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General Introduction

The area of ​India is 3287263 sq. km. Nearest city to the Tropic of Cancer
India is the seventh largest country in
the world in terms of area. Bhopal -- 23°25'
(Russia > Canada > USA > China > Brazil Jabalpur -- 23°19
> Australia > India)
Ujjain -- 23°11'

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Ranchi -- 23°11'
The latitudinal extent of entire India is
Gandhinagar -- 23°19'
between 6°45' to 37°6' North latitude t

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Aizawl -- 23°36'
The latitudinal extent of the mainland Agartala -- 23°50'

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is (8°4'-37°6') North latitude and the Kolkata -- 22°30
longitudinal extent is between 68°7' to Raipur -- 21°16'

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97°25′ East longitude. Jodhpur -- 26°29'

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India occupies 2.4% of the total land The Mahi river crosses the Tropic of

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area. The Tropic of Cancer (23°30') Cancer twice. It originates from
passes through the middle of India. It

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Madhya Pradesh and falls into the Gulf
passes through a total of 8 states of L
of Khambhat.
India (Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya

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Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand,
The southernmost point of India -
West Bengal, Tripura, Mizoram). India
is spread in both tropical and Indira Point (It is 6°45' north latitude
subtropical zones. of Great Nicobar Island

82°30' East longitude has been chosen Southernmost point of the mainland -
as the standard longitude to Kanyakumari (Cape Comorin) located
determine the standard time of India. at 8°4'N latitude
First sunrise takes place in Arunachal
Pradesh. Westernmost point of India - Guhar
Moti of Gujarat
The standard time longitude line of
India passes through Naini in
Easternmost point of India - Kibithu in
Prayagraj. It passes through 5 states of
India -- Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Arunachal Pradesh
Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Andhra
Pradesh. Northernmost point of India - 37°6'N
latitude, located in Ladakh (Indira Col)

“सं कल्प से सिद्धि” 1 [Link]

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Territorial Border of India

The length of India's land border is 15200 km. India shares its land border with
Pakistan, Afghanistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar and Bangladesh.

India's longest international border is with Bangladesh and the shortest border
(106 km) is with Afghanistan.

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India-Myanmar Border - The length of
India-Bangladesh Border -- Longest
this border is 1643 km. It touches four
border (4096.7 km). It touches 5

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states - Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland,
states - Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura,
Manipur and Mizoram. The
Mizoram and West [Link] is

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Arakanyoma Mountains of Myanmar
surrounded by Bangladesh on three
form a long natural border between
sides

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India and Myanmar.

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India-China Border -- It is a natural
India-Bhutan Border - The length of
border of 3488 km. It touches 5
the border is 699 km. It touches four

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states/union territories - Himachal
states - Sikkim, West Bengal, Assam
Pradesh, Ladakh, Uttarakhand,

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and Arunachal Pradesh.
Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh. L

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India- Afghanistan Border - Length
India-Pakistan Border - It is 3323 km.
106 km. It was determined by
It was determined by Radcliffe in
Sermortier Durand in 1896.
1947. It touches Jammu-Kashmir,
Rajasthan, Ladakh, Punjab and
Note -
Gujarat.
McMahon Line - The border
between India and China was
India-Nepal Border - It is 1751 km
determined in the year 1914.
long. It touches 5 states-
.
Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar,
West Bengal and Sikkim. Bihar shares
the longest border (729 km) with
Nepal.

Maritime Boundaries of India

The coastline of mainland India is 6100 km.

Including islands, its total length is 7516.6 km.
Gujarat is the state with the longest coastline (1214.7 km)
Then Andhra Pradesh comes on second.

“सं कल्प से सिद्धि” 2 [Link]

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Aquatic Neighbouring Countries

India–Sri Lanka – separated by India-Myanmar - forms both water

the Palk Strait. and land border. At 14°5' north
latitude is Myanmar's Coco
India-Indonesia - There is a 6° Islands, which are separated from
Channel between Great Nicobar North Andaman Island by the Coco

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of India and Sumatra Island of Channel.

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Indonesia.

S O Terrestrial physical division of India

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The Indian landmass is a part of Gondwanaland. It disintegrated during the
intermediate Mesozoic period, in which the Indian landmass moved towards the

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north.

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In India, a huge reserve of coal is Lfound in the Gondwana rocks. From a
geographical point of view, the peninsular region is the oldest part of India.

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The rocks of peninsular India have the following sequence

(1) Archaean Rock System -

These are the oldest rocks.
These lack fossils.
It was the oldest folded mountain in the
world.

These are of gneiss, granite and schist (3) Cuddapah Rock System-
type. Formation - Erosion and deposition of
Expansion - Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, rocks of Dharwad series.
Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Lack of fossils.
Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Chhota Nagpur Expansion - in Andhra Pradesh,
plateau region. Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan

(2) Dharwar Rock System - (4) Vindhyan Rock System -

Formation - Formed by erosion and It was built after Cuddapah.
deposition of rocks of Archaean order. Formed by water deposits.
There is a lack of fossils. It forms the watershed line between the
The Aravalli Hills were formed during Gangetic plain and the Deccan plateau.
this period.

“सं कल्प से सिद्धि” 3 [Link]

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(5) Gondwana Rock System - (6) Deccan Traps -

More than 98% of India's coal is found Formed by volcanic eruption.
in these rocks. Expansion - Maharashtra, Gujarat and
Fossil remains are found. Madhya Pradesh.
This resulted in the formation of black
soil.

The Great Mountain Ranges Of The North

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The Greater Himalayas were formed during the Eocene and Oligocene periods of

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the Cenozoic era.
The middle Himalayas were formed in the Miocene period.

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The Shivalik Himalayas were formed in the Pliocene period.

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Territorial Division of Himalayas

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(1) Punjab or Kashmir Himalaya (4) Assam Himalaya

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560 km from Indus River to Sutlej 720 km from Teesta River to
River Brahmaputra River.

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Spread in Kashmir and Himachal L Teesta or Dihang.
Pradesh

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Dhauladhar, Pir Panjal, Zaskar, The newest mountain range in India
Ladakh, Karakoram ranges from is Shivalik. This is a new folded
south to north are included. mountain.

(2) Kumaon Himalaya - Patkai Hills are attached to Assam,

320 km between Sutlej and Kali Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram and
rivers. Nagaland. It forms the border of
The major peaks here are Badrinath, Arunachal Pradesh and Myanmar.
Kedarnath, Trishul, Gangotri,
Yamunotri, Hemkund Sahib, Nanda The Pir Panjal range extends from
Devi, Kamet. southeast to northwest in Himachal
Nanda Devi is the highest peak. Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir. It
is situated in the middle Himalayas.
(3) Nepal Himalayas The Kashmir valley is spread
Kali River to Tista River 800 km. between the Pir Panjal and the
Kanchenjunga, Makalu, Everest Great Himalayas. Its area is 4900
peaks are located. square km.
Kathmandu Valley is the main valley
here.

“सं कल्प से सिद्धि” 4 [Link]

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In the east is the Kathmandu valley, Fossil remains are found in the rocks of
which is spread in Nepal. It is located in the Himalayas.
the middle Himalayas. Kullu and Kangra
valleys are also located here. Remains of human civilization have
been found in Burzahom and Gufkral
The Kullu Valley is a transverse valley
situated in the Shivalik Himalayas.
located in Himachal Pradesh.

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The middle or lesser Himalayan range is
known as Himachal Himalaya.

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They were formed in the Precambrian period. This is the oldest mountain range in

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India
Its highest peak is Gurushikhar (1722 m).

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It is spread over a length of 800km covering Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana and Delhi.

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Jarga Hill (1431 m), Marwar Hills, Harshnath Hills are its branches.
It acts as a watershed.

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Banas River (tributary of Chambal) flowsL to its east, Mahi and Luni River flow to its

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west.

Peaks & Hills Of South India

The highest mountain peak in South India or Peninsular India is Anaimudi.

This is 2695 m. high peak.
It is part of the Western Ghats range.

Nilgiri Mountain
It is a mountain node where the Eastern and Western Ghats meet.
Its highest peak is Doddabetta (2637 m), which is the second highest peak in South
India.

The Narmada river flows on the northern part of the Satpura range and the Tapti river
flows on the southern part. The Satpura range is situated between the two rivers.

“सं कल्प से सिद्धि” 5 [Link]

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Cardamom Hills are also known as Ilaichi Hills.

It is located in the Western Ghats in South India on the borders of Kerala and
Tamil Nadu.
These hills are considered to be the southernmost part of the Western Ghats.

It extends for 1600 km from the Its western slope is steep and fast,

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mouth of the Tapti River to the Cape while the eastern slope is slow and
stepped. Its northern section is

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of Kanyakumari in the south.
It is spread across 6 states Gujarat, made up of lava i.e. basalt rocks and
the part from Goa to the south, it is

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Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Tamil
Nadu and Kerala. made up of granite and gneiss rocks.
The Western Ghats are also known as

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It is a block mountain formed by the
subduction of a block of land into the Sahyadri Mountains in Maharashtra,

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Arabian Sea. Goa, and Karnataka.
The average height of this ghat is The highest peak of the Northern

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1200 m. Sahyadri is Kalsubai (1646 m).

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The highest peak of Southern
L Sahyadri is Kundremukh (1892 m).

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Hills situated in Central India from Himalayan peaks in east to west
west to east - order:
Satpura Mahadev Maikal . Namcha Barwa (China) Kanchenjunga
Chotanagpur Mt. Everest Nanda Devi (Uttarakhand)

The most dense seismic zone in India The Gosaithan mountain range is
is located in the Himalayan region. located on the border of Nepal in
This region includes Northeast India, Tibet.
Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Nanda Devi, Kamet, Trishul mountain
Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand. peaks are located in the Uttarakhand
state of India.
Many longitudinal thrusts and faults
are found in the Himalayas. This is an Trishul mountain --
earthquake prone area due to the This peak is a group of three
movement of plates in these areas. Himalayan mountain peaks.
It is located in Bageshwar district of
The highest peak of India is Mount Uttarakhand.
Godwin Austin or K-2 (Karakoram Its highest peak is 7120m
Range). It is in Ladakh.

