Sustainable

Development

Copyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [[Link]] Subject, Topic & Expert

 Important Aspects
• Forest Conservation
• Energy Conservation
m
co
• Water Conservation gm
ai l .
6@
• Sustainable Agriculture um
a r49
ak
Environmental Impact Assessment
y
• o r lak
sh
ly f
• Important concepts O n

o Circular Economy
o Green GDP
o Natural Capital Accounting
• Important Environmental Legislations

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 Meaning
• Definition
• Evolution of the term co
m
ai l .
• Sustainable Development Goals r49
6@
gm
a
um
• Important conferences laksh y ak

for
Only

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 om
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 om
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 om
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 om
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 om
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On

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 Green
GDP
GDP

om
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uma
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 om
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 om
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uma
y ak
sh
2015
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for la
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 om
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sh
2016
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 om
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sh
2016
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 om
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sh
2018
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 om
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gma
6@
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uma
y ak
sh
2018
k
for la
ly
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 om
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6@
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for la 2021
ly
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 Energy Conservation
• PAT scheme (Perform, Achieve and Trade)
o a flagship progarmme of Bureau of Energy Efficiency under the
National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiencyil.c(NMEEE). om
ma
o market-based mechanism to further accelerate 6@
g as well as incentivize
r49
energy efficiency um
a
y ak
o Energy Savings Certificates (ESCerts) lak
sh
o r
o through two power exchanges n ly -f Indian Energy Exchange (IEX) and
O
Power Exchange India Limited (PXIL).
o 13 energy-intensive sectors: Thermal power plants (TPP), cement,
aluminum, iron and steel, pulp and paper, fertilizer, chlor-alkali,
petroleum refineries, petrochemicals, distribution companies, railways,
textile and commercial buildings (hotels and airports).

Copyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [[Link]] Subject, Topic & Expert

 Energy Conservation
• Market Transformation for Energy Efficiency (MTEE)
o aims for accelerating the shift to energy efficient appliances in designated
sectors through incentives and innovative business models. m
co
o Bachat Lamp Yojna (BLY): The programme was developed ai l . for replacement
gm
of inefficient bulbs with Compact Fluorescent96Lamps
@ (CFLs)
ar4
• Energy Efficiency Financing Platform
sh
ya
k (EEFP) um
k
o to provide a platform to interact with
f or
la Financial Institutions (FIs) and project
developers for implementationOnofly energy efficiency projects

• Framework for Energy Efficient Economic

Development (FEEED)
o was designed for development of fiscal instruments to promote energy
efficiency. The objective was to provide the comfort to concerned
stakeholders through implementation of Energy Efficiency schemes such as
Partial Risk Sharing Facility (PRSF)

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 om

Alternative Energy
il.c
gma
6@
r49
uma
y ak
ksh
for la
ly
On

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 Sources
• Conventional
o Non-Renewable: Fossil Fuel – Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas
o Renewable: Non-fossil fuel above the ground: aFire om wood, Cattle dung,
il.c
Wood Charcoal gm
6 @
9 r4
a
• Non-Conventional ksh
ya
k um
la
o Non-Renewable: Nuclear l y for
On
o Renewable: Solar, Wind, Tidal, geothermal, Biofuel, Hydro power,
Hydrogen

• Alternative: Any source of energy which is not

fossil fuel based.

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 Solar Energy

om
il.c
gma
6@
r49
uma
y ak
ksh
for la
ly
On

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 Solar Energy

om
il.c
gma
6@
r49
uma
y ak
ksh
for la
ly
On

Copyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [[Link]] Subject, Topic & Expert

 Solar Energy
• National Solar Mission:
o 100 GW by 2022 (installed capacity 57 GW by May 2022), 300 GW by
2030 il.c
om
a
gm
• Schemes: ma
r496
@
u
o Pradhan Mantri Suryoday Yojana shyak
lak
o Solar Parks and Ultra mega solar
ly f power projects
o r
On
o PM KUSUM
o Suryamitra Programme
o Atal Jyoti Yojana
o Renewable Purchase Obligations

Copyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [[Link]] Subject, Topic & Expert

 Solar Energy
• Grid connected solar rooftop scheme (40 GW)

om
il.c
gma
6@
r49
uma
y ak
ksh
for la
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On

• Net Metering: records the energy flow in both the directions and at
the end of billing period net energy used is calculated.
• Suryamitra: to develop the skills of youth, considering the
opportunities for employment in the growing Solar Energy Power
Project’s installation, operation & maintenance in India and abroad.
o By National Institute of Solar Energy under MNRE

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 Solar Energy
• Pradhan Mantri Suryoday Yojana: the Centre will bear the
entire cost of setting up rooftop solar systems for
households that consume less than 300 units . co
m of electricity
per month. ai l
gm
@ 6
o target of installing rooftop solar on 1 crore houses
ar4
9
m
ku
• Atal Jyoti Yojana: to illuminateaksdark regions through
hy
a

establishment of solar street orlights.

l
f
nly O
o It is a sub scheme under off –grid and decentralized solar application scheme
• PM KUSUM:
o Component A: 10,000 MW of solar capacity through installation of small Solar
Power Plants of individual plants of capacity upto 2 MW.
o Component B: Installation of 20 lakh standalone Solar Powered Agriculture
Pumps.
o Component C: Solarisation of 15 Lakh Grid-connected Agriculture Pumps.

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 Solar Energy
• Challenges:
o Domestic manufacturing capabilities
m
o Net-metering limits on rooftop solar schemes [Link]
gm
o Intermittent supply 6 @
a r49
o Lack of Power storage y ak
um
sh
o Land acquisition issues o r lak
n ly f
o High cost of installation O

Copyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [[Link]] Subject, Topic & Expert

 Solar Energy
• International solar alliance:
o a joint effort by India and France to mobilize efforts against climate change
o Headquarter in Gurgaon
o conceptualized on the sidelines of the 21st Conference of Parties co
m (COP21) to the
UNFCCC held in Paris in 2015. a i l .
o all member states of the United Nations are now eligible gm to join the ISA
6@
o is guided by its ‘Towards 1000’ strategy which aims a r49to mobilise USD 1,000 billion of
investments in solar energy solutions by 2030 um
y ak
o ksh
to help member countries with particularlafocus on Least Developed Countries (LDCs)
and the Small Island Developing States r
ly f (SIDS)
o
n
• One Sun One World One Grid
O
(OSOWOG) initiative
o was put Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi, at the First Assembly of the ISA in October
2018.
o aims to connect different regional grids through a common grid that will be used to
transfer renewable energy power and, thus, realize the potential of renewable energy
sources, especially solar energy.
o Was launched , during the ‘Accelerating Innovation and Clean Technology Deployment’
event at the World Leaders Summit held on 2 November 2021 during COP26.
o launch of the ‘One Sun Declaration’ as approved by the Fourth Assembly of the ISA.

Copyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [[Link]] Subject, Topic & Expert

 Solar Energy

om
il.c
gma
6@
r49
uma
y ak
ksh
for la
ly
On

Copyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [[Link]] Subject, Topic & Expert

 Wind Energy

om
il.c
gma
6@
r49
uma
y ak
ksh
for la
ly
On

Horizontal Axis Vertical Axis Wind

Wind
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[[Link]]
Turbine Subject, Topic & Expert
 Wind Energy

om
il.c
gma
6@
r49
uma
y ak
ksh
for la
ly
On

Off Shore and On

Shore
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 Wind Energy
• The design and installation of a horizontal axis wind turbine is complex, they require
larger space, more expensive and are dependent on wind direction but they have
higher power coefficient.
• Wind turbines typically produce alternating current (AC) electricity. i l . co
m
a
• The electricity produced by a wind turbine is an alternating gm current because the wind
6@
can blow at different speeds and in different directions, a r49 causing the turbine's blades
um
to rotate at varying speeds. ya
k
k sh
• Challenges: f or
la
ly
On
o Intermittency: wind does not always blow at a constant speed which can make it
challenging to integrate wind energy into the grid.
o High upfront costs
o Land use: Wind turbines require a large amount of land
o Environmental impacts: potential impact on birds and other wildlife.
o Public opposition: to the construction of wind turbines, either due to aesthetic
concerns or concerns about the impact on the local community.

Copyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [[Link]] Subject, Topic & Expert

 Wind Energy
• India has the 4th largest wind power capacity in the world.
• According MNRE the total potential for wind energy in India
is estimated to be 302 GW, with a technically feasible
m
i l . co
a
gm
potential of 147 GW. a r49
6@
um
• Target till 2022: ksh
y ak
la
o Total: 175 GW ly f
or
On
o Solar: 100 GW
o Wind: 60 GW
• Target till 2030
o Total: 500 GW
o Solar: 300 GW
o Wind: 140 GW

Copyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [[Link]] Subject, Topic & Expert

 Wind Energy
• National Wind – Solar Hybrid Policy, 2018
o for efficient utilization of the transmission infrastructure and land.
o to reduce the variability in renewable power generation and to achieve
better grid stability. [Link]
m
ai
• National Offshore Wind Energy Policy, 2015 6@
g m

o Promoting spatial planning and management a r49 of maritime renewable energy

um
resources in India’s EEZ through suitable y ak incentives.
sh
o Boosting the indigenisation. o r lak
ly f
o Creating skilled manpower andOnemployment
o Enabling the development of Project EPC and Operation & Maintenance with
regard to the offshore wind industry.
o Developing coastal infrastructure and supply chain
• The Wind Energy Tariff Policy: provides incentives for the
development of wind energy in India, including feed-in tariffs
and tax incentives.

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 Hydro Power
• Types:
o Micro: upto 100 KW
o Mini: 101KW to 2 MW
om
Small: 2 MW to 25 MW il.c
gma
o Mega: Hydro projects with 6@
installed capacity >= 500 MW r49
uma
o Thermal Projects with installed y ak
ksh
capacity >=1500 MW for la
ly
• The hydropower potential On

of India is around 145 GW

and at 60% load factor, it
can meet the demand of
around 85 GW.

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 Hydro Power
• Benefits of Large Hydro power:
o Clean Energy: Though many experts highlight the carbon footprint of such projects as an issue.
o Irrigation
o Drinking Water supply
Controlling floods and droughts om
o il.c a
gm
• Issues Large Hydro Projects 96
@
Habitat loss r4
o ma
o Biodiversity loss ku
ya
o Flooding of Large areas laksh
Loss of forest or
o
ly f
o Alteration of ecosystems On
o Erosion of riverbanks
o Social and cultural Impact
o Economic impact

• In India, large Hydropower Projects have been declared

as Renewable Energy source for RPO requirements.

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 Ocean Energy
• Tidal
• Wave om
il.c
ma
• Current r49
6@
g

ma
• Ocean thermal
u
y ak
ksh
for la
ly
On

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 Ocean Energy Types
• Tidal Energy
o produced by
the surge of ocean waters om
during the rise and fall of tides. il.c
gma
@
o Gulf of Cambay, Gulf of Kutch in r49
6
Gujarat, A&N islands uma
y ak
sh
• Challenges: for la
k
ly
o High upfront cost On
o Low energy conversion
efficiency
o R&D
o Identifying locations
 Ocean Energy Types
• Wave Energy:
o Using Kinetic Energy of
Ocean waves to il.c
om
produce electricity gma
6@
r49
• India is estimated to uma
ak
have a potential of ksh
y
r la
around 54 gigawatts On
ly fo

