Introduction to

JavaScript

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Polytechnic AY 2021 - 2022
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BSIS / ACT Date Revised:
IS – OOP – 223 College January 12, 2023
Object-Oriented
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(JavaScript) Document No. Reynaldo P. Santos
Revision # 02
COURSE DESCRIPTION

This course introduces the students to object-oriented

programming using JavaScript. It includes the following topics: design
patterns, methods and properties, inheritance, polymorphism and
encapsulation. Students will also learn the use of information hiding, classes,
exception handling and event-based systems. In the laboratory, the concepts
discussed in the lecture will be reinforced.

LEARNING OUTCOMES:

Expected Graduate Attributes General Learning Outcome

1. Critical and creative thinker. 1. Acquires through knowledge the
2. Good working attitude. vision, mission, goals and
3. Globally and Technologically objectives of the College.
competitive IT Professionals. 2. Demonstrate support to the vision,
4. Competent, sensitive, productive, mission, goals and objectives in
and responsive member of society maintaining high quality
5. Well-informed and expert education.
communicator in his field of 3. Understand object-oriented
specialization. programming concepts along with
6. Capable, creative and Java syntax to implement them.
research/service oriented IT Expert. 4. Understand the fundamentals of
7. Morally and socially responsive. structured logic using decisions,
loops, and array manipulation.
5. Acquire the necessary skills and
understanding of Object-Oriented
Programming
6. Develop a program using the
language.

Bulacan Date Developed:

Polytechnic AY 2021 - 2022
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BSIS / ACT Date Revised:
IS – OOP – 223 College January 12, 2023
Object-Oriented
Programming Developed by:
(JavaScript) Document No. Reynaldo P. Santos
Revision # 02
 Object-Oriented Programming (JavaScript)

List of Modules

No. MODULE TITLE MODULE CODE

1 Introduction to JavaScript IS – OOP 223 – 1

JavaScript Programming :
2 IS – OOP 223 – 2
Fundamentals

3 JavaScript Control Structure IS – OOP 223 – 3

4 JavaScript Array Objects IS – OOP 223 – 4

JavaScript Methods, Classes and

5 IS – OOP 223 – 5
Object

6 JavaScript Advance Concepts IS – OOP 223 – 6

Bulacan Date Developed:

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BSIS / ACT Date Revised:
IS – OOP – 223 College January 12, 2023
Object-Oriented
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(JavaScript) Document No. Reynaldo P. Santos
Revision # 02
 MODULE CONTENT

COURSE TITLE: Object-Oriented Programming (JavaScript)

MODULE TITLE: Introduction to JavaScript

NOMINAL DURATION: __8___ HRS

SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this module, you MUST be able to:
1. Discussed the fundamental concepts of JavaScript Programming
2. Identify the Features of JavaScript.
3. Develop a program using the language.

TOPIC: (SUB TOPIC)

I. Introduction

1. Programming
2. Object-oriented programming
3. The JavaScript programming language
3.1 Starting a program
3.2 Adding comments
3.3 Running a program
3.4 Modifying a program

ASSESSMENT METHOD/S:
Quiz, Oral Recitation, Peer Learning

REFERENCES:
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

Bulacan Date Developed:

Polytechnic AY 2021 - 2022
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BSIS / ACT Date Revised:
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Object-Oriented
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Revision # 02
 Information Sheet
Introduction to JavaScript

Learning Objectives:
After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to:
1. Discussed the fundamental concepts of JavaScript Programming
2. Identify the Features of JavaScript.
3. Develop a program using the language.

Javascript Introduction

JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language. It is designed

for creating network-centric applications. It is complimentary to and integrated
with Java. JavaScript is very easy to implement because it is integrated with
HTML. It is open and cross-platform.

Why to Learn Javascript

Javascript is a MUST for students and working professionals to become a

great Software Engineer especially when they are working in Web Development
Domain. I will list down some of the key advantages of learning Javascript:

 Javascript is the most popular programming language in the world and

that makes it a programmer’s great choice. Once you learnt Javascript, it
helps you developing great front-end as well as back-end softwares using
different Javascript based frameworks like jQuery, [Link] etc.
 Javascript is everywhere, it comes installed on every modern web
browser and so to learn Javascript you really do not need any special
environment setup. For example Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Safari and
every browser you know as of today, supports Javascript.
 Javascript helps you create really beautiful and crazy fast websites. You
can develop your website with a console like look and feel and give your
users the best Graphical User Experience.
 JavaScript usage has now extended to mobile app development, desktop
app development, and game development. This opens many
opportunities for you as Javascript Programmer.
 Due to high demand, there is tons of job growth and high pay for those
who know JavaScript. You can navigate over to different job sites to see
what having JavaScript skills look like in the job market.
 Great thing about Javascript is that you will find tons of frameworks and
Libraries already developed which can be used directly in your software
development to reduce your time to market.