“सं कल्प से सिद्धि” 6 [Link]

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Kerala - Anaimudi (2695 m) Uttarakhand - Nanda Devi (7816 m.)

Madhya Pradesh - Dhoopgarh (1350m) Tamil Nadu - Doda Betta (2637 m.)
Nagaland - Saramati (3841 m.) Rajasthan - Gurushikhar (1722 m.)

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Satmala Hills - Maharashtra Mandovi Hills - Gujarat
Kaimur Hills - from Madhya Pradesh to Bihar Nallamalai Hills - Andhra Pradesh

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Naga Hills - India-Myanmar Border Shevaroy Hills - Tamil Nadu
Garo Hills - Meghalaya

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Pir Panjal Range - Jammu and Kashmir
Gadhjat Hills - Odisha Miri Hills - Arunachal Pradesh
Dalma Hills - Jharkhand

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Kollaimalai Hills - Tamil Nadu

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Kullu Valley -- Himachal Pradesh Mana Valley -- Uttarakhand
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Lahaul Valley -- Himachal Pradesh Nelang Valley -- Uttarakhand

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Kangra Valley -- Himachal Pradesh Valley of Flowers -- Uttarakhand
Kashmir Valley -- Jammu and Kashmir Dzukou Valley -- Manipur
Nubra Valley -- Ladakh Imphal Valley -- Manipur

Chang la -- Ladakh Shipkila -- in the Zaskar range of

Se La -- Arunachal Pradesh Himachal Pradesh
Nathu-la -- Sikkim -- Entry of Sutlej River
Pal Ghat -- Kerala Lipulekh -- Uttarakhand
Mana & Niti -- Uttarakhand Banihal -- Jammu and Kashmir
Rohtang -- Pirpanjal ranges of -- route passes through
Himachal Pradesh Jammu to Srinagar
Bomdila -- Arunachal Pradesh Jelepla -- Sikkim
-- Route to Tibet Karakoram -- in the Karakoram Hills
Bhor Ghat -- Maharashtra of Ladakh
(Located on Mumbai-Pune road) Zojila -- in Zaskar range of Ladakh
-- Route from Srinagar to Leh
passes through this pass

“सं कल्प से सिद्धि” 7 [Link]

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Siachen -- Largest glacier, Karakoram Zemu -- Sikkim (25 Kms)

range Chaurabari -- Uttarakhand (7 Km)
Baltoro - Karakoram Range (58 km) Rimo -- Karakoram (19 km)
Kanchenjunga -- Sikkim (16 Km) Milam -- Uttarakhand (19 Km)
Gangotri -- Uttarakhand (26 Km) Rupal -- Kashmir (16 Km)
Kedarnath -- Uttarakhand (14 Km) Bandar Punchh -- Uttarakhand

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Sasaini -- Karakoram (17.85 Km)

ON
The Meghalaya Plateau is an extension
of the Peninsular Plateau. Due to
Nokrek is the highest peak of Garo
Hills (1412 m).

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faulting, it is separated from the Indian Shillong Peak (1961 m) is the highest
Peninsula by the 'Malda Gap' located peak in the region.

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in West Bengal. Garo Hills are located on the western

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Its area is 35,291 sq. km. end, Khasi and Jaintia in the central
part and Mikir Hills in the eastern

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L part.

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Dandakaranya region
It is spread over an area of ​89078 square km in Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Telangana,
Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh.
It is a heterogeneous plateau

The Great Plains of North India

It is a vast plain formed by the deposition of the Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers.
Its area is 7 lakh square km.
The description of this plain area is given below:

(1) Bhabar Region - (3) Kaup Region -

It is found in the foothills of Shivalik This vast plain is the result of
from the Indus River to the Teesta River. alluvial soil
In this area the rivers deposit large It can be classified into two parts-
quantities of stones, pebbles, gravel etc. 1. Bangar - where old alluvium is
found
(2) Terai region - 2. Khadar - where new alluvium is
This region is found in the south of found
Bhabar which spreads parallel to

“सं कल्प से सिद्धि” 8 [Link]

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Coastal Regions

The mean sea level of India is measured from the Chennai coast
Any territorial water area is called a territorial sea. This distance is usually
up to 12 nautical miles from the baseline.

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To the east and west of the peninsular plateau region are found two narrow

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coastal plains, which are called Eastern and Western Coastal Plains
respectively.

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Western Coastal Plain Eastern Coastal Plain
It extends from the Gulf of Kutch to It extends from the mouth of the

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Cape Kumari. Ganges to Kanyakumari in the south.
It is broader than the western coastal

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This field is narrow.
Its northern part is called Konkan coast plain.

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and its southern part is called Malabar This plain is divided into three parts -
(1) Utkala Plain

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coast.
L (2) Kakinada or Andhra Plain
(3) Coromandel Plain

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Andaman and Nicobar Islands are the
Islands

It is a group of islands located in the

most important island group of India Arabian Sea.
which is located in the Bay of Bengal. Its total area is 32 square km.
Its highest peak is Saddle Peak (732 m) Its northernmost island group is called
which is situated in North Andaman. Amindivi and the southernmost island
The 10° Channel separates Andaman group is called Minicoy.
and Nicobar. Minicoy is separated from the rest of
The southernmost point of India the islands by the 9° Channel.
(Indira Point) is located on Great Amindivi is the largest island group of
Nicobar. Lakshadweep.
Barren Island, located in the Andaman Minicoy Island is separated from
Sea of ​the Bay of Bengal, is India's only Maldives by the 8° Channel.
active volcano. This island is an example of a coral
island.

“सं कल्प से सिद्धि” 9 [Link]

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Piram - Gulf of Khambhat

Dwarka - Arabian Sea
Diu - Kathiawar Coast
Veyant Shayodhar - Gulf of Kutch
Kori Creek is a tidal creek located in the Run of Kutch.
Rameswaram Island is situated between India and Sri Lanka.
India's most populated island is Salsette Island, on which the city of Mumbai is

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situated

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Drainage system & Pattern

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Drainage means the surface flow of water through streams and rivers.
India's drainage system has been divided into two categories-

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Before the origin of the Himalayas, the Indus, Sutlej and Brahmaputra rivers

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originating near the Mansarovar Lake used to fall into the Tethis depression.
Indus, Sutlej, Brahmaputra are the former rivers.

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Indus River, entering India through IndusLGorge (Jammu & Kashmir)

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Sutlej River, entering India through Shipkila Gorge (Himachal Pradesh)
Brahmaputra River, entering India through Korba Gorge (Arunachal Pradesh)

The Indus River originates from the Chemayungdung Glacier near the Mansarovar Lake.
This river system includes Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, Sutlej, Jaskar, Gomal, Dras,
Shyok, Kabul, Gilgit.
The rivers joining the Indus river from the left are Sutlej, Beas, Ravi, Chenab, Jhelum,
Zaskar, Syang, Shigar

Jhelum River Ravi River

It originates from Berinag Lake and Originates from Rohtang Pass.
joins the Wular Lake. merges with the Chenab River.
It meets the Chenab River in Pakistan.
Sutlej River
Chenab River It originates from Rakastal near Mansarovar Lake.
It is the largest tributary of Indus. It enters India through Shipkila Pass.
It originates from the Baralacha Pass. Bhakra Nangal dam is built on this river.
Spiti River is its tributary.

“सं कल्प से सिद्धि” 10 [Link]

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It is the largest and longest (2525 km) river of India.

This is the predecessor river.
It originates from the Gangotri glacier in the Uttarkashi district.

Ganga and its tributaries (Panch Prayag)

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Dev Prayag (Tehri) Bhagirathi - Alaknanda (Badrinath)

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Rudraprayag Alaknanda - Mandakini (Kedarnath)
Karnaprayag (Chamoli) Alaknanda - Pindar

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Nandaprayag (Chamoli) Alaknanda - Nandakini
Vishnuprayag (Chamoli) Dhauliganga - Vishnuganga

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After entering Bangladesh the river Ganga is known as Padma.

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The only tributary of the Ganga which originates from the plains is the Gomti River

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which originates from Phulhar Lake and meets the Ganga at Ghazipur.
The rivers that come from the southern plateau and join the Ganga are Tons and Son.

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Confluence of Tributaries of the Ganges

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Kannauj - Ramganga Patna - Son
Prayagraj - Yamuna Hajipur - Gandak
Ghazipur - Gomti Katihar - Kosi
Chhapra - Ghaghra

Yamuna River Son River

It is the longest tributary of the Ganga. It originates from the Amarkantak

hills.
It originates from the Yamunotri glacier.
It meets Ganga near Patna. Its
Chambal, Sindh, Betwa and Ken join its
catchment area is 70085 sq km.
right bank.
Tons, Hindon and Sengar join from the
Gandak River
left bank.
The Punpun, Ajay, and Jalangi rivers are
It originates from the Greater
part of the Ganga River basin.
Himalayas (Nepal)
It meets the Ganga at Sonpur near
Patna.

“सं कल्प से सिद्धि” 11 [Link]

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The Brahmaputra river system spreads across four countries – Tibet, India, Bhutan,
Bangladesh.
This river is called Sangpo in Tibet, Dihang in Arunachal, Brahmaputra in Assam and
Yamuna in Bangladesh.
It originates from the Chemayungdung glacier near Mansarovar.
Its major tributaries are Subansiri, Jiabhareli, Dhansiri, Kopili, Manas, Teesta

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The Teesta River is a tributary of the Brahmaputra, which originates from Cholamu
Lake in the state of Sikkim.