(GW) of ocean energy –

tidal power (12.45 GW)
and wave power (41.3
GW)
 Ocean Energy Types
• Ocean Current Energy
o ocean currents are
fairly constant in both
speed and flow and om
il.c
carry large amounts of gma
@
energy r49
6
ma
o Electricity is produced y ak
u
sh
from the ocean r la
k
fo
currents by coupling a On
ly
generator to the
turbine and power is
transmitted back to
shore via subsea
cable.
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
• by harnessing the temperature differences
(thermal gradients) between ocean surface
waters and deep ocean waters.
• temperature difference can be used to
produce electricity and to desalinate ocean l . co
m
i
water. gm
a
• Warm surface water is pumped through an 6@
a r49
evaporator containing a working fluid. um
y ak
• The vaporized fluid drives a turbine/generator. ksh
la
• The vaporized fluid is turned back to a liquid f or
ly
in a condenser cooled with cold ocean water
On
pumped from deeper in the ocean.
• OTEC systems using seawater as the working
fluid can use the condensed water to produce
desalinated water
 Biofuels
• Biomass is converted to energy through various
processes, including:
o Direct combustion (burning) to produce heat
o Thermochemical conversion to produce solid, gaseous,
and liquid fuels
o Chemical conversion to produce liquid fuels
Biological conversion to produce liquid and gaseous fuels om
o il.c
• Why Renewable: its inherent energy comes from the gma
sun and because it can regrow in a relatively short 9 6@
time. m ar4
ku
Types: h ya
s
• Bioethanol: r lak
f o
o made from fermenting and distilling crops thatly are high
in carbohydrates, such as corn, wheat, and Onsugarcane.
o It is often used as a gasoline additive to reduce
emissions.
• Biomethanol,
o also known as wood alcohol or methyl alcohol,
o is a type of biofuel that is made from renewable raw
materials, such as wood, agricultural waste, and other
organic matter.
 Biofuels
• Biodiesel:
o made from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled cooking grease.
o It can be used as a substitute for diesel fuel in vehicles.
• Biogas:
mo
o produced by the anaerobic digestion of organic matter, such ail.c as agricultural waste or
manure. @
gm
9 6
o It can be used as a substitute for natural gas to generate
ar4 electricity or heat.
m
• Algal biofuels: aku
kshy
o Algal biofuels are made from microalgae,f or which are tiny aquatic organisms that can be
la
grown using sunlight and [Link]
o They can be used to produce biofuels such as bioethanol and biodiesel.
• Biobutanol:
o Biobutanol is a type of biofuel that is made through the fermentation of crops such as
corn, sugarcane, and wheat.
o It can be used as a gasoline additive or as a substitute for gasoline.
 Generation of Biofuels
• First-generation
o biofuels are made from feedstocks such as sugarcane, corn, wheat, and other crops that are
used for food or animal feed.
o These biofuels are produced through processes such as fermentation and distillation. Examples
of first-generation biofuels include bioethanol, biodiesel, and biogas. m
i l . co
• Second-generation 6@
gm
a

o are made from non-food feedstocks such as agricultural a r49waste, forestry residues, and algae.
These biofuels are produced through processes such um
y ak as thermochemical conversion and
biochemical conversion. sh
lak
o Examples of second-generation biofuels include o r biomethanol, biobutanol, and advanced biofuels
made from algae. n ly f
O
• Third-generation biofuels
o made from feedstocks such as seaweed, algae, and microorganisms, and
o they are produced using advanced technologies such as synthetic biology.
o Third-generation biofuels have the potential to be more sustainable and efficient than first- and
second-generation biofuels, but they are not yet widely available.
 National Policy on Biofuel, 2018
• Two categories: Basic and Advanced
• target of 20% blending of ethanol in petrol and 5%
blending of biodiesel in diesel is proposed o m
by 2030.
(now 2025) gm
ail . c

6@
• MSP for non-edible oil um
a r 49
y ak
• viability gap funding scheme o r lak for 2G ethanol Bio
sh
ly f
refineries O n

• Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas: Overall

coordinator
o National Biofuels Coordination Committee (NBCC) chaired
by minister
 National Policy on Biofuel, 2018
Amendment 2022:
• A target of 20% blending of ethanol in petrol is proposed by Ethanol
Supply Year (ESY) 2025-26.
• An indicative target of 5% blending of [Link] co diesel /direct sale of
m

biodiesel is proposed by 2030. 6 @

gm
r49
• Role of Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food ak
um & Public Distribution: to
a
y
provide suitable financial incentives r lak for setting up of 1G ethanol
sh
o
distilleries from various feed stocks
O n ly f

• export of biofuels will generally not be permitted except approval of

NBCC
o When there is surplus of biofuels
o Very high price resulting in poor sales
o In case of emergencies
 om
il.c
gma
6@
r49
uma
y ak
ksh
for la
ly
On

Copyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [[Link]] Subject, Topic & Expert

 Renewable Purchase Obligations
• DISCOMs are required to have certain proportion of clean
energy supplies
• Under the Electricity Act 2003 and the National o m Tariff Policy
c
2006 gm
ail .
6@
r49
• Fixed by state power regulators kum a
ya
• RPOs are categorized as Solar
for
la and Non Solar RPO.
k sh
ly
On
 Renewable Energy Certificates
• market-based instrument to
promote renewable sources of
energy
• equivalent to 1 MWh of electricity
injected into the grid from m
renewable energy sources ai l . co
• traded on two power exchanges — gm
6@
Indian Energy Exchange a r49
(IEX) and Power Exchange of India y ak
um
(PXIL) lak
sh
r
• contained between the ‘floor price’ nly fo
(minimum price) and ‘forbearanceO
price’ (maximum price) specified by
the Central Electricity Regulatory
Commission (CERC).
• distribution companies, Open Access
consumer, Captive Power Plants
(CPPs) are eligible of purchasing the
REC.
 Hydrogen
• Benefits of Hydrogen as source of
Energy: om
il.c
o Renewability: Use of Water gma
9 6@
o High Energy Density m ar4
ku
o Clean burning h ya
s
r lak
o Efficiency: Fuel cells can be 80%
nly
fefficient
o
O
• Challenges:
o Production
o Storage and Transportation
o Cost
o Safety
o Lack of Infrastructure
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Hydrogen Color Spectrum based on source

om
il.c
gma
6@
r49
uma
y ak
ksh
for la
ly
On

Copyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [[Link]] Subject, Topic & Expert

 Hydrogen
• Fuel cells:
o uses the chemical energy of hydrogen or m
other fuels to cleanly and efficiently i l . co
a
produce electricity. gm
@
o hydrogen is the fuel, the only products are ar496
electricity, water, and heat. um
y ak
o can provide power for systems as large ak
sas
h
a utility power station and as small fas o a
r l
laptop computer. O n ly
o they do not run down or need recharging.
o They produce electricity and heat as long
as fuel is supplied
o All batteries: negative electrode (anode)
and a positive electrode (or cathode)—
sandwiched around an electrolyte.
o hydrogen, is fed to the anode, and air is
fed to the cathode.

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 Hydrogen
• National Green Hydrogen
Mission: gma
il.c
om

@
o green hydrogen production capacity: a r49
6

5 Million Metric Tonne per annum yakum

sh
o with an addition of about 125 GW r lak
o
n ly f
o Rs. 8 lakh crore investmentsO
o 6 lakh jobs
o reduction in fossil fuel imports over
Rs. 1 lakh crore
o Abatement of nearly 50 MMT of
annual greenhouse gas emissions

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 Hydrogen
• National Green Hydrogen Mission:
o creation of export opportunities for Green Hydrogenom and its derivatives
c
o Decarbonisation of industrial, mobility and energy a sectors
i l .
gm
o development of indigenous manufacturing capabilities 6@
r49
o development of cutting-edge technologies um
a
y ak
o Under the Strategic Interventions for lak
sGreen
h Hydrogen Transition
Programme (SIGHT), two distinct ofinancial
r incentive mechanisms –
ly f
targeting domestic manufacturing
O n of electrolysers and production of Green
Hydrogen – will be provided under the Mission.
o a public-private partnership framework for R&D (Strategic Hydrogen
Innovation Partnership – SHIP) will be facilitated
o A coordinated skill development programme will also be undertaken under
the Mission.
o Under MNRE

