11 𝑆11
∗ ∗
+ 𝑆12 𝑆12 + 𝑆13 𝑆13
∗
=1 → (4.61)
𝑆11 2
+ 𝑆12 2
+ 𝑆13 2
=1 → (4.62)

R2C2: 𝑆12 𝑆12

∗ ∗
+ 𝑆22 𝑆22 + 𝑆13 𝑆13
∗
=1 → (4.63)
𝑆12 2
+ 𝑆22 2
+ 𝑆13 2
=1 → (4.64)

R3C3: 𝑆13 𝑆13

∗
+ 𝑆13 𝑆13
∗
=1 → (4.65)
𝑆13 2
+ 𝑆13 2
=1
2 𝑆13 2
=1
1
𝑆13 = → (4.66)
2

R3C1 : 𝑆13 𝑆11

∗ ∗
+𝑆13 𝑆12 =0 → (4.67)

From equation (4.62) and (4.64), 𝑆11 = 𝑆22 → (4.68)

From equation (4.67), 𝑆13 (𝑆11
∗
+ 𝑆12
∗
) =0 → (4.69)
𝑆13 ≠ 0 , 𝑆11
∗
= - 𝑆12
∗

So, 𝑆11 = −𝑆12 Or 𝑆12 = -𝑆11 → (4.70)

Substitute equation (4.66) and (4.70) in (4.62), then

1
𝑆11 2
+ 𝑆11 2
+ 2= 1 → (4.71)
1 1
2 𝑆11 2
= , 𝑆11 = → (4.72)
2 2
1
From equation (4.70), 𝑆12 = - → (4.73)
2

Equating equations (4.62) and (4.64) , we get

𝑆11 = 𝑆22 → (4.74)
1
From equation (4.72) and (4.74), 𝑆22 = → (4.75)
2

Substituting (4.72), (4.73), (4.75) in (4.58)

1 1 1
𝑆11 𝑆12 𝑆13 2 2 2
1 1 1
S= 𝑆12 𝑆22 𝑆13 = 2 2 2
→ (4.76)
𝑆13 𝑆13 0 1 1
0
2 2
[Link] Magic Tee (Hybrid Tees)

• A magic tee is a combination of the E-Plane tee and H-Plane tee.

• The magic tee has several characteristics:

Figure 4.4. Magic Tee

• If a signal of equal phase and magnitude is sent to port 1 and port 2, then the output
at port 3 is zero and the output at port 4 will be the additive of both the ports 1 and 2.

• If a wave is fed into port 4 (the H arm), it will be divided equally between port 1 and
port 2 of the collinear arms and will not appear at port 3 (the E arm)

• If a wave is fed into port 3 (the E arm), it will produce an output of equal magnitude
and opposite phase at port 1 and port 2. The output at port 4 is zero. That is 𝑆43 = 𝑆34
= 0.

• If a wave into one of the collinear arms at port 1 or port 2, it will not appear in the
other collinear arm at port 2 or port 1 because the E arm causes a phase delay while
the H arm causes phase advance. That is 𝑆12 = 𝑆21 = 0.

• The properties of magic tee can be explained by 𝑆 4x4 matrix

• It is a 4x4 matrix as there are 4 possible inputs and 4 possible outputs.

𝑆11 𝑆12 𝑆13 𝑆14

𝑆21 𝑆22 𝑆23 𝑆24
𝑆= → (4.77)
𝑆31 𝑆32 𝑆33 𝑆34
𝑆41 𝑆42 𝑆43 𝑆44

• As it has H-plane Tee junction, 𝑆24 = 𝑆14 → (4.78)

• As it has E-plane Tee junction, 𝑆23 = −𝑆13 → (4.78)

• By the property of magic tee 𝑆43 = 𝑆34 = 0 → (4.79)

From the symmetry property 𝑆𝑖𝑗 = 𝑆𝑗𝑖 → (4.80)

𝑆12 = 𝑆21 , 𝑆13 = 𝑆31, 𝑆14 = 𝑆41 → (4.81)

𝑆23 = 𝑆32 , 𝑆24 = 𝑆42 , 𝑆34 = 𝑆43 → (4.82)

If the ports 3 and 4 are perfectly matched to the junction, then

𝑆33 = 𝑆44 = 0 → (4.83)

Substituting all equations (4.78) to (4.82) in (4.77)

𝑆11 𝑆12 𝑆13 𝑆14
𝑆 𝑆22 −𝑆13 𝑆14
𝑆 = 12 → (4.84)
𝑆13 −𝑆13 0 0
𝑆14 𝑆14 0 0
From unitary property 𝑆 𝑆 * = 𝑈

∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
𝑆11 𝑆12 𝑆13 𝑆14 𝑆11 𝑆12 𝑆13 𝑆14 1 0 0 0
∗ ∗ ∗
𝑆12 𝑆22 −𝑆13 𝑆14 𝑆12 𝑆22 −𝑆13 𝑆14 0 1 0 0
∗ ∗ = → (4.85)
𝑆13 −𝑆13 0 0 𝑆13 −𝑆13 0 0 0 0 1 0
𝑆14 𝑆14 0 0 ∗ ∗ 0 0 0 1
𝑆14 𝑆14 0 0
R1C1: 𝑆11 𝑆11
∗ ∗
+ 𝑆12 𝑆12 + 𝑆13 𝑆13
∗
+ 𝑆14 𝑆14
∗
=1
𝑆11 2
+ 𝑆12 2
+ 𝑆13 2
+ 𝑆14 2
=1 → (4.86)

R2C2 : 𝑆12 2
+ 𝑆22 2
+ 𝑆13 2
+ 𝑆14 2
=1 → (4.87)
R3C3 : 𝑆13 2
+ 𝑆13 2
=1 → (4.88)
R4C4 : 𝑆14 2
+ 𝑆14 2
=1 → (4.89)

Comparing equations (4.86) and (4.87) 𝑆11 = 𝑆22 → (4.90)

1
From equations (4.88) and (4.89) 𝑆13 = 𝑆14 = → (4.91)
2

Substitute equation (4.91) in (4.86)

1 1
𝑆11 2
+ 𝑆12 2
+ 2+ 2= 1
𝑆11 2
+ 𝑆12 2
=0
𝑆11 = 𝑆12 = 0 → (4.92)
From equation (4.90), 𝑆22 =0 → (4.93)
Equations (4.92) and (4.93) indicates that port 1 and port 2 are perfectly matched
Substituting equations (4.91), (4.92), (4.93) in (4.84)

1 1
0 0 2 2
𝑆11 𝑆12 𝑆13 𝑆14 1 1
𝑆 𝑆22 −𝑆13 𝑆14 0 0 − 2 2
𝑆 = 12 = 1 1 → (4.94)
𝑆13 −𝑆13 0 0 − 0 0
𝑆14 𝑆14 0 0 2 2
1 1
0 0
2 2
When two ports are perfectly matched, other two ports are also perfectly
matched.
Applications of Magic Tee
Magic Tee is used to couple two transmitters as shown in Fig.4.16

Figure.4.5 Magic tee-coupled transmitters to antenna

APPLICATIONS OF MAGIC TEE

1. The magic tee is commonly used for mixing, duplexing and impedance
measurements. For example, two identical radar transmitters in equipment
stock. A magic tee may be used to couple the two transmitters to the
antenna in such a way that the transmitter do not load each other. Two
transmitters should be connected to ports 3 and 4 respectively as shown in
Fig.4.16. Transmitter 1, connected to port 3, causes a wave to emanate from
port 1 and another to emanate from port 2; these waves are equal in
magnitude but opposite in phase. Similarly, transmitter 2 connected to port 4,
gives rise to a wave at port 1 and another at port 2, both equal in magnitude
and in phase. At port 1 the two opposite waves cancel each other. At port 2
the two in-phase waves add together; so double output power at port 2 is
obtained for the antenna.
2. E-H Plane junction is used to measure the impedance − A null detector is
connected to E-Arm port while the Microwave source is connected to H-Arm port.
The collinear ports together with these ports make a bridge and the impedance
measurement is done by balancing the bridge.

3. E-H Plane Tee is used as a duplexer − A duplexer is a circuit which works as

both the transmitter and the receiver, using a single antenna for both purposes.
Port 1 and 2 are used as receiver and transmitter where they are isolated and
hence will not interfere. Antenna is connected to E-Arm port. A matched load is
connected to H-Arm port, which provides no reflections. Now, there exists
transmission or reception without any problem.

4. E-H Plane Tee is used as a mixer − E-Arm port is connected with antenna and
the H-Arm port is connected with local oscillator. Port 2 has a matched load
which has no reflections and port 1 has the mixer circuit, which gets half of the
signal power and half of the oscillator power to produce IF frequency.
4.3 Circulator
• Microwave circulators and isolators are non reciprocal transmission devices that use
the property of Faraday rotation in the ferrite material. A non reciprocal phase shifter
consists of thin slab of ferrite placed in a rectangular waveguide at a point where
the dc magnetic field of the incident wave mode is circularly polarized. When a piece
of ferrite is affected by a dc magnetic field the ferrite exhibits Faraday rotation. It
does so because the ferrite is nonlinear material and its permeability is an
asymmetric tensor.
• A microwave circulator is a multiport waveguide junction in which the wave can flow
only from the nth port to the (n + I)th port in one direction Although there is no
restriction on the number of ports, the four-port microwave circulator is the most
common. One type of four-port microwave circulator is a combination of two 3-dB
side hole directional couplers and a rectangular waveguide with two non reciprocal
phase shifters.