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Peninsular Rivers

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The major rivers of peninsular India originate from the Western Ghats.
The rivers that originate from the Western Ghats and flow towards the east form

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deltas. Whereas the rivers that flow towards the west do not form deltas.

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The rivers of peninsular India have been divided into two parts-

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Rivers falling into the Bay of Bengal

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Rivers falling into the Arabian Sea
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Narmada River Tapti River

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It originates from Amarkantak peak It originates from the Satpura range
(1057 m) of Maikal mountain. (762 m).
The largest river of peninsular India This also flows in a rift valley.
falling into the Arabian Sea. This also falls into the Gulf of
It flows in the rift valley between Khambhat.
Vindhyachal in the north and Its basin is in Maharashtra, Madhya
Satpura mountain in the south. It Pradesh, Gujarat
falls into the Gulf of Khambhat.

Mahanadi-- Shivnath, Hasdeo, Mand, Ib, Jonk, Aung, Tel

Godavari -- Pranahita, Idravati, Pravara, Sabari, Purna, Maner, Penganga, Venganga, Wardha
Krishna -- Tungabhadra, Bhima, Koyna, Varna, Panchganga, Dudhganga, Ghatprabha,
Malprabha
Cauvery -- Hemavati, Herangi, Lokapavani, Shimsa, Amravati, Kabini, Laxmantirtha
Damodar -- Hooghly, Jamunia, Barakar, Barki

Other :
The rivers of South India form “Tree-like drainage system”.
Mahanadi forms a delta at Paradip near Odisha. Its basin is 139659.15 square km.
Kosi river is known for its changing course, it is called the “grief of Bihar”

“सं कल्प से सिद्धि” 12 [Link]

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Krishna -- From Mahabaleshwar Hill of the Leh -- Indus River

Western Ghat Hyderabad -- Musi River
Godavari -- Tryambakeshwar Hill in Nasik Kota -- Chambal
-- Longest river of peninsular India Nashik -- Godavari
Mahanadi -- Sihawa Hill of Raipur district of Bhubaneswar -- Daya and Kuravai River
Chhattisgarh Ludhiana -- Sutlej

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Cauvery -- Brahmagiri Hills in Coorg district , Jabalpur -- Narmada
Karnataka Ujjain -- Kshipra River

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Sabarmati -- Jaisamanda lake, Surat -- Tapti
Aravalli mountain Ahmedabad -- Sabarmati

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Mahi River -- Vindhyachal Mountains, Madhya
Pradesh

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Luni River -- Nagaparvat of Aravalli range of
Rajasthan

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Chilika Lake -- Odisha State
-- India's largest lagoon lake.

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Pulicat Lake

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1. Located on the border of Andhra Pradesh
Dudhsagar -- Goa State, Mandvi River L and Tamil Nadu
Barkana -- Karnataka State

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2. Second largest salt water lake
Palani -- Himachal Pradesh
3. Satish Dhavan Satellite Launching Centre is
Khandadhar -- Odisha
located.
Gokak Falls -- Karnataka ,Ghataprabha River
Kolleru Lake-- Andhra Pradesh, freshwater L.
Duduma -- Odisha , Manchkund river
Kilaveli Lake -- Tamil Nadu
Hundru Falls -- Jharkhand , Swarnarekha River
Bemvanad Lake -- Kerala
Chachai Falls – Madhya Pradesh, Behad River
(Longest lake in India)
Dhuadhar -- Madhya Pradesh,Narmada River
Loktak Lake -- Manipur
Budhadha Falls – Jharkhand, Budha River
(Largest Freshwater lake in the northeast)
Chulia Falls -- Chambal River
Dal Lake -- Jammu and Kashmir
Chitrakoot Falls - Chhattisgarh , Indravati River
Fulhar Lake -- Pilibhit district ,Uttar Pradesh
Jog or Garsoppa -- Karnataka, Sharavati River
Roopkund Lake - Uttarakhand
Shivasamudram -- Karnataka , Cauvery river
(The mysterious lake)
(India's largest waterfall in terms of volume)
Ashtamudi Lake -- Kerala
Kunchikal Falls -- Karnataka , Varahi River
Surajkund Lake -- Haryana
(India's highest waterfall)
Sala Lake -- Arunachal Pradesh
Badkhal Lake -- Haryana
Wular Lake -- Jammu & Kashmir
(India's largest freshwater lake)
Sambhar Lake – Rajasthan
(saltwater inland lake)

“सं कल्प से सिद्धि” 13 [Link]

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Climate of India

India is basically a monsoon country. The Tropic The Tamil Nadu coast remains dry during
of Cancer passes through the middle of India. Its the southwest monsoon, as the coast lies
southern part is situated in the tropics and the parallel to the Bay of Bengal branch of the
northern part in the temperate zone. The monsoon. It lies in the “rain shadow area”
climate of India is tropical and subtropical.
of the Arabian Sea branch of the southwest

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monsoon.
The mighty Himalayan mountains situated on

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the northern border of India separate the Indian
subcontinent from Central Asia. Reversal of Monsoon

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It does not allow the temperature to drop by The retreat of the monsoon is called
stopping the cold winds coming from Central monsoon withdrawal.

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Asia. The monsoon starts retreating from the
month of September. This happens due to

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This forms a physical barrier to the monsoon the ITCZ ​shifting towards the south as the
winds, making the complete propagation of the Sun moves southwards.

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monsoon winds possible. The monsoon winds blowing from North-

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East India collect moisture from the Bay of
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Therefore, the Himalayas provide climatic Bengal and cause rainfall in Tamil Nadu

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uniqueness to India. and Chennai.
The northeast monsoon brings (50-60)% of
Factors affecting the climate:
Tamil Nadu's total rainfall.
1. Latitude
2. Distribution of water and land The place with the least rainfall in India is 'Leh'.
3. Altitude above sea level The place with the highest rainfall is
4. Himalaya Mountains Mawsynram.
5. Distance from the beach
6. Topography The winter rains in the northern plains of India
are caused by western disturbances. These
Indian Monsoon originate in the Mediterranean and the Atlantic
Ocean. Apart from this, the coastal areas of
The general direction of flow of summer Tamil Nadu receive rains in winters due to the
monsoon in India is from south-west to north- northeast monsoon.
east, in winter its direction is from north-east
to south-west. Western disturbance is a form of cyclonic
Most of the rainfall in India comes from the disturbance. In this the amount of rainfall
south-west monsoon. decreases from west to east
The southwest monsoon arrives in India from
the Indian state of Kerala.

“सं कल्प से सिद्धि” 14 [Link]

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Jarawa -- Andaman & Nicobar Toda -- lives in the Nilgiri hills.

Kuki -- Manipur -- follow the practice of polyandry
Tharu -- Uttar Pradesh Raji -- Uttarakhand
(Celebrates Diwali as a day of mourning) Lepcha -- Sikkim, Meghalaya, ArunachaPr
Gond -- Madhya Pradesh Sentinelese -- Andaman and Nicobar
Keriya -- Orissa Garo -- Meghalaya

E
Bhutia -- Sikkim (migrate during seasons) Jaunsari -- Uttarakhand
Chenchu ​-- tribe from the Nallamalai region Munda -- Inhabits in Chhota Nagpur

N
of Andhra Pradesh plateau of Jharkhand
Bhil -- Tribe with the highest population -- Celebrates Sarhul festival.

O
(Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh)

S
Soils of India

C
The Indian Council of Agricultural Research divided the soils of India into 8 major groups in 1986.

PP L

U
They are spread from Punjab to Assam, in the These are locally called 'Regur' and
valleys of Narmada, Tapti, Mahanadi, Godavari, internationally known as Tropical Chernozem.
Krishna, Kaveri, covering an area of ​about 11 They are formed due to the weathering of
lakh square km (about 33.5%). basalt lava.
It was formed by the erosion of rivers. It is found in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh,
This soil is the most fertile soil of India. Gujarat.
There is deficiency of nitrogen and humus in It is suitable for cotton cultivation.
it. There is deficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus
These are of two types- and organic matter in it.
1. Khadar -- New soil of the flood plain. Black soil has high water holding capacity.
2. Bangar -- Old soil, which remains unaffected This soil is also called self-ploughing soil.
by erosion. It is spread over an area of ​5.46 lakh square km
This soil has high iron content.

Their area is 8.79 lakh square km (26.8%).

It is found in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, It is spread over an area of ​2.62 lakh sq km.
Andhra Pradesh, Odisha. It is mainly found in Rajasthan, Saurashtra,
Its red color is due to iron oxide. Kutchh, etc. areas.

“सं कल्प से सिद्धि” 15 [Link]

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This soil is formed as a result of leaching In India, the largest area of ​saline soil is
due to heavy rainfall in high temperature found in Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana and
areas. Rajasthan regions.
Its fertility is low. These soils can be improved by using
This soil is spread over an area of ​1.80 lakh lime, gypsum and pyrites.
square Km. Tea plantations require deep acidic and

E
Its maximum expansion is found in Kerala well-drained soil.
(Malabar Coast), Maharashtra, and Assam. The Chambal valley is highly affected by

N
This soil lacks nitrogen, potash and soil erosion
organic matter.

O
Iron oxide and aluminium are found in
abundant quantities.

S
These soils are formed in moist climate.

C
Their area is in the humid regions of Kerala
and Tamil Nadu.

P
It is spread over an area of ​2.85 lakh square Its colour is blue due to ferrous iron.

P
km. Mangrove plants are found in this type of
L
Organic matter is found in abundance in it. soil.

U Natural vegetation
Natural vegetation refers to the plant community that grows over a long period of time
without any external interference.
Various types of natural vegetation are found in India due to wide geographical features
and variation in climatic conditions.