There could be 1000s of good reasons to learn Javascript Programming. But

one thing for sure, to learn any programming language, not only Javascript,
you just need to code, and code and finally code until you become expert.

Hello World using Javascript

Just to give you a little excitement about Javascript programming, I'm going
to give you a small conventional Javascript Hello World program, you can try it
using Demo link

Bulacan Date Developed:

Polytechnic AY 2021 - 2022
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BSIS / ACT Date Revised:
IS – OOP – 223 College January 12, 2023
Object-Oriented
Programming Developed by:
(JavaScript) Document No. Reynaldo P. Santos
Revision # 02
<html>
<body>
<script language = "javascript" type = "text/javascript">
<!--
[Link]("Hello World!")
//-->
</script>
</body>
</html>

There are many useful Javascript frameworks and libraries available:

 Angular
 React
 jQuery
 [Link]
 [Link]
 [Link]
 Meteor
 Mithril
 [Link]
 Polymer
 Aurelia
 [Link]

It is really impossible to give a complete list of all the available Javascript

frameworks and libraries. The Javascript world is just too large and too much
new is happening.

Applications of Javascript Programming

As mentioned before, Javascript is one of the most widely used programming

languages (Front-end as well as Back-end). It has it's presence in almost every
area of software development. I'm going to list few of them here:

 Client side validation - This is really important to verify any user input
before submitting it to the server and Javascript plays an important role
in validating those inputs at front-end itself.
 Manipulating HTML Pages - Javascript helps in manipulating HTML
page on the fly. This helps in adding and deleting any HTML tag very
easily using javascript and modify your HTML to change its look and feel
based on different devices and requirements.
 User Notifications - You can use Javascript to raise dynamic pop-ups
on the webpages to give different types of notifications to your website
visitors.
 Back-end Data Loading - Javascript provides Ajax library which helps in
loading back-end data while you are doing some other processing. This
really gives an amazing experience to your website visitors.
 Presentations - JavaScript also provides the facility of creating
presentations which gives website look and feel. JavaScript provides
RevealJS and BespokeJS libraries to build web-based slide
presentations.
 Server Applications - Node JS is built on Chrome's Javascript runtime
for building fast and scalable network applications. This is an event

Bulacan Date Developed:

Polytechnic AY 2021 - 2022
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BSIS / ACT Date Revised:
IS – OOP – 223 College January 12, 2023
Object-Oriented
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Revision # 02
 based library which helps in developing very sophisticated server
applications including Web Servers.

This list goes on, there are various areas where millions of software developers
are happily using Javascript to develop great websites and others softwares.

JavaScript - Overview

What is JavaScript?

JavaScript is a dynamic computer programming language. It is lightweight and

most commonly used as a part of web pages, whose implementations allow
client-side script to interact with the user and make dynamic pages. It is an
interpreted programming language with object-oriented capabilities.

JavaScript was first known as LiveScript, but Netscape changed its name to
JavaScript, possibly because of the excitement being generated by Java.
JavaScript made its first appearance in Netscape 2.0 in 1995 with the name
LiveScript. The general-purpose core of the language has been embedded in
Netscape, Internet Explorer, and other web browsers.

The ECMA-262 Specification defined a standard version of the core JavaScript

language.

 JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language.

 Designed for creating network-centric applications.
 Complementary to and integrated with Java.
 Complementary to and integrated with HTML.
 Open and cross-platform

Client-Side JavaScript

Client-side JavaScript is the most common form of the language. The script
should be included in or referenced by an HTML document for the code to be
interpreted by the browser.

It means that a web page need not be a static HTML, but can include programs
that interact with the user, control the browser, and dynamically create HTML
content.

The JavaScript client-side mechanism provides many advantages over

traditional CGI server-side scripts. For example, you might use JavaScript to
check if the user has entered a valid e-mail address in a form field.

The JavaScript code is executed when the user submits the form, and only if all
the entries are valid, they would be submitted to the Web Server.