Figure 4.6 Microwave Circulator

Figure 9.13 Schematic Diagram of Four Port Circulator

• The operating principle of a typical microwave circulator can be analyzed with the
aid of Fig.4.18. Each of the two 3- dB couplers in the circulator introduces a phase
shift of 90°, and each of the two phase shifters produces a certain amount of phase
change in a certain direction as indicated.
When a wave is incident to port 1,the wave is split into two components by copler

The wave in the primary guide arrives at port 2 with a relative phase' change of 180°.
• The second wave propagates through the two couplers and the secondary guide
and arrives at port 2 with a relative phase shift of 180°. Since the two waves reaching
port 2 are in phase, the power transmission is obtained from port 1 to port 2.
• However, the wave propagates through the primary guide, phase shifter, and
coupler 2 and arrives at port 4 with a phase change of 270°. The wave travels
through coupler 1 and the secondary guide, and it arrives at port 4 with a phase shift
of 90°.
• Since the two waves reaching port 4 are out of phase by 180°, the power
transmission from port 1 to port 4 is zero.
• In general, the differential propagation constants in the two directions of
propagation in a waveguide containing ferrite phase shifters should be where m and n
are any integers, including zeros.

• A similar analysis shows that a wave incident to port 2 emerges at port 3 and so
on. As a result, the sequence of power flow is designated as 1 → 2 → 3 → 4 → 1.
• A four-port circulator is constructed by the use of two magic tees and a phase
shifter. The phase shifter produces a phase shift of 180°.

Figure 4.7 A Four Port Circulator using Magic Tee

• A perfectly matched, lossless, and nonreciprocal four-port circulator has S matrix
of the form
0 𝑆12 𝑆13 𝑆14
𝑆21 0 𝑆23 𝑆24
𝑆 = 𝑆31 𝑆32 → (4.94)
0 𝑆34
𝑆41 𝑆42 𝑆43 0

• Using the properties of S parameters, the S-matrix of four port circulator is

0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0
𝑆= → (4.95)
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
4. 4 Isolator
• An isolator is a nonreciprocal transmission device that is used to isolate one
component from reflections of other components in the transmission line. An ideal
isolator completely absorbs the power for propagation in one direction and provides
lossless transmission in the opposite direction. Thus the isolator is usually called
uniline.

• Isolators are generally used to improve the frequency stability of microwave

generators, such as klystrons and magnetrons, in which the reflection from the load
affects the generating frequency. In such cases, the isolator placed between the
generator and load prevents the reflected power from the unmatched load from
returning to the generator. As a result, the isolator maintains the frequency stability
of the generator.

• Isolators can be constructed in many ways. They can be made by terminating ports
3 and 4 of a four-port circulator with matched loads. On the other hand, isolators
can be made by inserting a ferrite rod along the axis of a rectangular waveguide as
shown in Fig.4.20

Faraday Rotation Isolator

Operating Principle
• The input resistive card is in the y-z plane, and the output resistive card is
displaced 45° with respect to the input card. The dc magnetic field, which is applied
longitudinally to the ferrite rod, rotates the wave plane of polarization by 45°.

• The degrees of rotation depend on the length and diameter of the rod and on the
applied de magnetic field. An input TE10 dominant mode is incident to the left end
of the isolator.

Figure 4.8 Faraday-rotation isolator

• Since the TE10 mode wave is perpendicular to the input resistive card, the wave
passes through the ferrite rod without attenuation. The wave in the ferrite rod
section is rotated clockwise by 45° and is normal to the output resistive card. As a
result of rotation, the wave arrives at the output end without attenuation at all.
• On the contrary, a reflected wave from the output end is similarly rotated clockwise
45° by the ferrite rod. However, since the reflected wave is parallel to the input
resistive card, the wave is thereby absorbed by the input card.
• The typical performance of these isolators is about 1-dB insertion loss in forward
transmission and about 20- to 30-dB isolation in reverse attenuation.

4.5 DIRECTIONAL COUPLER

• A directional coupler is a passive microwave component used for power
combining. It is a four port-waveguide junction as shown in Fig.4.2. It consists of
primary waveguide 1-2 and secondary waveguide 3-4. When all ports are
terminated in their characteristic impedance, there is free transmission of power
between port 1 and port 2 (without reflection), there is no transmission of power
between port 1 and port 3 or between port 2 and port 4 because no coupling exists
between these two pair of ports. The degree of coupling between port 1 and port 4
and between port 2 and port 3 depends on the structure of the coupler.

