Refrigeration & Air
Conditioning ME- 415
week: 11
Lecture: 1
Level: 7th Semester, Fourth Year
Program: B.E. Mechanical Engineering
Credit Hours : 03
Topics: Chillers and chilled water systems
Course Teacher: Engr. Abdul Hadi
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Compressors
The compressors are constructed as Open, Hermetically Sealed and
Semi-Hermetic (semi-bolted) compressors.
In the open type compressor, the shaft extends out of the compressor and is
connected externally to the prime mover (electric motor or engine).
In the hermetically sealed motor-compressor unit, the entire assembly is
encapsulated, only the refrigerant lines and electrical connections extend
out of the housing.
In semi hermetic compressors, while the motor and compressor are
encapsulated, the heads of the compressors can be removed to gain access
to the pistons and valves for servicing. The motor is also accessible for
repair by removing the bolted plate.
In both hermetic and semi-hermetic compressors, the refrigerant is in
contact with the motor windings. So only halocarbon refrigerants, which do
not attack copper, can only be used; ammonia cannot be used.
Presently, ammonia compressors are always of the open type. Open type
compressors are usually
Semi Hermetic Compressor
Semi Hermetic Compressor
Semi Hermetic Compressor
Semi Hermetic Compressor
Hermetic Compressor
Open Type Compressor
Open compressors for
external drive (via V-belt
or clutch). Force
transmission is by a form-
fitting shaft connection.
The compressor design
can be compact, robust
and easy to handle,
naturally with oil pump
lubrication.
Chiller Connection (typical)
Chilled/Hot Water Circulating Pumps
Typical Connections to a Hydronic Coil
Coil Hook Up(Two Pipe System)
Chilled & Condenser Water Systems
Types of Piping Systems
There are three basic types of piping
systems: closed-loop, open-loop, and
once-thru.
Closed Loop Piping System (Evaporator)
In a closed-loop piping system, the
water is contained within a closed
piping system, or loop, through
which it circulates. While there may
be some nominal contact with the
air depending on the type of tank
used, the system is considered
closed to the environment.
Typically, closed-loop systems are
chemically treated to control
corrosion, scale, slime, and algae
within the piping but their chemical
treatment requirements typically
are not as extensive as an open-
loop..
Open-Loop (Condenser)
In an open-loop piping system,
the water is in constant
contact with the air and
the system is therefore
open to the atmosphere.
A typical example of an open-
loop system is a recirculating
condenser water system with a
cooling tower where the water is
circulated through the cooling
tower, sprayed over the tower
media surface, collected into the
tower basin, circulated through
the condenser, and then sent
back through the cooling tower
Once-Thru Piping System(Condenser)
In this type of system, water
Passes through the system
once and is then discharged.
An example of a once-thru system
would be a chiller with river water
piped into its water-cooled
condenser. The rejected heat from
the condenser is introduced back
into the river, which is not always
acceptable from an environmental
perspective.
In general, once-thru systems
that use “city” water are not
allowed because they use
excessive amounts of water.
Pipe Sizing for Closed and Open Loop Systems
Schematic Of a (Hydronic)
Hot Water Heating System
Schematic Of a (Hydronic)
Chilled Water System
Schematic Arrangement of a Hydronic
Heating and Cooling System
Water Distribution Systems (Hydronic Systems)
There are four main types of water distribution
systems. They are defined by the number of
pipes used in the system – 1-pipe, 2-pipe,
3-pipe, and 4-pipe. It is important to
understand the evolution from 1-pipe into the
other three systems, all of which are used for
heating as well as cooling.
1-Pipe Systems
One pipe is used both
for the supply and
return main. Its size is
constant throughout,
and all of the water in
the system flows
through it feeding one
or more zone heating
terminals
Advantages and Disadvantages of
One Pipe System
The 1-pipe system has been used for many years in
residential and smaller commercial buildings. It has been
used as a hot water distribution system and seldom, if
ever, for the distribution of chilled water.
Some advantages of the 1-pipe system include the simple
design of the system that requires one pipe size. This
simplicity of design leads to easy installation and low
installed cost.