Tree Line
1. Tropical Evergreen Forests
The range where trees are able to grow.
2. Tropical Monsoon Forests
In the Eastern Himalayas and Middle
3. Tropical Grasslands
Himalayas the treeline is 3600-3800 m.
4. Dry Desert Forests
In the western and northwestern Himalayan
5. Deltaic Forest
region, its value decreases to 3300-3600 m. It
6. Mountain Forests remains only
The treeline value is lower in the Western
Himalayas compared to the Eastern
Himalayas.

“सं कल्प से सिद्धि” 16 [Link]

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Where the average annual temperature is These forests are found in large numbers
more than 22°C and rainfall is more than in India where the annual rainfall is 70-
200 cm 200 cm.
The area of ​these forests in India is Assam, Trees like Sal, Teak, Sheesham,
Kerala, West Bengal, Andaman and Sandalwood, Mango, Amla, Mahua etc.
Nicobar, Meghalaya, Manipur, Tripura, are found in these forests.

E
Mizoram, Western Ghats. These forests are spread across the states
Cinchona, palm, mahogany, rubber, of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh,

N
coconut, ebony and rosewood mainly Karnataka, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh
Teak trees are found in abundance in

O
grow in these forests.
Madhya Pradesh.

CS
Grasslands are found in dry plains
Where rainfall is (50-100) cm.

P
This type of forest is found in the dry areas
This type of vegetation is found in the of India where rainfall is less than 70 cm.

P
plateaus of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Date palm, cactus, khejri, ritha, kikar, palas,
L
Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. khair, plum and kareel trees are found in

U
abundance in these forests.
This type of forests are spread in
Rajasthan, Gujarat, South-Western Uttar
This type of forests are found in the river Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.
deltas.
Evergreen tidal forests are found in these
areas.
Mangrove, palm, coconut, casuarina, These forests are spread over the
phoenix trees are found in these forests. Himalayan mountains from Assam to
These forests are found in the deltas of Kashmir.
the Ganga-Brahmaputra, Mahanadi, In these forests, evergreen and deciduous
Krishna, Godavari rivers. forests grow up to a height of 1500 m.
1500 to 2500 m. Temperate forests are
found in which oak, cedar, birch and
maple trees grow.
These are found in the high altitude areas Coniferous forests are found from 2500 to
of Himalayas (around 3000-4000 m). 4500 meters. These include silver fir,
These forests are most extensive in juniper, brushwood, pine, cedar and blue
Arunachal Pradesh. pine trees.

“सं कल्प से सिद्धि” 17 [Link]

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Ebony -- Karnataka, Malabar, Kochi

Teak -- Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh
Gurjan -- Assam, West Bengal
Deodar -- Western Himalaya
Tendu -- Odisha, Madhya Pradesh,
Sundari -- West Bengal
Chhattisgarh
Cinchona -- Himalayan foothills
Rosewood -- slopes of Western Ghats,
Odisha, Madhya Pradesh

E
Irrigation and Canals

ON
In India, schemes related to irrigation facilities Main Important Canals
have been divided into three categories.

S
Eastern Yamuna Canal
Major Irrigation Scheme -- It covers an This canal originates from the Yamuna

C
area of ​more than 10 thousand hectares. River from the left bank of Hathinikund
Canals and multipurpose schemes are

P
Barrage located in Saharanpur (U.P.).
included in this category.

P
Agra Canal System
Medium Irrigation Scheme -- This scheme L Origin - Okhla Barrage on Yamuna River

U
covers 2000 to 10000 hectares of cultivable
land. Small canals are included in this Sharda Canal System
scheme. The oldest and largest irrigation system of
Uttar Pradesh.
Minor Irrigation Scheme -- This includes It originates from the Sharda River in
area of ​cultivable land less than 2000 Uttarakhand.
hectares. Wells, tube wells, ponds etc. are
included under this. Upper Ganga Canal System
This canal originates from the right bank of
Irrigation by Canals river Ganga from Bhimgoda Barrage of
Canals are the second major means of Haridwar.
irrigation in the country, through which
more than 26.19% of agricultural land is Lower Ganges Canal
irrigated. This canal originates from the right bank
The greatest development of canals has of the Ganga from a place called Narora
been done in the vast plains of the north (Bulandshahr) in Uttar Pradesh.
and the coastal river delta regions.
The oldest and most developed canal
system in the world is the Gang Canal,
which was constructed in 1927 by the then
Maharaja of Bikaner, Shri Ganga Singh.

“सं कल्प से सिद्धि” 18 [Link]

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Ghataprabha Canal Project -- Karnataka Eden Canal - West Bengal - Damodar River
(Ghataprabha River) Bikaner Canal - Rajasthan - Sutlej River
Ukai Canal Project -- Gujarat -- Tapti River Mooth Canal - Maharashtra
Nira Canal Project -Maharashtra - Nira River Malpucha Canal - Keral - Malpucha River
Jawai Project -- Rajasthan -- Jawai River Periyar Project - Tamil Nadu - Periyar River
Mangalam Irrigation Project -- Kerala Indira Canal - Rajasthan - At the

E
Sirhind Canal -- Punjab -- Sutlej River confluence of rivers Sutlej and Beas

N
There is a shortage of water in rivers and canals in peninsular India, due to which ponds are
a major means of irrigation.

O
The state with the maximum area irrigated by tube wells is Uttar Pradesh. About 73.40% of
its area is irrigated by tube wells.

CS
Apart from irrigation facilities, many other works are done through multipurpose projects

P
like flood control, drinking water supply, hydroelectricity production, canal projects, tourism

P
etc. Jawaharlal Nehru has called it the “Temple of modern India” and a new pilgrimage.
L

U
Sardar Sarovar Project Bhakra Dam (Himachal Pradesh) is the
This project is a joint project of Madhya world's highest gravity dam.
Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat and The name of the lake formed behind
Rajasthan. the dam is Govind Sagar.
Under this project, a 163m high and
Damodar River Valley Project
1210 m long dam has been constructed
This is the first multipurpose project of
on the Narmada River in Gujarat state.
independent India.
Madhya Pradesh is receiving the largest
Damodar Valley Corporation was
share (65.18%) of Narmada river water
established in 1948 for this project.
from the Sardar Sarovar Dam.
Dams named Tilaiya, Konar, Maithan,
57% of the electricity production goes to
Bokaro, Durgapur have been built in
Madhya Pradesh and 27% to
this project.
Maharashtra.
Rihand Dam Project
Bhakra Nangal Project It is built in Sonbhadra district on the
This project is the largest multipurpose Rihand River, a tributary of the Son
project built on the Sutlej river in the River in Uttar Pradesh.
states of Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan. An artificial lake named Govind
Vallabh Pant Sagar has been built
behind this dam.

“सं कल्प से सिद्धि” 19 [Link]

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Project State Rivers

1. Nagarjuna Sagar Project Andhra Pradesh and Telangana Krishna River
2. Chambal Valley Project Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh West Chambal River
3. Mayurakshi Project Bengal and Jharkhand Mayurakshi River
4. Hirakud Project Odisha Mahanadi
5. Omkareshwar Project Madhya Pradesh Narmada River

E
6. Farakka Project West Bengal Ganga River
7. Govind Sagar Project Himachal Pradesh Sutlej River

N
8. Gandhi Sagar Project Madhya Pradesh Chambal River

O
9. Jawahar Sagar Project Rajasthan Chambal River
10. Tehri Dam Project Uttarakhand Bhagirathi River

S
11. Idukki Project Kerala Periyar River
12. Ukai Project Gujarat Tapti River

C
13. Matatila Dam Project Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh Betwa River
Godavari River

P
14. Pochampad Project Telangana
15. Kalpong Project Andaman and Nicobar Kalpong River

P
16. Tulbul Project Jammu and Kashmir Jhelum River
L
17. Kakrapar Project Gujarat Tapti River

U
18. Baglihar Project Jammu and Kashmir Chenab River
19. Rana Pratap Sagar Project Rajasthan Chambal River
20. The Suil Project Himachal Pradesh Suil River
21. Shivasamudram Project Karnataka Kaveri River
22. Ramganga Project Uttar Pradesh Ramganga River
23. Dulhasti Project Jammu and Kashmir Chenav River
24. Singrauli Project Uttar Pradesh Rihand River
25. Kol Dam Project Himachal Pradesh Sutlej River
26. Laxmibai Sagar Dam Project Uttar Pradesh Betwa River
27. Salal Project Jammu and Kashmir Chenab River
28. Ban Sagar Project Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar Son River
29. Purna Project Maharashtra Purna River
30. Nathpa Jhakri Project Himachal Pradesh Sutlej River

“सं कल्प से सिद्धि” 20 [Link]

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Agriculture & Green Revolution

Agriculture covers 51% of the total area of ​ Green Revolution
India, pastures cover 4% of the land and
barren land covers 24% of the land. Norman E. Borlaug is the father of Green
Agriculture is a means of livelihood in India. Revolution in the world
The credit for bringing Green Revolution
Agriculture is a State List subject which is

E
in India goes to Dr. M.S. Swaminathan.
mentioned in the 7th Schedule of the In 1967-68 started in India
Constitution.

N
This revolution succeeded in increasing
the productivity of wheat by using

O
The book 'History of Indian Agriculture' was improved variety of wheat seeds.
written by M.S. Randhwa. He played an As a result of the Green Revolution, a
important role in the field of Green

S
record production of 2000 kg of wheat per
Revolution. acre was achieved.