Figure 4.9 Directional Coupler

Assuming that the wave is propagating from port 1 to port 2 in the primary line,

the coupling factor and the directivity are defined respectively by,
𝑃1
Coupling factor (dB) = 10 log10 → (4.1)
𝑃4
𝑃4
Directivity (dB) = 10 log10 → (4.2)
𝑃3
𝑃1
Isolation (dB) = 10 log10 → (4.3)
𝑃3
𝑃1
Insertion Loss (dB) = 10 log10 → (4.4)
𝑃2

where 𝑃1 = Power input to port 1

𝑃2 = Power output from port 2
𝑃3 = Power output from port 3
𝑃4 = Power output from port 4
The coupling factor is a measure of the ratio of power levels in the primary and
secondary lines. The directivity is a measure of how well the forward travelling wave
in the primary waveguide couples only to a specific port of secondary waveguide. An
ideal directional coupler should have infinite directivity. In other words, the power at
port 3 must be zero because port 2 and port 4 are perfectly matched. Actually, well
designed directional couplers have a directivity of only 30 to 35 dB. Several types of
directional couplers exist, such as a two-hole directional coupler, four-hole directional
coupler, reverse-coupling directional coupler , and Bethe- hole directional coupler.

Figure 4.10 Different directional couplers (a) Two hole directional couplers (b)
Four hole directional Couplers (c)Schwinger Coupler (d) Bethe-hole directional
Coupler
4.5.1 Two Hole Directional Couplers

A two hole directional coupler with traveling wave propagating in it is

illustrated in Fig.4.4. The spacing between the centers of two holes must be

λ𝑔
𝐿 = (2𝑛 + 1) → (4.4)
4

Where, n is any positive integer

A fraction of the wave energy entered into port 1 passes through the
holes and is radiated into the secondary guide as the holes act as slot antennas. The
forward waves in the secondary guide are in same phase, regardless of the hole
space, and are added at port 4. The backward waves in the secondary guide are out
of phase and are cancelled in port 3.

4.5.2 S Matrix of a Directional Coupler

In a directional coupler all four ports are completely matched. Thus the
diagonal elements of a S-matrix are zeros

𝑆11 = 𝑆22 = 𝑆33 = 𝑆44 = 0 → (4.5)

As there is no coupling between port 1 and port 3 and port 2 and port 4, Thus
𝑆13 = 𝑆31 = 𝑆24 = 𝑆42 = 0 → (4.6)

Directional Coupler is a four port junction, the S-matrix is given by

𝑆11 𝑆12 𝑆13 𝑆14

𝑆 𝑆22 𝑆23 𝑆24
𝑆 = 21 → (4.7)
𝑆31 𝑆32 𝑆33 𝑆34
𝑆41 𝑆42 𝑆43 𝑆44
Using the property of directional coupler (equation 4.5 and 4.6 in 4.7), the S matrix
becomes,
0 𝑆12 0 𝑆14
𝑆21 0 𝑆23 0
𝑆= → (4.8)
0 𝑆32 0 𝑆34
𝑆41 0 𝑆43 0
From Unitary property of S matrix, 𝑆 𝑆*= 𝑈 → (4.9)
Substituting eqn. (4.8) in eqn (4.9),

∗ ∗
0 𝑆12 0 𝑆14 0 𝑆12 0 𝑆14 1 0 0 0
∗ ∗
𝑆21 0 𝑆23 0 𝑆21 0 𝑆23 0 0 1 0 0
∗ ∗ = → (4.10)
0 𝑆32 0 𝑆34 0 𝑆32 0 𝑆34 0 0 1 0
𝑆41 0 𝑆43 0 ∗ ∗ 0 0 0 1
𝑆41 0 𝑆43 0
Equation 4.10 can be reduced further by means of zero property of S matrix,

∗
𝑆12 𝑆14 + 𝑆32 𝑆34
∗
=0 → (4.11)
∗
𝑆21 𝑆23 + 𝑆41 𝑆43
∗
=0 → (4.12)

From the unity property of s-matrix we can write,

∗
𝑆12 𝑆12 + 𝑆14 𝑆14
∗
=1 → (4.13)

Equations (4.11) and (4.12) can also be written,

𝑆12 𝑆14 = 𝑆32 𝑆34 → (4.14)
𝑆21 𝑆23 = 𝑆41 𝑆43 → (4.15)

Since 𝑆12 = 𝑆21 , 𝑆14 = 𝑆41 , 𝑆23 = 𝑆32 and 𝑆34 = 𝑆43 , then
𝑆12 = 𝑆34 → (4.16)
𝑆14 = 𝑆23 → (4.17)

Let, 𝑆12 = 𝑆34 = p

where p is positive and real. Then from equation (4.12)
p (𝑆23
∗
+ 𝑆41 ) = 0 → (4.18)

Let, 𝑆23 = 𝑆41 = jq

Where, q is positive and real. Then from equation (4.13) 𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 = 1.