Disadvantages:
The pumping head is generally higher than that in other
systems because of the resistances occurring in series.
That means the pump and pump energy is larger than
other distribution systems of comparable size.
One Pipe System (Disadvantages)
Change in water temperature: As the water moves through the
system, the water gets colder after each successive terminal because
of mixing, thus creates the possible need of larger units at the end of
the main for heating systems.
The 1-pipe system is poorly suited to chilled water.
The water quantity used in chilled-water systems is usually
considerably higher than that used for heating because the coil units
work on smaller temperature differentials in the cooling mode. In
order to economically accommodate higher flow rate, zone terminals
used for chilled water would need to be redesigned so they are not
prohibitively large, expensive, or space-consuming
2-Pipe Systems
The 2-pipe water distribution
system is used with both
heating and cooling
equipment containing water
coils. It is equally useful for
room fan coil units and
medium or large central air
handlers using combination
hot water and chilled water Some 2-pipe fan coil units are
equipped with electric heat in addition
coils. The 2-pipe system can to the heating capability of the hot
be used to distribute either water coil. This “touch up” electric
hot or cold water, or alternate heat can be used if heating is required
between the two. for a fan coil but the system is still not
changed over to the heating mode.
Two Pipe Direct Return System
The direct return system allows
piping to be run in the most direct
path to optimize piping costs. The
disadvantage is that the flow at
each fan coil unit or air handler
usually needs to be balanced using
a balancing valve. The length of the
water circuit through the supply
and return piping to each fan coil or
air handler is different in direct
return piping. Fan coils close to the
pump receive greater flow rate
than those further away unless
balancing is accomplished
Two Pipe Reverse Return System
The reverse return system is
piped so that the length of the
water circuit through the supply
and return piping to each fan coil
or air handler is essentially the
same. Therefore, pressure drops
are basically equal. Buildings
such as hotels with multiple
identical fan coil units with
identical flows are excellent
candidates for reverse return
systems.
Two Pipe Reverse Return System
The total piping length
(supply & return)
for any FCU/AHU remains
almost the same, resulting in the same pressure drop.
Thus when the piping is designed on the Equal Friction
Method, friction pressure drop for supply and return
piping for any FCU/AHU within the system remains
almost the same and flow regulating measures
(balancing valves) are not required. The resulting total
piping length ,of course, happens to be more than
corresponding two pipe direct return system.
Two Pipe Reverse Return System continued
Reverse return has greater pipe lengths and
cost. However, the cost of adding a
balancing valve for each fan coil using a
direct return system could offset the
additional costs of the added reverse return
piping.
If the individual fan coil or air handling unit
water pressure drops are not reasonably
close to each other, engineers will often
specify balancing valves anyway,
regardless of the piping arrangement.
Three Pipe System
The 3-pipe water distribution
system has two supply mains
feeding each zone terminal, one
for chilled water and one for hot
water, and a common return
main. The chilled water supply
and hot water supply lines are
sized according to normal
standards and the return is sized
to handle the maximum flow
rate (which is the cooling flow
rate). As with 2-pipe systems,
the return main can be either
direct return or reverse return
configuration.
Three Pipe System
Because of the two supply mains to each zone terminal,
there is always hot and cold water present at the entrance to
the zone coil ready to be used when needed. This gives any
fan coil or air handler supplied by the 3-pipe water
distribution system the ability to heat or cool at any time.
No changeover from summer to winter cycle is needed in the
3-pipe system.
However, the operating cost of this system can become
prohibitively high because of the mixing of hot and cold
return water. It is important to be familiar with 3-pipe
systems because they have been installed in existing
buildings and are still in use.
Four Pipe System
The 4-pipe water distribution
system is actually two, 2-pipe
systems in parallel; each
system consisting of its own
supply and return main. One
system is always distributing
chilled water to the units and
returning it to the chiller. The
other is distributing hot water
to the units and returning the
water to the boiler. Unlike the
3-pipe system, there is no
mixing of hotand cold water
PRIMARY / SECONDAY DISTRIBUTION SCHEME
Pipe Fittings