JavaScript can be used to trap user-initiated events such as button clicks, link
navigation, and other actions that the user initiates explicitly or implicitly.

Bulacan Date Developed:

Polytechnic AY 2021 - 2022
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BSIS / ACT Date Revised:
IS – OOP – 223 College January 12, 2023
Object-Oriented
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Revision # 02
Advantages of JavaScript

The merits of using JavaScript are −

 Less server interaction − You can validate user input before sending
the page off to the server. This saves server traffic, which means less load
on your server.
 Immediate feedback to the visitors − They don't have to wait for a page
reload to see if they have forgotten to enter something.
 Increased interactivity − You can create interfaces that react when the
user hovers over them with a mouse or activates them via the keyboard.
 Richer interfaces − You can use JavaScript to include such items as
drag-and-drop components and sliders to give a Rich Interface to your
site visitors.

Limitations of JavaScript

We cannot treat JavaScript as a full-fledged programming language. It lacks

the following important features −

 Client-side JavaScript does not allow the reading or writing of files. This
has been kept for security reason.
 JavaScript cannot be used for networking applications because there is
no such support available.
 JavaScript doesn't have any multi-threading or multiprocessor
capabilities.

Once again, JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language that

allows you to build interactivity into otherwise static HTML pages.

JavaScript Development Tools

One of major strengths of JavaScript is that it does not require expensive

development tools. You can start with a simple text editor such as Notepad.
Since it is an interpreted language inside the context of a web browser, you
don't even need to buy a compiler.

To make our life simpler, various vendors have come up with very nice
JavaScript editing tools. Some of them are listed here −

 Microsoft FrontPage − Microsoft has developed a popular HTML editor

called FrontPage. FrontPage also provides web developers with a number
of JavaScript tools to assist in the creation of interactive websites.
 Macromedia Dreamweaver MX − Macromedia Dreamweaver MX is a
very popular HTML and JavaScript editor in the professional web
development crowd. It provides several handy prebuilt JavaScript
components, integrates well with databases, and conforms to new
standards such as XHTML and XML.
 Macromedia HomeSite 5 − HomeSite 5 is a well-liked HTML and
JavaScript editor from Macromedia that can be used to manage personal
websites effectively.

Bulacan Date Developed:

Polytechnic AY 2021 - 2022
8 of 15
BSIS / ACT Date Revised:
IS – OOP – 223 College January 12, 2023
Object-Oriented
Programming Developed by:
(JavaScript) Document No. Reynaldo P. Santos
Revision # 02
Where is JavaScript Today?

The ECMAScript Edition 5 standard will be the first update to be released in

over four years. JavaScript 2.0 conforms to Edition 5 of the ECMAScript
standard, and the difference between the two is extremely minor.

Today, Netscape's JavaScript and Microsoft's JScript conform to the

ECMAScript standard, although both the languages still support the features
that are not a part of the standard.

JavaScript - Syntax

JavaScript can be implemented using JavaScript statements that are placed

within the <script>... </script> HTML tags in a web page.

You can place the <script> tags, containing your JavaScript, anywhere within
your web page, but it is normally recommended that you should keep it within
the <head> tags.

The <script> tag alerts the browser program to start interpreting all the text
between these tags as a script. A simple syntax of your JavaScript will appear
as follows.

<script ...>
JavaScript code
</script>

The script tag takes two important attributes −

 Language − this attribute specifies what scripting language you are

using. Typically, its value will be javascript. Although recent versions of
HTML (and XHTML, its successor) have phased out the use of this
attribute.
 Type − this attribute is what is now recommended to indicate the
scripting language in use and its value should be set to "text/javascript".

So your JavaScript segment will look like −

<script language = "javascript" type = "text/javascript">

JavaScript code
</script>

Your First JavaScript Code

Let us take a sample example to print out "Hello World". We added an optional
HTML comment that surrounds our JavaScript code. This is to save our code
from a browser that does not support JavaScript. The comment ends with a
"//-->". Here "//" signifies a comment in JavaScript, so we add that to prevent
a browser from reading the end of the HTML comment as a piece of JavaScript
code. Next, we call a function [Link] which writes a string into our
HTML document.

This function can be used to write text, HTML, or both. Take a look at the
following code.