0 𝑝 0 𝑗𝑞
𝑝 0 𝑗𝑞 0
S-Matrix of a directional coupler is reduced to → (4.19)
0 𝑗𝑞 0 𝑝
𝑗𝑞 0 𝑝 0
4.6 Terminations:

A large variety of coaxial and waveguide terminations and dummy loads which meet the
requirements of all microwave measurement systems and most other applications for
high quality loads. The many types of coaxial fixed terminations range from small
½ watt instrument loads to 500 watt loads to terminate high power transmitters. Medium
power loads (10 to 40 watts with low VSWR) are used in many system and measurement
applications. High power dummy loads with cooling fins of unique design provide
optimum dissipation of large amounts of microwave power.

Criteria for Selecting Terminations :

Criteria which should be evaluated for selecting terminations, whether fixed or tunable,
are frequency range, power handling capabilities, reflection coefficient, connectors and
cost.

Frequency Range :
coaxial terminations are generally available in two types: a resistive matched load
which offers an excellent impedance match to 50 ohms over the DC, 12.4, 18, 26.5 or
40 GHz range; and an absorptive load which offers superior VSWR performance in the

0.7 or 2 to 18 GHz range but does not operate down to DC.

Terminations Used with Adapters

It would seem simple enough to select a termination for either waveguide or coaxial
use and to add an adapter, but this is a practice which should be discouraged. The
introduction of an adapter between the main transmission line and the termination
adds physical discontinuities and, therefore, increases the reflections of main line
power. Also, many adapters cannot handle power in the 100-500 watt range. The type
of connector should be suitable to mate with the transmission line or device to be
terminated. Narda offers a complete line of terminations in SMA, N, 2.92, and 3.5 mm,
with average power ratings from 0.5 to 500 watts. Terminations with the popular N
and SMA connectors are widely used in commercial and military systems as well as in
bench test applications.
4.7 Attenuator
• An attenuator are usually passive devices made from simple voltage divider
networks used to control the amount of microwave power transferred from one
point to another point.
• In order to control power levels in a microwave system by partially absorbing the
transmitted microwave signal, attenuators are employed.
• Types of attenuators : Fixed and Variable attenuator
• Resistive films (dielectric glass slab coated with aquadag) are used in the design of
both fixed and variable attenuators.
• Fixed type of attenuators are used where a fixed amount of power is to be provided.
• Variable attenuator provides continuous or step wise variable attenuation
Co-axial line fixed attenuator
• A coaxial fixed attenuator shown in Fig. 4.22 uses the dielectric lossy material inside
the centre conductor of the coaxial line to absorb some of the centre conductor
microwave power propagating through it dielectric rod decides the amount of
attenuation introduced. The microwave power absorbed by the lossy material is
dissipated heat.

Figure 4.11 Co-axial line fixed attenuator

Movable vane variable attenuator
• In Waveguides, the dielectric slab coated with aquadag is placed at the centre of
the waveguide parallel to the maximum E-field for dominant TE10 mode. Induced
current on the lossy material due to incoming microwave signal, results in power
dissipation, leading to the attenuation of the signal.

• The dielectric slab is tapered at both ends upto a length of more than half
wavelength to reduce reflections as shown Fig.4.23. The dielectric slab may be made
movable along the breadth of the waveguide by supporting it with two dielectric
rods separated by an odd multiple quarter wavelength and perpendicular to electric
field.

• When the slab is at the centre, then the attenuation and when it is moved towards
one side wall, the attenuation goes on decreasing thereby controlling the microwave
power coming out of the other port.
Flap attenuator Figure 4.12 Movable vane variable attenuator

• Flap attenuator is a variable attenuator. A semi-circular flap made of lossy

dielectrics is made to descend into the longitudinal slot cut at the centre of the
top wall of rectangular waveguide.

Figure 4.13 Flap attenuator

• When the flap is completely outside the slot, then the attenuation is zero and when it
is completely inside, the attenuation is maximum. A maximum direction of 90 dB
attenuation is possible with this attenuator with a VSWR of 1.05. The dielectric slab
can be properly shaped according to convenience to get a linear variation of
attenuation within the depth of insertion.

Precision Type Variable Attenuator

•A precision type variable attenuator consists of Rectangular to Circular Transition
(RCT) and a piece of Circular Waveguide and Circular to Rectangular Transition (CRT)
as shown in Fig.4.25

• Resistive cards are placed inside the sections, which reduces the power flowing
through the waveguide.
• The centre circular section consists of resistive card Rb can be precisely rotated
by 360° with respect to the two fixed resistive cards.