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 Coal Gasification
• Gasification of coal is a process in which
coal is partially oxidated by air, oxygen,
steam or carbon dioxide under controlled
conditions to produce a fuel gas. (Syn Gas m
– CO + H2)+CO2, CH4 ai l . co
• The hydrogen obtained from gm
6@
coal gasification can be used for various a r49
purposes such as ya
ku
m
o making ammonia, powering a hydrogen laksh
economy, or upgrading fossil fuels. y for
nl
• The by-products of coal gas manufacture
O
included
o coke, coal tar, sulfur and ammonia; all useful
products.
o Dyes, medicines, including sulfa
drugs, saccharin and many organic
compounds are therefore derived from coal
gas.

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 Geothermal
• India’s first-ever geothermal field
development project in Leh
m
• thermal energy generated and stored ai l . co
inside the Earth’s crust. 6@
gm
r49
• electricity generated from the heat um
a
source within the earth’s crust. sh
y ak
lak
• 7 geothermal provinces in India:ly fo r
o On
Himalayas - Ladakh, Manikaran, Tapoban
o Sohana -Haryana, Rajasthan
o West coast – Maharashtra
o Cambay – Khambet
o Son-Narmada-Tapi (SONATA) - Tatapani,
Anhoni-Samoni
o Godavari – Manuguru
o Mahanadi – Bakreshwar

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 om
il.c
gma
6@
r49
uma
y ak
ksh
for la
India’s Energy ly
On
Production

Copyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [[Link]] Subject, Topic & Expert

 om
il.c
gma
6@
r49
uma
y ak
ksh
for la
ly
On

India’s Energy
Production

Copyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [[Link]] Subject, Topic & Expert

 om
il.c
gma
6@
r49
uma
y ak
sh
2014
k
for la
ly
On

Copyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [[Link]] Subject, Topic & Expert

 2012

om
il.c
gma
6@
r49
uma
y ak
ksh
for la
ly
On

Copyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [[Link]] Subject, Topic & Expert

 om
il.c
gma
6@
r49
uma
y ak
sh
2015
k
for la
ly
On

Copyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [[Link]] Subject, Topic & Expert

 om
il.c
gma
6@
r49
uma
y ak
sh
2016
k
for la
ly
On

Copyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [[Link]] Subject, Topic & Expert

 om
il.c
gma
6@
r49
uma
y ak
sh
2017
k
for la
ly
On

Copyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [[Link]] Subject, Topic & Expert

 om
il.c
gma
6@
r49
uma
y ak
ksh
for la 2019
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On

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 om
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ksh
for la 2020
ly
On

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 om
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gma
6@
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uma
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ksh
for la 2022
ly
On

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 om
il.c
gma
6@
r49
uma
y ak
ksh
for la 2023
ly
On

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 om
il.c
gma
6@
r49
uma
y ak
ksh
for la 2023
ly
On

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 om
il.c
gma
6@
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uma
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for la 2024
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On

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 om
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gma
6@
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uma
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for la 2024
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On

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 om
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gma
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for la 2024
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On

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 om
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uma
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On

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 Afforestation
• Significance of Forest as an ecosystem
• Forest Conservation co
m
ail.
o At Global Scale : REDD and REDD+ @
g m
96
o At National Scale ma
r4
ku
ya
laksh
or
ly f
On

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 om
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gma
6@
r49
uma
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for la
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On

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 om
il.c
gma
6@
r49
uma
y ak
sh
2015
k
for la
ly
On

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 om
il.c
gma
6@
r49
uma
y ak
sh
2016
k
for la
ly
On

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 om
il.c
gma
6@
r49
uma
y ak
sh
2016
k
for la
ly
On

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 om
il.c
gma
6@
r49
uma
y ak
sh
2018
k
for la
ly
On