Bulacan Date Developed:

Polytechnic AY 2021 - 2022
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BSIS / ACT Date Revised:
IS – OOP – 223 College January 12, 2023
Object-Oriented
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(JavaScript) Document No. Reynaldo P. Santos
Revision # 02
<html>
<body>
<script language = "javascript" type = "text/javascript">
<!--
[Link]("Hello World!")
//-->
</script>
</body>
</html>

This code will produce the following result −

Hello World!

Whitespace and Line Breaks

JavaScript ignores spaces, tabs, and newlines that appear in JavaScript

programs. You can use spaces, tabs, and newlines freely in your program and
you are free to format and indent your programs in a neat and consistent way
that makes the code easy to read and understand.

Semicolons are Optional

Simple statements in JavaScript are generally followed by a semicolon

character, just as they are in C, C++, and Java. JavaScript, however, allows
you to omit this semicolon if each of your statements are placed on a separate
line. For example, the following code could be written without semicolons.

<script language = "javascript" type = "text/javascript">

<!--
var1 = 10
var2 = 20
//-->
</script>

But when formatted in a single line as follows, you must use semicolons −

<script language = "javascript" type = "text/javascript">

<!--
var1 = 10; var2 = 20;
//-->
</script>

Note − It is a good programming practice to use semicolons.

Case Sensitivity

JavaScript is a case-sensitive language. This means that the language

keywords, variables, function names, and any other identifiers must always be
typed with a consistent capitalization of letters.

So the identifiers Time and TIME will convey different meanings in JavaScript.

NOTE − Care should be taken while writing variable and function names in
JavaScript.

Bulacan Date Developed:

Polytechnic AY 2021 - 2022
10 of 15
BSIS / ACT Date Revised:
IS – OOP – 223 College January 12, 2023
Object-Oriented
Programming Developed by:
(JavaScript) Document No. Reynaldo P. Santos
Revision # 02
Comments in JavaScript

JavaScript supports both C-style and C++-style comments, Thus −

 Any text between a // and the end of a line is treated as a comment and
is ignored by JavaScript.
 Any text between the characters /* and */ is treated as a comment. This
may span multiple lines.
 JavaScript also recognizes the HTML comment opening sequence <!--.
JavaScript treats this as a single-line comment, just as it does the //
comment.
 The HTML comment closing sequence --> is not recognized by JavaScript
so it should be written as //-->.

Example

The following example shows how to use comments in JavaScript.

<script language = "javascript" type = "text/javascript">

<!--
// This is a comment. It is similar to comments in C++

/*
* This is a multi-line comment in JavaScript
* It is very similar to comments in C Programming
*/
//-->
</script>

Enabling JavaScript in Browsers

All the modern browsers come with built-in support for JavaScript. Frequently,
you may need to enable or disable this support manually. This chapter
explains the procedure of enabling and disabling JavaScript support in your
browsers: Internet Explorer, Firefox, chrome, and Opera.

JavaScript in Internet Explorer

Here are simple steps to turn on or turn off JavaScript in your Internet
Explorer −

 Follow Tools → Internet Options from the menu.

 Select Security tab from the dialog box.
 Click the Custom Level button.
 Scroll down till you find Scripting option.
 Select Enable radio button under Active scripting.
 Finally click OK and come out

To disable JavaScript support in your Internet Explorer, you need to select

Disable radio button under Active scripting.

JavaScript in Firefox

Here are the steps to turn on or turn off JavaScript in Firefox −

Bulacan Date Developed:

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IS – OOP – 223 College January 12, 2023
Object-Oriented
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Revision # 02
  Open a new tab → type about: config in the address bar.
 Then you will find the warning dialog. Select I’ll be careful, I promise!
 Then you will find the list of configure options in the browser.
 In the search bar, type [Link].
 There you will find the option to enable or disable javascript by right-
clicking on the value of that option → select toggle.

If [Link] is true; it converts to false upon clicking toogle. If

javascript is disabled; it gets enabled upon clicking toggle.

JavaScript in Chrome

Here are the steps to turn on or turn off JavaScript in Chrome −

 Click the Chrome menu at the top right hand corner of your browser.
 Select Settings.
 Click Show advanced settings at the end of the page.
 Under the Privacy section, click the Content settings button.
 In the "Javascript" section, select "Do not allow any site to run
JavaScript" or "Allow all sites to run JavaScript (recommended)".

JavaScript in Opera

Here are the steps to turn on or turn off JavaScript in Opera −

 Follow Tools → Preferences from the menu.