Figure 4.14 Precision type variable attenuator

• The induced current on the resistive card R due to the incident signal is
dissipated as heat, producing attenuation of the transmitted signal.
• The resistive cards Ra and Rc are kept perpendicular to the electric field of TE10
mode so that it does not absorb any energy.
• But any component parallel to its plane will be readily absorbed. Hence, pure TE
mode is excited circular waveguide section.
• If the resistive card in the centre section is kept at an angle ϴ relative to the
electric field relative to the direction of TE11 mode.

Figure 4.15. Field Components of electric field in

three sections RCT, CW and CRT
• The centre resistive card produces two components E cosϴ and E sinϴ. The
component E cosϴ is parallel to the card gets absorbed while the component
E sinϴ is transmitted without attenuation. This component finally comes out as
E sin 2ϴ.
 6.4 Assignments (For higher level learning and
Evaluation - Examples: Case study, Comprehensive
design, etc.,)
Bloom Cogni
S. s tive
Questions
No. Level Level

1 Two identical 90 couplers with C=8.34 dB are connected shown

below. Find the resulting phase and amplitudes at port 2 and port
3, relative to port 1.

K3 CO4

2 Consider the T-junction of three lines with characteristic impedances

Z1,Z2 and Z3 as shown below. Demonstrate that it is impossible for
all three lines to be matched when looking toward the junction.

K3 CO4

Case Study: Fault Detection in Microwave Systems

In a wireless base station, intermittent high VSWR was observed. A
3 technician suspects mismatched terminations or a faulty isolator.
Task:
Simulate a troubleshooting flow using passive microwave devices. K3
Describe how each component would be tested (e.g., using S-parameters, CO4
reflection analysis).
Identify the key indicators to isolate the faulty component.
Suggest a redesign to make the system more fault-tolerant.

Design Challenge: Passive Device-Based RF Front End

4 Design an RF front-end circuit using only passive microwave components K3
(no active devices) to isolate, distribute, and monitor input signal in a high- CO4
power communication system.
 6.5. Part A Q & A (with K level and CO)

UNIT IV PASSIVE MICROWAVE DEVICES

DEVICES
[Link]. Question with Answer K CO
level

1. Define – Scattering matrix K1 CO4

Scattering matrix is a square matrix which gives all the
combinations of the power relationships between the
various input and output ports of a microwave junction.

2. Specify the and frequency range and wavelength X K1 CO4

band.
The X- band frequency range : 8 – 12.5 GHz

The X-band wavelength : 3.7 – 2.4 cm

3. Why are s parameters used in microwaves? K2 CO4
The S- parameters are used in microwave because of the
following characteristics
• Increased stability at higher frequencies

• Mismatch loss is less

• Attenuation loss is less
4. State the properties of S parameter. K2 CO4

The properties of S parameter are

• It is always a square matrix of order ( n * n)

• It is a unitary matrix
• It is a symmetric matrix
•Under perfect matched conditions, the diagonal elements
of S parameter are zero.

5. Define – Q factor K2 CO4

It is the measure of ability of an element to store

energy and is equal to 2π times the average energy stored
to that of the energy dissipated per cycle.
[Link]. Question with Answer K CO
level
6. What are the basic types of directional couplers? K1 CO4

• Two hole directional coupler

• Four hole directional coupler
• Reverse coupling directional coupler

• Bethe hole directional coupler.

7. Define – Isolator K1 CO4

An isolator is a two port non-reciprocal device which
produces a minimum attenuation in the wave in one
direction and very high attenuation in the opposite
direction.

8. Name some uses of waveguide tees. K1 CO4

It is used to connect a branch or section of the waveguide

in series or parallel with the main waveguide transmission
line for providing means of splitting and also of combining
power in a waveguide system.
[Link] o.
9. Why magic tee is referred. as E-H tee? K2 CO4

Magic Tee is constructed by E-plane Tee and H plane Tee

perpendicular to each other.

Therefore magic tee is referred to as E-H tee.

10. What is meant by directivity of directional coupler? K1 CO4

The directivity of directional coupler is defined as the ratio
of forward power Pr to the back power Pb and expressed

in dB.

11. What are the basic parameters to measure the K2 CO4

performance of a directional coupler

The basic parameters to measure the performance of

directional coupler are
• Coupling coefficient
• Directivity
• Insertion loss
• Isolation.
[Link] Question with Answer K CO
level
12. What is H- plane Tee? K1 CO4

An H- plane Tee is a waveguide Tee in which the axis

of its side arm is parallel to the H- field of the main
arm.
13. Define a microwave junction K1 CO4

The point of interconnection of two or more

microwave devices is called microwave junction.

14. What is E-plane Tee? K1 CO4

An E- plane tee is a wave guide tee in which the axis of

its side arm is parallel to the H- field of the main arm.