C
The first agricultural university in India was Various Agricultural Revolutions

P
established in 1960. It was inaugurated by

P
Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru in Pantnagar, Green Revolution -- Food production
Uttarakhand. Later it was renamed as L White Revolution -- Milk Production

U
'Govind Ballabh Pant University of Blue Revolution -- Fish Production
Agriculture and Technology'. Brown Revolution -- Fertilizer Production
Silver Revolution -- Egg Production
Agro-ecological regions of India Yellow Revolution -- Oilseed Production
Red Revolution--Tomato /Meat Production
India is divided into 20 ecological regions Pink Revolution -- Shrimp Production
and 60 agro-ecological subregions. Golden Revolution -- Fruit Production
It has been classified on the basis of soil, Round Revolution -- Potato Production
climate type and natural geographical Black Revolution -- Crude Oil Production
conditions. Amrit Kranti -- River Linking Project

Different types of Agricultural Methods Dr. Verghese Kurien is considered the father
of white revolution in India.
Seri culture -- silkworm rearing Uttar Pradesh is the state with maximum
Apiculture -- Beekeeping wheat production.
Pisciculture -- fish farming The top three wheat producing states in India
Floriculture -- production of flowers are Uttar Pradesh > Madhya Pradesh > Punjab
Vermiculture -- Earthworm rearing Uttar Pradesh is the top state in wheat and
Horticulture -- gardening sugarcane production.
Aeroponics -- growing plants in the air India is at third place in fertilizer production
Viticulture -- cultivation of grapes and consumption.
“सं कल्प से सिद्धि” 21 [Link]
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(1). Rabi Crop Crop Varieties

It is sown in October-November. Wheat -- Raj 3077 , Pusa Sindhu Ganga ,
Major Crops - Wheat, Barley, Gram, Peas, Kalyan Gold, Sonora 64,
Mustard, Potato ,Rai, flaxseed. Kundan, Sonalika
Paddy -- Aman, Pusa Sugandha 5,
(2). Kharif Crop Barani Island

E
It is sown in June-July and harvested in Arhar -- U.P.S-120 , Bahar, N.D.A-1
October-November. Gram -- Gaurav , Pant G-114 , K-4

N
Major Crops - Soybean, Paddy, Sugarcane, Cotton -- Desi Shyamali, Subin, Sujat

O
Jowar, Bajra, Maize, Cotton, Groundnut Peanuts - Chitra 64, Chandra, Kaushal

S
(3). Zaid crop The major food crop in India is rice.
sown in May-June,

C
It is harvested in July- August. The major rice producing states in India
are Telangana, West Bengal, Uttar

P
Pradesh, Punjab and Odisha.

P
L
Rice -- Indonesia and India In the year 2023, Uttar Pradesh was

U
Maize -- Central America ranked first among the top food grain
Wheat -- Central Asia producing states.
Tobacco -- South America
Rubber -- Brazil The main disease of wheat crop is 'rust'
Urad -- India
Guava -- America In terms of total fertilizer consumption
Tomatoes -- Mexico among states, the highest consumption
Millet -- Africa is in Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and
Barley -- China Madhya Pradesh respectively.
Pigeon pea -- Africa
Tea -- China Haryana has the highest productivity
Potatoes -- Peru (quintal/hectare) of wheat (43.33 q/h)
Sugarcane -- India

Indian Agricultural Research was established in 1905 in Pusa (Bihar) during the period of
Lord Curzon. It was shifted to New Delhi in 1936. It is popularly known as Pusa Institute.
Indian Council of Agricultural Research was established on 23 May 1929, its headquarters
is in New Delhi.

“सं कल्प से सिद्धि” 22 [Link]

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Crop Top Producing States Rice -- China > India > Bangladesh

Rice -- Telangana > Uttar Pradesh > Wheat -- China > India > Russia

West Bengal Maize -- United States > China > Brazil

Wheat -- Uttar Pradesh > M.P > Punjab Barley -- Russia > Australia > France

Maize -- Karnataka > Bihar > Madhya Pr Sorghum -- Nigeria > Sudan > USA

E
Jowar -- Maharashtra > Karnataka > Lentils -- India > Poland > United Kingdom

Uttar Pradesh Peanuts -- China > India > Nigeria

N
Millet -- Rajasthan > U.P > Gujarat Soybeans -- Brazil > USA > Argentina
Sugarcane -- Brazil > India > China

O
Ragi -- Karnataka > Tamil Nadu >
Uttarakhand Cotton -- India > China > USA
Tea -- China > India > Kenya

S
Chickpea -- Madhya Pradesh >
Maharashtra > Rajasthan Coffee -- Brazil > Vietnam > Indonesia

C
Pigeon pea -- Karnataka > Maharashtra > Tobacco -- China > India > Brazil
Rubber -- Thailand > Indonesia > Vietnam

P
Uttar Pradesh
Black gram -- M.P > U.P > Andhra Pradesh Coconut -- Indonesia > Philippines > India

P
Moong -- M.P > Rajasthan > Bihar L
Peanut -- Gujarat > Rajasthan > M.P

U
Soybean -- M.P > Maharashtra > Rajasthan
Sugarcane -- U.P > Maharashtra > Karnataka
Cotton -- Gujarat > Maharashtra > Mango -- U.P > Andhra Pradesh > Karnataka
Telangana Amla -- Uttar Pradesh > M.P > Tamil Nadu
Jute -- West Bengal > Bihar > Assam Banana -- Andhra Pradesh > Maharashtra >
Gujarat
Grapes -- Maharashtra > Karnataka >
Andhra Pradesh
Walnut -- Jammu and Kashmir >
Crop Area Uttarakhand > Himachal Pradesh
Rice -- 411.96 lakh hectare Papaya -- Andhra Pradesh > Gujarat > M.P
Pulses -- 123.57 lakh hectare
Apple -- Jammu & Kashmir > Himachal
Oilseeds -- 193.23 lakh hectare
Pradesh > Uttarakhand
Sugarcane -- 59.91 lakh hectare
Arecanut -- Karnataka > Kerala > Assam
Cotton -- 123.87 lakh hectare
Kiwi -- Arunachal Pradesh
Jute -- 6.59 lakh hectare
Litchi -- Bihar > West Bengal > Jharkhand
Wheat -- 345.57 lakh hectare
Guava -- U.P > Madhya Pradesh > Bihar
Coconut -- Karnataka > Tamil Nadu > Kerala

“सं कल्प से सिद्धि” 23 [Link]

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The National Horticulture Board was India ranks second in terms of production of
established in 1984. Its headquarters is in vegetables. India contributes 11.8% to total
Gurugram, Haryana. vegetable production
Horticulture production in the country in
2022-23 was 355.48 million tones while the Top vegetable producing states:
total horticulture area was 28.44 million Uttar Pradesh > West Bengal > Madhya Pradesh

E
hectares.
India ranks first in the world in the Cauliflower -- West Bengal > M.P > Bihar

N
production of mango (44%), papaya (39%), Ginger -- M.P > Karnataka > Odisha
lemon (17%) and banana (20%). Potato -- Uttar Pradesh > W. Bengal > Bihar

O
Among the maximum fruit producing states Onion -- Maharashtra > Madhya Pradesh >
in the country, Andhra Pradesh is at first Karnataka

S
place, Maharashtra at second place, Uttar Tomato -- Madhya Pradesh > Andhra
Pradesh > Karnataka

C
Pradesh at third place.
Garlic -- Madhya Pradesh > Rajasthan > Uttar

P
Pradesh

P
India is the largest producer, consumer and L Top Producing Nations (2021)
exporter of spices.

U
Top spice producing states Ginger -- India > Nigeria > China
Onions -- India > China > Egypt
Black Pepper -- Karnataka > Kerala > Assam Tomatoes -- China > India > Türkiye
Cardamom -- Kerala > [Link] > Karnataka Garlic -- China > India > Bangladesh
Turmeric -- Maharashtra > Telangana > Potatoes -- China < India > USA
Karnataka
Cumin -- Gujarat > Rajasthan > West Bengal
Cloves -- Tamil Nadu > Karnataka > Kerala
Coriander -- M.P > Gujarat > Rajasthan The first sugar mill of India was
established in the year 1903 in
The state of Kerala is called the plantation of Pratappur of Deoria district of Uttar
spices. Pradesh.
Madhya Pradesh produces the most spices The Sugarcane Breeding Station was
in the country. Rajasthan, Gujarat, Karnataka established in Coimbatore in the year
are in second, third and fourth place 1912.
respectively. Due to high consumption of pulses in
Largest area of ​jute in India - West Bengal > India, despite production, it has to be
Assam > Bihar
imported.
Sikkim has been declared as the first organic
state of India.

“सं कल्प से सिद्धि” 24 [Link]

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India ranks first in the world in terms of In the year 2021-22, India was ranked third in
livestock population. the total fish production of the world while it
was second in inland fish production.
Top states by number of cattle & bulls
according to 20th livestock census Top Fish Producing States
1. West Bengal (9.9 %) 1. Andhra Pradesh (29.6%)

E
2. Uttar Pradesh (9.8 %) 2. West Bengal (11.3%)

N
3. Madhya Pradesh (9.7 %) 3. Karnataka (6.6%)

O
Highest number of buffaloes in the Top Egg producing states
country 1. Andhra Pradesh (20.4%)

S
1. Uttar Pradesh (30.1%) 2. Tamil Nadu (16.1%)
2. Rajasthan (12.5%) 3. Telangana (12.9%)

C
3. Madhya Pradesh (9.4%)
Top Meat producing states

P
Top states in terms of milk production 1. West Bengal (12.62%)

P
in India in the year 2022-23 2. Uttar Pradesh (12.29%)
L 3. Maharashtra (11.28%)
1. Uttar Pradesh (15.7%)

U
2. Rajasthan (14.44%)
3. Madhya Pradesh (8.73%)

India is the largest milk producing

nation globally. It produces 23.30% of
the total milk produced in the world. The use of silk for the first time in the
world started in China.
India has the largest livestock Top nation in natural silk -- China > India
1. Uttar Pradesh (12.17%) The Central Silk Board was established in
2. Rajasthan (10.6%) 1948.
3. Madhya Pradesh (7.6%) India is the second largest producer of
raw silk in the world.