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 om
il.c
gma
6@
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uma
y ak
ksh
for la 2019
ly
On

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 om
il.c
gma
6@
r49
uma
y ak
ksh
for la 2021
ly
On

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 om
il.c
gma
6@
r49
uma
y ak
ksh
for la 2021
ly
On

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 om
il.c
gma
6@
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uma
y ak
ksh
for la 2022
ly
On

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 om
il.c
gma
6@
r49
uma
y ak
ksh
for la 2019
ly
On

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 om
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 Water Conservation

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 Water Conservation

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 Water Conservation
Source of Fresh Water Percentage

Ice Caps, Glaciers and Permanent snow om 68.66%

il.c
gma
Ground Water 6@ 30.1%
r49
Ground Ice and Permafrost ma 0.86%
ku
ya
laksh
Lakes or 0.26%
ly f
Soil Moisture On 0.05%

Atomosphere 0.04%

Swamp Water 0.03%

Rivers 0.006%

Biological Water 0.003%

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 Water Conservation
• Annual per-capita water availability
o < 1700 cubic meters: water stressed
o < 1000 cubic meters water scarce
m
• India i l . co
a
gm
o 18% of the world’s population, but only 4% of its water resources. 6@
r 49
o Per capita availability: 1486 cubic meters in 2021 um a
k
o Largest use of groundwater resources h ya
s
o 25% of global groundwater extraction r lak
o
ly f
o Agriculture (90%) On
• Impact
o Lowering Groundwater Table
o Increase in concentration of contaminant
o Cost of extraction
o Land subsidence
o Salt water intrusion in coastal areas

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 Water Conservation
• Challenges
Monsoon variability and inadequate rainfall
o
Continuing increase in demand because of rising population, industrial activity
o
Agricultural policies: MSP regime, water intensive crops, free subsidy
o m on electricity
i l . co
Growing concretization
o a
gm
Sand mining
o 6@
a r49
Hard rock terrain in southern states
o um
ak
• Government Initiatives: lak
sh
y
r
o National Water Policy 2012 ly f
o
n
o Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee YojanaO
• Per drop more crop
• Watershed development
• Neeranchal Watershed development
o Atal Bhujal Yojana
o Jal Jeevan Mission
o Jal Shakti Abhiyaan
o Guidelines for groundwater regulation

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 Water Conservation
• Government Institutions
o Central Water Commission
o Central Ground Water Board
o Central Ground Water Authority om
il.c
• Step Forward ma g
6 @
o 9
Preventing misuse in agriculture: Irrigation techniques – Crop diversification, drip irrigation
m ar4
o Artificial Recharge Techniques ku
o Monitoring h ya
s
o Watershed Development r lak
o
ly f
o Rainwater Harvesting On

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 Water Conservation
• National Water Policy, 2012:
o need for a national water framework law
o Except basic necessities water be treated as economic good so as to promote its conservation and efficient use.
o Ecological needs of the river m
i l . co
o Adaptation strategies in view of climate change a
gm
o Water Audits 6@
o Setting up of Water Regulatory Authority a r49
um
o Reuse and Recycle y ak
sh to collect and retain a portion of water charges
o Water Users Associations should be given statutory powers
r lak
o
o
n ly f supply
Removal of large disparity in stipulations for water
o community participation O
o grants to the States to update technology

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 Sand Mining
• Sand – a minor mineral as per Mines and
Mineral (Development and Regulation) Act,
1957
• Environmental Impact:
o River course change
o Bank Erosion
om
o Flooding il.c
ma
o Lowering of Groundwater table @
g
6
o Biodiversity loss r49
• Steps taken: uma
y ak
o empowers state governments to ksh
frame rules for la
o Districts to have comprehensive mining ly
On
plan
o Define the mining and no mining
zones: Prefer abandoned stream
channels
o No Riverbed mining in Monsson
o Use of technology
o Annual audit of mining lease
o Online portal for sale and purchase of
sand and river bed material
 om
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gma
6@
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uma
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ksh
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 2012

om
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gma
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uma
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ksh
for la
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On