15. Define- Non Reciprocal Devices K2 CO4

Non reciprocal devices are defined as devices having

different forward and reverse propagating

characteristics.
16. What is sum arm? K2 CO4

In a H- plane tee, if two input waves are fed into port1

and port2 of the collinear arm, the output wave at
port3 will be in phase and additive. Because of this, the
third phase is called as sum arm.

17. Write the applications of magic tee? K1 CO4

The applications of magic tee are

• For the measurement of impedance

• As a duplexer

• As a mixer

• As an isolator
[Link]. Question with Answer K level CO

18. K2 CO4
What is the function of an isolator in microwave
systems?
An isolator allows microwave power to flow in only
one direction, protecting components from reflected
power

19. Define – Difference Arm K1 CO4

In E- plane Tee, the power out of port3 is

proportional to the difference between
instantaneous power entering from port1 and port

2. Therefore, this third port is called as difference

arm.

20. Write the applications of circulator. K1 CO4

A circulator can be used as a duplexer for a

radar antenna system. Two or three port circulators
can be used in tunnel diode or in parametric
amplifiers.

21. What is a circulator? K1 CO4

A circulator is a multiport junction in which

the wave can travel from one port to the next
immediate port in one direction only. They are useful
in parametric amplifiers, tunnel diode, amplifiers and
duplexer in radar.
[Link]. Question with Answer K level CO

22. What is an attenuator? K1 CO4

An attenuator is a device used to reduce the
power level of a signal without distortion.

23. State the purpose of a directional coupler. K2 CO4

A directional coupler samples a small portion
of a signal in a transmission line without
disturbing the main power flow.

24. Why are terminations used in microwave K2 CO4

circuits?
Terminations absorb all incident power
to prevent reflections and standing
waves.

25. How many ports does a circulator K1 CO4

typically have?
A circulator typically has 3 or 4 ports.

26. What is the significance of coupling factor in K4 CO4

a directional coupler?
It determines how much of the signal is
coupled to the output; affects measurement
accuracy.

27. Why magic tee is referred as E-H tee? K2 CO4

The magic tee is a combination of E-plane and H-
plane tee. It is a four port hybrid circuit.
 [Link]. Question with Answer K level CO

28. Why is s-matrix used in MW analysis? K2 CO4

S matrix is used in MW analysis to overcome
the problems which occurs when
H,Y,&Z parameters are used in high
frequencies. [Link] is not readily
available to measure total voltage &total
current at the ports of the network.
[Link] and open circuits are difficult to
achieve over a broad band of frequencies.
[Link] devices,such as power transistor
&tunnel
diodes,frequently won‟t have stability for a
short or open circuit.

29. What are the two types of terminations? K2 CO4

Matched load
Variable short
circuit

30. Define return loss in the context of a K1 CO4

termination.
Return loss measures how effectively a
termination absorbs power without reflecting
it.

31. Why must a termination have a matched K2 CO4

impedance?
To ensure maximum power absorption and
zero reflection.

32. How is a termination different from a matched K3 CO4

load?
A matched load is a type of termination
specifically designed to match line impedance
perfectly.
6.6 Part B Qs (with K level and CO)

[Link] Question with Answer K CO

. level

1. Derive the S-Matrix of Directional Coupler. K2 CO4

2. Draw the E-Plane Tee and derive the scattering matrix K2 CO4
of E-Plane Tee.

3. With neat diagram explain H-plane tee and derive its S- K2 CO4
matrix.

4. Explain the property of magic tee with its S-Matrix K2 CO4

5 What is attenuator? Explain the different type of K2 CO4
attenuators.

6. What are the different types of attenuators? Explain K2 CO4

their working and applications with schematic
diagrams.
7 Discuss the structure and principle of operation of K2 CO4
a)Isolator, b)Circulator

8. Explain the necessity of terminations in microwave K2 CO4

systems. List types and describe design considerations.

9. Design a microwave test setup using passive K5 CO4

components like directional coupler, attenuator, and
termination for VSWR measurement

10 Compare and contrast the behaviour of circulator and K3 CO4

isolator. Give practical examples of where each is
used.

11. A Magic Tee is used in a hybrid microwave system. K3 CO4

Explain how input power is split between the output
arms and describe port matching.
12 Explain in detail about Terminations and K2 CO4
attenuators

13. A signal of power 32mw is fed into one of the collinear K2 CO4
ports of a lossless H plane tee. Determine the powers
in the remaining ports when other ports are
terminated by means of matched load
6.7.. Supportive online Certification courses
(NPTEL, Swayam, Coursera, Udemy, etc.,)

MICROWAVE ENGINEERING – NPTEL

[Link]

NPTELLINK:
[Link]
[Link]

You tube link

[Link]
[Link]
2e4Z1m338OLoMPrGkmScDxVK&si=3xhOWh-AiS8nnv92

[Link]

Slide Share Link

[Link] shifters-
24
[Link]
6.8. Real time Applications in day to day life and
to Industry

1. Heating and power application

A microwave oven passes microwave radiation at a frequency near 2.45 GHz (12cm),
through food, causing dielectric heating primarily by absorption of the energy in water.
Microwave heating is used in industrial processes for drying and curing products.