Top states in total silk production

Top honey producing states in the year 1. Karnataka (32.1%)
2021-22 2. Andhra Pradesh (25.3%)
1. Uttar Pradesh 3. Assam (16.3%)
2. West Bengal
3. Punjab

“सं कल्प से सिद्धि” 25 [Link]

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National Research Centre on Banana was

Top producer states of different types of
established at Trichy (Trichurapalli), Tamil
silk (2021-22) Nadu on 21 August 1993 by the Indian
Council of Agricultural Research.
1. Tussar silk -- Jharkhand > Chattisgarh Most of the saffron is produced in the state
2. Eri silk -- Assam > Meghalaya of Jammu and Kashmir.
3. Coral silk -- Assam > Meghalaya Coarse grains and rice are mostly cultivated

E
4. Mulberry silk -- Karnataka > Andhra Pradesh by subsistence farming.
Tea is the major crop in the state of Assam.

N
Mineral Resources

O
Under the Constitution, the state

S
governments have the right over
(A) Metallic minerals - iron ore, manganese,
minerals and it is the responsibility of

C
Chromium, cobalt, tungsten, titanium,
the state governments to enforce
copper, zinc, bauxite, tin, magnesium

P
mining laws.
(B) Non-metallic minerals - Limestone,
The National Mineral Policy of 1993

P
mica, gypsum, salt, diamond
opened up the Indian mineral industry L
(C) Mineral fuels - Coal, petroleum, natural

U
to domestic and foreign investment.
gas
The most important mineralized rock
system in India is the Dharwad system.
Minerals like gold, iron, manganese,
mica, cobalt, chromium, copper, More than 90 percent of coal in India is
tungsten, lead etc. are found in it. obtained from the Gondwana rock group.
Four types of coal are found in India.

(1). Chhota Nagpur Belt 1. Anthracite coal --The best coal. It is

Jharkhand, Bihar, Odisha, and West Bengal obtained in the state of Jammu and
states are included under this. Kashmir
It is composed of ancient gneiss and granite 2. Bituminous coal -- This is second grade
rocks. This is a rich mineral region of country. coal. Coal from the Gondwana period is
(2). Central Belt - Andhra Pradesh, Madhya of this type.
Pradesh, Maharashtra 3. Lignite coal -- This is a low quality
(3). Southern Belt - Karnataka and Tamil Nadu brown coal. It is found in Rajasthan,
(4). North-western Belt - Rajasthan, Gujarat, Meghalaya, Darjeeling.
Maharashtra 4. Peat coal -- This is the lowest grade of
(5). South-western Belt - Goa, Southern- coal. It has high moisture content.
Karnataka, Kerala

“सं कल्प से सिद्धि” 26 [Link]

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Alumina -- China > Australia > Brazil

Gondwana coalfields
Bauxite -- Guinea > Australia > China
This includes Damodar River Valley,
Cement -- China > India > Vietnam
Mahanadi Valley, Godavari Valley, Wardha
Copper -- Chile > Peru > Congo
Valley, Satpura and Rajmahal region.
Diamond -- Russia > Botswana > Canada
Raniganj area of ​West Bengal is an
Gold -- China > Russia > Australia

E
important and large coal area of ​the
Iron Ore -- Australia > Brazil > China
country.
Mica -- China > Madagascar > USA

N
Jharia coal field of Dhanbad district has 90%
Platinum -- S. Africa > Russia > Zimbabwe
of the country's bituminous coal reserves.

O
Silver -- Mexico > China > Peru
Tertiary age coal region -- This region Natural gas -- United States > Russia > Iran

S
includes Rajasthan, Assam, Meghalaya, Manganese ore-- South Africa > Australia
Jammu-Kashmir and Tamil Nadu. Zinc -- China > Peru > Australia

C
Lead -- China > Australia > America
Top states in terms of coal production in

P
Aluminum -- China > Russia > Canada
India -- Chhattisgarh > Odisha > M.P
Tin -- China > Indonesia > Myanmar

P
Major coal reserves States - Coal and Lignite -- China > India >
Jharkhand > Odisha > Chattisgarh L Indonesia

U
Iron Ore -- Odisha > Chattisgarh > Karnataka
Manganese -- M.P > Maharashtra > Odisha
Bauxite -- Odisha > Gujarat > Jharkhand
Other Facts
In India, iron ore is found in the
Dharwad gneiss system.
The major iron ore mine of Karnataka
Silver -- Rajasthan > Karnataka is Kundremukh.
Mica -- Rajasthan Singhbhum is also famous for its iron
Gypsum -- Rajasthan, Gujarat ore region.
Coal -- Chhattisgarh > Odisha > M.P Kolar mines -- gold
Limestone -- [Link] > Gujarat > Rajasthan Jharia -- Coal
Crude Oil -- Rajasthan > Gujarat > Assam Panna -- Diamond
Dolomite -- Andhra Pr > Karnataka > Rajasthan The best quality marble in India is
Natural Gas -- Assam > Rajasthan > Tripura found in the Makrana area in Nagaur
Gold – Karnataka district of Rajasthan.
Graphite -- T. Nadu > Odisha > Jharkhand Marble is a metamorphic rock formed
Diamond - Madhya Pradesh by the metamorphism of limestone.
Lead -- Rajasthan The largest reserves of lignite coal in
Cadmium -- Rajasthan India are in Tamil Nadu.

“सं कल्प से सिद्धि” 27 [Link]

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Maharashtra -- Chandrapur
Damodar Valley -- Barakar (West Bengal)
Karnataka -- Chitradurga and Hassan
Son Valley -- Umaria (M.P.)
Madhya Pradesh -- Balaghat
Godavari Valley -- Singareni (Telangana)
Rajasthan -- Khetri
Mahanadi Valley -- Talcher (Odisha)
Andhra Pradesh -- Agnigundala
Karanpura -- Jharkhand
Tamil Nadu -- South Arcot

E
Neyveli -- Tamil Nadu
Korba -- Chhattisgarh

N
Rajmahal -- Jharkhand
Sohagpur -- Madhya Pradesh

O
Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL)
Vishrampur -- Chhattisgarh
Guwahati (Assam), Barauni (Bihar), Koyali
Raniganj -- West Bengal (Gujarat), Haldia (West Bengal) Mathura

S
Makum -- Assam (U.P.), Digboi (Assam), Panipat (Haryana),
Namchik -- Arunachal Pradesh Bongaigaon (Assam), Paradip (Odisha)

C
Giridih -- Jharkhand

P
Sohagpur -- Madhya Pradesh Hindustan Petrolium Corporation -
Jhilmil -- Chhattisgarh Mumbai (Maharashtra), Visakhapatnam

P
(Andhra Pradesh)
Karanpura -- Jharkhand L

U
Rampur Himgiri -- Orissa Bharat Petroleum Corporation -
Rangit Valley -- Sikkim Cochin (Kerala), Mumbai (Maharashtra)
Tandoor -- Telangana
Lalmatia -- Jharkhand Chennai Petroleum Corporation -
Manali & Narimanam (Tamil Nadu)

Numaligarh Refinery Ltd. - Numaligarh

(Assam)
Center Minerals
Makum -- coal Mangalore Refinery & Petrochemicals
Koraput -- Bauxite Ltd. - Mangalore (Karnataka)
Chitradurga -- Manganese
Koderma -- Mica Oil and Natural Gas Ltd. - Tatipaka
Mosabani -- Copper (Andhra Pradesh)
Ankleshwar -- Mineral oil
Reliance Industries Ltd. - Jamnagar
Dallirajhara -- Iron Ore (Gujarat)
Khetri -- Copper
Keonjhar -- Iron ore Essar Oil Ltd. - Vadinar (Gujarat)
Korba -- Coal
Kolar -- Golden Joint Venture of Bharat Petroleum and
Almond Mountain -- iron ore Oman Oil Company - Bina ( M.P)

“सं कल्प से सिद्धि” 28 [Link]

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Energy Resources of India

There are five types of energy based on the

sources-
1. Hydro energy source In 1975, National Thermal Power
2. Thermal energy source Corporation was established in New Delhi.

E
3. Nuclear energy source At present the total installed capacity of
4. Gas and Petrol based energy sources NTPC is 76074 MW.

N
5. Non Conventional energy sources NTPC is the country's largest thermal
power producing company.

O
Based on the reuse of energy resources, The three states in the country having
there are two types of energy- thermal power capacity are Maharashtra,

S
Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh.
1. Non-renewable energy such as coal,

C
petroleum, gas and nuclear based

P
2. Renewable energy such as hydro energy,
wind energy, solar energy, tidal energy The father of nuclear power in India is Dr.

P
and geothermal energy Homi J. Bhabha.
L
The Atomic Energy Commission was

U
At present the country's power capacity is established in 1948.
4.46 lakh MW in which thermal energy The Department of Atomic Energy was
contributes (54.4%). established in 1954.
The first research reactor Apsara was
Renewable energy (33.2%), hydropower established in the year 1956.
(10.5%) and nuclear energy (1.8%)
contribute.
Top renewable energy power producing
nations -
China > USA > Brazil > Canada > India
The first hydroelectric power plant in
India was established in Darjeeling in States with top solar power installations -
1897-98. Rajasthan (22415.2 MW) > Gujarat (14385MW)
> Karnataka (8819 MW) > Tamil Nadu 8617.6MW)
In 1902, a Hydroelectric Corporation was
established at Shivasamudram States with top wind power installations -
(Karnataka) on the Kaveri River. Gujarat > Tamil Nadu > Karnataka

National Hydroelectric Power States having highest renewable energy

installation - Gujarat > Rajasthan > Tamil Nadu
Corporation was established in 1975.
> Karnataka

“सं कल्प से सिद्धि” 29 [Link]

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Ukai -- Gujarat Kakrapar Nuclear Power Plant - Gujarat

Badarpur -- Delhi Narora Nuclear Power Plant - U.P
Patratu -- Jharkhand Kaiga Nuclear Power Plant - Karnataka
Harduaganj -- Uttar Pradesh Kalpakkam Nuclear Power Plant - [Link]
Pench -- Madhya Pradesh Ennore Nuclear Power Plant - Tamil Nadu
Utran -– Gujarat The largest tidal power producing area

E
Paras -- Maharashtra in India is 'Khambat Coast' (Gujarat).