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 2012

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gma
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uma
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ksh
for la
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On

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 om
il.c
gma
6@
r49
uma
y ak
sh
2013
k
for la
ly
On

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 om
il.c
gma
6@
r49
uma
y ak
ksh
for la 2022
ly
On

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 om
il.c
gma
6@
r49
uma
y ak
sh
2018
k
for la
ly
On

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 om
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gma
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uma
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ksh
for la 2020
ly
On

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 om
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uma
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ksh
for la 2021
ly
On

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 om
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On

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 Sustainable Agriculture
• Issues with Modern Agriculture practices
• How to achieve sustainability in Agriculture co
m
ai l .
• Steps taken by Government ofr496India @
gm
a
um
• FAO GIAHS sites lak
sh
y ak

for
Only

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 Sustainable Agriculture

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 Sustainable Agriculture

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 Sustainable Agriculture

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 Sustainable Agriculture

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 Sustainable Agriculture

om
il.c
gma
6@
r49
uma
y ak
ksh
for la
ly
On

Permaculture

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 Some Important Acts
• Environment Protection Act, 1986
• NGT Act, 2002 om
il.c
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6@
r49
uma
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ksh
for la
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On

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 Under Environment
Protection Act, 1986

om
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gma
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uma
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ksh
for la
ly
On

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 om
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uma
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ksh
for la
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On

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 Environmental Impact Assessment
• Meaning
• Steps om
il.c
ma
• EIA in India r49
6@
g

ma
o Draft EIA 2020 y ak
u
ksh
for la
ly
On

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 om
il.c
gma
6@
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uma
y ak
ksh
for la
ly
On

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 2012

om
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uma
y ak
ksh
for la
ly
On

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 2012

om
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gma
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uma
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ksh
for la
ly
On

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 om
il.c
gma
6@
r49
uma
y ak
sh
2012
k
for la
ly
On

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 om
il.c
gma
6@
r49
uma
y ak
sh
2013
k
for la
ly
On

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 om
il.c
gma
6@
r49
uma
y ak
sh
2013
k
for la
ly
On

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 om
il.c
gma
6@
r49
uma
y ak
sh
2014
k
for la
ly
On

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 om
il.c
gma
6@
r49
uma
y ak
sh
2014
k
for la
ly
On

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 om
il.c
gma
6@
r49
uma
y ak
sh
2014
k
for la
ly
On

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 om
il.c
gma
6@
r49
uma
y ak
sh
2015
k
for la
ly
On

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 om
il.c
gma
6@
r49
uma
y ak
sh
2015
k
for la
ly
On

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 om
il.c
gma
6@
r49
uma
y ak
sh
2016
k
for la
ly
On

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 om
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6@
r49
uma
y ak
sh
2016
k
for la
ly
On

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 om
il.c
gma
6@
r49
uma
y ak
sh
2017
k
for la
ly
On

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 om
il.c
gma
6@
r49
uma
y ak
sh
2018
k
for la
ly
On

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 om
il.c
gma
6@
r49
uma
y ak
sh
2018
k
for la
ly
On

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 om
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gma
6@
r49
uma
y ak
sh
2018
k
for la
ly
On

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 om
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gma
6@
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uma
y ak
ksh
for la 2019
ly
On

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 om
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gma
6@
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uma
y ak
ksh
for la 2019
ly
On

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 om
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6@
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y ak
ksh
for la 2020
ly
On

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 om
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gma
6@
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uma
y ak
ksh
for la 2020
ly
On

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 om
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6@
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uma
y ak
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for la 2020
ly
On

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 om
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for la 2020
ly
On

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 om
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for la 2021
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On

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 om
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for la 2021
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On

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 om
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for la 2022
ly
On

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 om
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for la 2022
ly
On

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 om
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uma
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ksh
for la 2023
ly
On

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 om
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uma
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ksh
for la 2024
ly
On

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 om
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uma
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ksh
for la
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