2. Food Industries
Microwave pasteurization and sterilization, Microwave baking, Microwave cooking,
thawing and tempering, Waste dealing in microwave irradiation, heating or
temperature rise can be achieved without changing the important factor “TASTE”.
Purification of food items or sanitization of food containers, improvements in the food
preservation techniques.
 3. Circulators for Industrial Heating
In most industrial heating applications, circulators are employed to direct microwave energy from
one port to another. High-power designs can be used in conjunction with generators and systems
as a whole. Each compatible circulator serves as a protector of the magnetron, which in turn, helps
provide longer life for the tube itself. Our robust designs are attributable to Ferrite Microwave
Technologies’ legacy as a 35+ year industry leader in high-power passive microwave components.
4. Satellite Communication
Most satellite communications operate in C,X,Ka or Ku bands of
microwave spectrum. Satellite TV either operates in C band for
the traditional large dish fixed satellite service or Ku band for
direct-broadcast satellite. Military communications run primarily
over X or Ku band links, with Ka band being used for Milstar.

5. Radar Communication
Radar is a radiolocation technique in which a beam of radio
waves emitted by a transmitter bounces off an object and returns
to a receiver, allowing the location, range, speed and other
characteristics of the object to be determined. Microwave radar
is widely used for applications such as air traffic control, weather
forecasting, navigation of ships and speed limit enforcement.
6. In radio Astronomy

7. In Breaking rocks and concrete walls

 6.9 Contents beyond the Syllabus
(COE related Value added courses)

Gyrator
• A gyrator is a passive, linear, lossless, two-port electrical network element.

• The gyrator is non-reciprocal passive microwave device. Gyrators permit network

realizations of two-(or-more)-port devices which cannot be realized with just the
conventional four elements (Resistors, capacitors, inductor and ideal transformer)

• An important property of a gyrator is that it inverts the current-voltage characteristics

of an electrical component or network. In the case of linear elements, the impedances
also inverted. In other words, a gyrator can make a capacitive circuit behave
inductively, a series LC circuit behave like a parallel LC circuit, and so on. It is primarily
used in active filter design and miniaturization.

• It is a two port device that has a relative phase shift of 180° in the forward direction
and 0 (zero) phase shift in reverse direction.

• The Schematic symbol for gyrator is shown in the Fig.

Figure Symbol of Gyrator

• When signal is transmitted from port 1 to port 2 it offers phase shift of 180° and
when signal if fed to port 2 it offers 0°

• The Scattering matrix for an ideal gyrator is

0 1
𝑆=
−1 0

• The gyrator can be implemented as a phase shifter with a 180° differential phase
shift; bias can be provided with a permanent magnet, making the gyrator a passive
device.
7. Assessment Schedule

Assessment Proposed Date Actual Date

Unit 1 Assignment
Assessment
Unit Test 1

Unit 2 Assignment
Assessment
Internal Assessment 1

Retest for IA 1

Unit 3 Assignment
Assessment
Unit Test 2

Unit 4 Assignment
Assessment
Internal Assessment 2

Retest for IA 2

Unit 5 Assignment
Assessment
Revision Test 1

Revision Test 2

Model Exam

Remodel Exam

University Exam
 8. Prescribed Text Books & Reference Books

TEXTBOOKS:
1. John D Krauss, Ronald J Marhefka and Ahmad S. Khan,
"Antennas and Wave Propagation: Fourth Edition, Tata McGraw-
Hill, 2006. (UNIT I, II, III)

[Link] Ludwig and Gene Bogdanov, RF Circuit Design: Theory

and Applications, Pearson Education Inc.,2011

REFERENCES:

[Link] [Link], ―Antenna Theory Analysis and

Design‖, Third edition, John Wiley India Pvt Ltd., 2005.

2. David [Link], Microwave Engineering, Wiley India (P) Ltd, New

Delhi,2008.

3. Thomas H Lee, Planar Microwave Engineering: A Practical Guide to

Theory, Measurements and Circuits, Cambridge University Press, 2004.

4. Edward [Link] Keith [Link], Electromagnetic Waves and

Radiating Systems, 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall of India, 2015
9. Mini Project suggestions

UNIT IV

1. Design and Simulation of a Magic Tee Using HFSS

or CST.

2. Development of a Microstrip Circulator

3. Directional Coupler Design with Power Monitoring

4. Attenuator Design and Testing for Signal Control

5. Simulation of Microwave Termination Structures

 Thank you

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