N
Rawatbhata Nuclear Power Plant -
Ramagundam Super Thermal Power Rajasthan

O
Station is located in Telangana. Tarapur Nuclear Power Plant -
Maharashtra

S
Obra Thermal Power Station was Major hot water sources & their location
established in 1967 in Sonbhadra district

C
Manikaran – Himachal Pradesh
of Uttar Pradesh with Russian Volcano - Himachal Pradesh

P
cooperation. Unhoni - Madhya Pradesh

P
Taptapani - Odisha
L Tatapani - Chhattisgarh

U
Industries of India

The first iron and steel factory was established in 1874 at Kulti (Asansol, West Bengal)
on the banks of the Barakar River.

Iron and steel factories established after Independence -

Bhilai Steel Plant - It was established in 1955 in Chhattisgarh with the help of Russia.
Hindustan Steel Limited, Rourkela - It was established in 1959 in Rourkela, Odisha
with the assistance of Germany.
Hindustan Steel Limited, Durgapur - It was established in 1956 at a place called
Durgapur in West Bengal with the help of Britain.
Bokaro Steel Plant - It was established in 1964 in Jharkhand with the help of Russia.

Steel Authority of India was established on 24 January 1973.

“सं कल्प से सिद्धि” 30 [Link]

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The first aluminium factory in India was This is the oldest industry in India. This is
established in 1937 near Asansol in W. Bengal. the most organized and widespread
industry in the country.
Major Aluminium Companies in India The first modern scale cotton textile mill
in India was set up in Fort Gloucester
(Company + Subsidiary Country + Major Centre) near Kolkata in 1818.

E
BALCO -- Russia -- Korba & Koyna (Chhattisg.) Tamil Nadu has the largest number of
NALCO -- France -- Odisha cotton textile factories in the country.

N
HINDALCO -- USA -- Sonbhadra (U.P)
INDALCO - Canada - Muree(JH), Alvay (Kerala)

O
MALCO - Italy - Chennai,Mettur, Salem([Link])
VEDANTA -- Germany -- Jharsuguda (Odisha)

S
Center Industries
Kakinara -- Jute

C
Virudhanagar -- Cotton Clothes
Channa Patna -- Silk

P
Aluppuram -- Kerala
Alwaye -- Kerala Bhadohi -- Carpet

P
Sidri -- Fertilizer
Angul -- Odisha
L Renukoot -- Aluminium

U
Lanjigarh -- (Odisha)
pinjore -- Machine tools
Belgaum -- Karnataka
Amla -- Fertilizer
Korba -- Chhattisgarh
Modinagar -- Rubber
Ratnagiri -- Maharashtra
Barabanki -- Polyfiber
Muri -- Jharkhand
Kanpur -- Explosives
Chunar -- Cement Industry
Major Mineral Exploration Agency and
Bhopal -- Pesticides
Headquarters
Visakhapatnam -- Ship-building
(1). Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited Muri -- Aluminium
-- New Delhi Gurgaon -- Motor Vehicle
(2). Mineral Exploration & Consultancy Ltd. Panki -- Fertilizer
-- Nagpur porbandar -- Cement
(3). National Mineral Development Nagayen -- Petrochemical
Corporation -- Hyderabad silvassa -- Textile
(4). National Aluminium Company Ltd. Rourkela -- Iron and Steel
-- Bhubaneswar Nepanagar -- Paper
Sidri -- Copper, Fertilizer
India's first synthetic rubber plant was set up Narora -- Nuclear power
in Panipat (Haryana). It was established by Ranchi -- Heavy Engineering
'Indian Synthetic Rubber Private Limited'. Industry

“सं कल्प से सिद्धि” 31 [Link]

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Brajrajnagar -- Paper This is the oldest industry in India. This is

Kaimur -- Cement the most organized and widespread
Haldia -- Petrochemicals industry in the country.
Phulpur -- Fertilizer The first modern scale cotton textile mill in
Jawahar Nagar -- Petrochemicals India was set up in Fort Gloucester near
Kolkata in 1818.
Talchar -- Fertilizer

E
Tamil Nadu has the largest number of
Mysore -- silk fabric
cotton textile factories in the country.
Titagarh -- Paper

N
Lakheri -- Cement
Bhilai -- Iron and Steel

O
Petrochemicals are compounds and
Ambala -- Mineral oil refinery
chemicals of petroleum, natural gas,

S
Tundu -- zinc
naphtha alcohol and calcium carbide.
[Link] -- Aluminium It is used in making synthetic fibres,

C
Bhatpara -- Jute plastics, dyes, pesticides, synthetic rubber,

P
Rishikesh -- medicine manufacturing medicines and synthetic detergents.
The largest centre for petrochemical

P
production in the country is located in
L Jamnagar (Gujarat).

U
Cement was invented in 1824 at a
place called Portland in England.
Central Research Institute for Dryland
The first cement plant in India was Agriculture (CRIDA) - Hyderabad
established in Chennai in 1904. National Academy of Agricultural Research
Management - Hyderabad
In 1914, the Porbandar (Gujarat) plant National Agricultural Marketing Institute,
Jaipur
of Indian Cement Company was
International Crop Research Institute for
established.
Semi-Arid Tropics -- Hyderabad
National Environmental Engineering
India ranks second in cement Research Institute--Nagpur
production globally after China. Central Food Technological Research
Institute- Mysore
Madhya Pradesh is the largest cement Central Potato Research Institute- Shimla
producing state in India. It is followed Central Tobacco Research Institute --
by Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan Rajmudri
respectively. Agro-forestry Research Institute- Jhansi
Central Institute of Agricultural
Engineering -- Bhopal

“सं कल्प से सिद्धि” 32 [Link]

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National Dairy Research Institute - Karnal Indian Sugarcane Research Institute - Lucknow
Indian Pulses Research Institute - Kanpur Central Rice Research Institute - Cuttack
Indian Vegetable Research Institute - Varanasi Indian Institute of Soil Science - Bhopal
Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture - National Research Centre on Crop Forestry--
Lucknow Jhansi
Indian Bureau of Mines- Nagpur Soil Salinity Research Institute -- Karnal
Central Mining Research Institute - Dhanbad Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur

E
Indian Diamond Institute - Surat Indian Rice Research Institute - Hyderabad
Indian Maize Research Institute, New Delhi

N
National Dairy Development Board-- Anand(GJ)
Indian Grass and Forage Research Institute -- Indian Wheat and Barley Research Institute --

O
Jhansi Karnal
Indian Horticultural University - Solan (Himachal National Organic Farming Centre -- Ghaziabad
International Solar Alliance -- Gurugram

S
Pradesh)
Indian Institute of Forest Management - Bhopal (Haryana)

C
Central Institute of Indian Languages - Mysore Central Institute for Research on Goats - Mathura
Central Arid Zone Research Institute - Jodhpur The Energy and Resources Institute -- New Delhi

P
Transport in India

P
L

U
The transportation system of a country is the Golden Quadrilateral Project --
nervous system of the body of its economic This project connects Delhi, Mumbai,
structure. Kolkata and Chennai.
About 83% of the total routes of the transport Its total length is 5846 km.
system are road, 9% rail, 6% air, 2% waterways.
The following are the modes of transport North-South Corridor --
1. Land -- (i) Road (ii) Rail Connects Srinagar to Kanyakumari.
2. Water -- (i) Subterrestrial (ii) Oceanic Its total length is 3717 km.
3. Air
East-West Corridor --
In the transport sector, about 60% of goods Connects Silchar to Porbandar.
traffic and 87% of passenger traffic is Its total length is 4112 km.
transported by roads.
The largest length of National Highway is in Both the East-West and North-South
Maharashtra 18459 km. corridors cross each other at Jhansi (Uttar
It is followed by Uttar Pradesh (12270 km), Pradesh). Jhansi is considered to be the
Rajasthan (10706 km), Madhya Pradesh (9105 center point of both directions.
km) and Andhra Pradesh (8683 km).
Top states in length of provincial highways --
Maharashtra > Karnataka > Gujarat > Rajasthan

“सं कल्प से सिद्धि” 33 [Link]

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Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)

India's first railway university is in Baroda
This scheme was launched on 25 December
(Gujarat).
2000
It is a 100% centrally sponsored scheme. Kolkata Metro Rail was started on 24
Under Bharat Nirman, to provide connectivity October 1984.
to all settlements with a population of 1000
India's first bullet train between Mumbai-
or more in plain areas and 500 or more in

E
Ahmedabad was approved by the then
hilly, desert or tribal areas. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh in

N
The third phase of Pradhan Mantri Gram December 2004.
Sadak Yojana was started in December 2019

O
Rail Coach Factory -- Kapurthala
Ten longest national highways of India - Rail Wheel Factory -- Bangalore
Diesel Locomotive Works--Varanasi

S
Integral Coach Factory -- Perambur
NH-44 -- 3745 km -- Srinagar to Kanyakumari Rail Coach Factory -- Raebareli

C
NH-27 -- 3507 km -- Porbandar to Silchar
The Indian state of Sikkim is deprived of

P
NH-48 -- 2807 km -- Delhi to Chennai
NH-52 -- 2317 km -- Sangrur to Ankola rail service. (Project Under Consideration)

P
NH-30 -- 2040 km -- Sitarangaj to Ibrahimpattn
NH-6 -- 1873 Km -- Joravat to Sealing/Silang L

U
NH-53 -- 1781 km -- Hazira to Paradip
NH-16 -- 1711 km -- West Bengal to Chennai The Central Inland Waterways Authority was
NH-66 -- 1622 km -- Panvel to Kanyakumari established in 1987. Its headquarters is in
NH-19 -- 1435 km -- Delhi to Kolkata Kolkata.