 Select Advanced option from the dialog box.
 Select Content from the listed items.
 Select Enable JavaScript checkbox.
 Finally click OK and come out.

To disable JavaScript support in your Opera, you should not select the Enable
JavaScript checkbox.

Warning for Non-JavaScript Browsers

If you have to do something important using JavaScript, then you can display a
warning message to the user using <noscript> tags.

You can add a noscript block immediately after the script block as follows −

<html>
<body>
<script language = "javascript" type = "text/javascript">
<!--
[Link]("Hello World!")
//-->
</script>

<noscript>
Sorry...JavaScript is needed to go ahead.
</noscript>
</body>
</html>

Bulacan Date Developed:

Polytechnic AY 2021 - 2022
12 of 15
BSIS / ACT Date Revised:
IS – OOP – 223 College January 12, 2023
Object-Oriented
Programming Developed by:
(JavaScript) Document No. Reynaldo P. Santos
Revision # 02
Now, if the user's browser does not support JavaScript or JavaScript is not
enabled, then the message from </noscript> will be displayed on the screen.

JavaScript - Placement in HTML File

There is a flexibility given to include JavaScript code anywhere in an HTML

document. However the most preferred ways to include JavaScript in an HTML
file are as follows −

 Script in <head>...</head> section.

 Script in <body>...</body> section.
 Script in <body>...</body> and <head>...</head> sections.
 Script in an external file and then include in <head>...</head> section.

In the following section, we will see how we can place JavaScript in an HTML
file in different ways.

JavaScript in <head>...</head> section

If you want to have a script run on some event, such as when a user clicks
somewhere, then you will place that script in the head as follows −

<html>
<head>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
function sayHello() {
alert("Hello World")
}
//-->
</script>
</head>

<body>
<input type = "button" onclick = "sayHello()" value = "Say Hello" />
</body>
</html>

This code will produce the following results −

JavaScript in <body>...</body> section

If you need a script to run as the page loads so that the script generates
content in the page, then the script goes in the <body> portion of the
document. In this case, you would not have any function defined using
JavaScript. Take a look at the following code.

<html>
<head>
</head>

Bulacan Date Developed:

Polytechnic AY 2021 - 2022
13 of 15
BSIS / ACT Date Revised:
IS – OOP – 223 College January 12, 2023
Object-Oriented
Programming Developed by:
(JavaScript) Document No. Reynaldo P. Santos
Revision # 02
 <body>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
[Link]("Hello World")
//-->
</script>

<p>This is web page body </p>

</body>
</html>

This code will produce the following results −

Try it yourself to SEE the results.

JavaScript in <body> and <head> Sections

You can put your JavaScript code in <head> and <body> section altogether as
follows −

<html>
<head>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
function sayHello() {
alert("Hello World")
}
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
[Link]("Hello World")
//-->
</script>

<input type = "button" onclick = "sayHello()" value = "Say Hello" />

</body>
</html>

This code will produce the following result −

JavaScript in External File

As you begin to work more extensively with JavaScript, you will be likely to find
that there are cases where you are reusing identical JavaScript code on
multiple pages of a site.

You are not restricted to be maintaining identical code in multiple HTML files.
The script tag provides a mechanism to allow you to store JavaScript in an
external file and then include it into your HTML files.

Here is an example to show how you can include an external JavaScript file in
your HTML code using script tag and its src attribute.

Bulacan Date Developed:

Polytechnic AY 2021 - 2022
14 of 15
BSIS / ACT Date Revised:
IS – OOP – 223 College January 12, 2023
Object-Oriented
Programming Developed by:
(JavaScript) Document No. Reynaldo P. Santos
Revision # 02
<html>
<head>
<script type = "text/javascript" src = "[Link]" ></script>
</head>

<body>
.......
</body>
</html>

To use JavaScript from an external file source, you need to write all your
JavaScript source code in a simple text file with the extension ".js" and then
include that file as shown above.

For example, you can keep the following content in [Link] file and then
you can use sayHello function in your HTML file after including the [Link]
file.

function sayHello() {
alert("Hello World")
}

Bulacan Date Developed:

Polytechnic AY 2021 - 2022
15 of 15
BSIS / ACT Date Revised:
IS – OOP – 223 College January 12, 2023
Object-Oriented
Programming Developed by:
(JavaScript) Document No. Reynaldo P. Santos
Revision # 02