National Waterways

Indian Railways is the second largest Rail First National Waterway

network in Asia. The first railway in India -- Allahabad to Haldiya (1620 km)
started in April 1853 between Mumbai and Second National Waterway
Thane (34 km). -- Sadiya to Dhubri Patti (891 km)
Third National Waterway
The Indian Railway Board was established -- Kollam to Kottapuram (205 km)
in 1905. The National Academy of Indian Fourth National Waterway
Railways is located in Vadodara,Gujrat.
-- Kakinada to Marakkanam (1095 km)
Fifth National Waterway
Konkan Railway - It starts from Roha in
-- Talcher to Dhamra (623 km)
Maharashtra and goes up to Madgaon in
Goa. Its length is 741 km. Maharashtra, Sixth National Waterway
Goa, Karnataka and Kerala are benefited by -- Lakhipur to Bhanga (121 km)
this railway line.

“सं कल्प से सिद्धि” 34 [Link]

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Kolkata - West Bengal - Hooghly River Air transport started in 1911 AD.
Mumbai - Maharashtra - Arabian Sea
Major International Airport
Chennai - Tamil Nadu - Bay of Bengal
Kushinagar Airport -- Kushinagar (Uttar Pradesh)
Kochi - Kerala - Arabian Sea
Indira Gandhi International Airport -- New Delhi
Vishakhapatnam -- Andhra Pradesh -- Bay of
Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport --
Bengal

E
Mumbai
Paradip - Odisha - Bay of Bengal
Netaji Subhash Chandra International Airport -
Tuticorin - Tamil Nadu - Bay of Bengal

N
Kolkata
Mormugao - Goa - Arabian Sea Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport --
Kandla - Gujarat - Arabian Sea

O
Lucknow
(new name Deendayal Port) Lal Bahadur Shastri International Airport --
New Mangalore - Karnataka - Arabian Sea Varanasi

S
Nhavasheva -- Maharashtra -- Arabian Sea Rajiv Gandhi International Airport -- Hyderabad

C
Ennore - Tamil Nadu - Bay of Bengal Veer Savarkar International Airport -- Port Blair
(new name Kamraj Port) Ram Dass International Airport -- Amritsar

P
Chennai Port is an all-weather artificial Maharishi Valmiki International Airport
-- Ayodhya (UP)

P
harbour. It is the oldest port. It was
established in 1875. L

U
Haldia port is an example of an external
Chakrata - Dehradun (Uttarakhand)
port.
Haflong - a town in the state of Assam
National Inland Shipping Institute is located
Kalimpong - Hill Station, West Bengal
in Patna. It was established in February,
Kufri - a hill station in Himachal Pradesh
2004.
Gulmarg - a hill station in Jammu & Kashmir
Kasauli - Himachal Pradesh
Cochin Shipyard Limited
Ooty – Tamil Nadu
It was established in 1972 AD.
Keylong - Himachal Pradesh
Its headquarter is in Kochi (Kerala).
Auli – Uttarakhand
This is the largest shipyard for shipbuilding
Udwada - Gujarat
and repair.
Point Calimer - Tamil Nadu
Hindustan Shipyard - Andhra Pradesh
Banni Pastures - Gujarat
Garden Reach -- West Bengal
Bagyal Meadows – Uttarakhand
Mazagaon Docks -- Maharashtra
Khajjiar - Himachal Pradesh
India's largest ship breaking yard is located
Pahalgam - Jammu and Kashmir
in Alang (Gujarat)
The largest port of the country is in Mumbai. The temple of Lord Venkateshwara is located in
Tirupati district of Andhra Pradesh. It is situated
The best natural port of the country is
in the Seshachalam mountain range
Visakhapatnam. Its a deepest port of India.
The temple of Lord Ranganath is situated on the
Kandla located in Gujarat is a tidal port.
Villugiri Ranga Hill in the state of Karnataka.

“सं कल्प से सिद्धि” 35 [Link]

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Miscellaneous

The top four states to show maximum

On December 21, 2024, Environment,
increase in Forest and Tree cover
Forest and Climate Change Minister
1. Chhattisgarh (684 sq. km.)
Bhupendra Yadav released the 'India

E
2. Uttar Pradesh (559 sq. km.)
State of Forest Report 2023' at the Forest
3. Odisha (559 sq. km.)

N
Research Institute, Dehradun.
4. Rajasthan (394 sq. km.).

O
The India State of Forest Report is being
Top Three states showing maximum
published by the Forest Survey of India
increase in forest cover

S
on a biennial basis since 1987.
1. Mizoram (242 sq. km.)

C
2. Gujarat (180 sq km)
The Forest Survey of India carries out a
3. Odisha (152 sq. km.)

P
comprehensive assessment of the forest
and tree resources of the country based

P
The top three states covered most
on interpretation of remote sensing
L forests and trees in terms of area are
satellite data and field-based National

U
1. Madhya Pradesh (85,724 sq. km.)
Forest Inventory and the results are
2. Arunachal Pradesh (67,083 sq km)
published in the India State of Forest
3. Maharashtra (65,383 sq km)
Report.

The top three states with Largest forest

India State of Forest Report 2023 is the
cover in terms of area are -
18th report in this series.
1. Madhya Pradesh (77,073 sq. km.),
2. Arunachal Pradesh (65,882 sq km)
The forest and tree cover of the country
3. Chhattisgarh (55,812 sq. km.)
is 8,27,357 sq. km. which is 25.17 percent
of the geographical area of ​the country,
In terms of percentage, forests cover in
of which 7,15,343 sq. km. (21.76 percent)
comparison to total geographical area
is forest cover and 1,12,014 sq. km. (3.41
percent) is tree cover.
1. Lakshadweep (91.33 percent) has the
highest forest cover,
Compared to the year 2021, the
2. These are followed by Mizoram (85.34
country's forest and tree cover has
percent) and Andaman and Nicobar
increased by 1445 sq km, which includes
Islands (81.62 percent).
an increase of 156 sq km in forest cover
and 1289 sq km in tree cover.

“सं कल्प से सिद्धि” 36 [Link]

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The current assessment also reveals that The Indian Standard Time Line passes
19 states/union territories have more through Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh,
than 33 per cent of the geographical Chhattisgarh, Orissa, and Andhra Pradesh
area under forest cover. Out of these, The mean sea level of India is measured
eight states/union territories, namely from Chennai
Mizoram, Lakshadweep, Andaman and The McMahon Line demarcates the
Nicobar Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, boundary between China and India's
Nagaland, Meghalaya, Tripura and Arunachal Pradesh
Manipur have more than 75 per cent Uttar Pradesh shares its border with
forest cover. maximum number of states (8 States + 1
UT-Delhi)
The total mangrove cover is 4,992 sq. km. Bangladesh is the country with the
longest border with India (4096.6 km)
The extent of bamboo holding area in Among the coastal states, Gujarat has the
the country has been estimated at longest coastline (1214.7 km)
1,54,670 square kilometers. There has
been an increase of 5,227 square
kilometers in the bamboo area as
compared to the last assessment done in
L
the year 2021. Bangladesh -- 5 states (West Bengal,
Meghalaya, Mizoram, Tripura, Assam)
In the current assessment, the total China – 5 states (Himachal Pradesh,
carbon stock in the country's forests has Ladakh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Arunachal
been estimated at 7,285.5 million tonnes. Pradesh)
Compared to the previous assessment,
Pakistan -- 5 (Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab,
the country's carbon stock has increased
Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir)
by 81.5 million tonnes.
Nepal -- 5 states (Uttar Pradesh, Bihar,
There are 9 states in India which have West Bengal, Sikkim, Uttarakhand)
coastlines. Myanmar -- 4 states (Arunachal Pradesh,
(Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Nagaland, Mizoram, Manipur)
Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Bhutan -- 4 states (West Bengal, Sikkim,
Odisha and West Bengal) Arunachal Pradesh, Assam)
Sikkim shares its borders with three
Afghanistan -- 1 (Ladakh)
countries: Nepal, Bhutan and China
India's Arunachal Pradesh shares its border
Note :
with Myanmar the most
Jammu & Kashmir does not share Border
The Indian state of Tripura is surrounded
by international borders with Bangladesh to China
on three sides

“सं कल्प से सिद्धि” 37 [Link]

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Southernmost point - Indira Point Between Maldives and Minicoy (India)

(6° 45' N latitude, (Great Nicobar Island) -- 8 degree channel
Between Lakshadweep and Minicoy
Northernmost point - Indira Col -- 9 Degree Channel
(37° 6 min) North latitude, (Ladakh) Between Sumatra Island (Indonesia) and

E
Great Nicobar -- 6 degree channel
Western point - Guhar Moti Between Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka

N
(68° 7 minutes) East Longitude, (Gujarat) -- Palk Street
Between South Andaman and Little

O
Eastern point – Kibithu Andaman -- Duncan Pass
(97° 25'0") East longitude, (Arunachal Between Lakshadweep and Malabar

S
Pradesh) coast -- Lakshadweep Sea
Between Coco Island (Myanmar) and

C
North Andaman -- Coco Strait

PP
India - Bangladesh : 4096.6 km L (1) Andhra Pradesh -- 1953 AD.

U
India - China : 3488 km
(2) Gujarat -- 1960 AD.
India-Pakistan : 3323 km
(3) Nagaland -- 1963 AD.
India - Nepal : 1751 km
(4) Haryana -- 1966 AD.
India - Myanmar : 1643 km
(5) Meghalaya, Manipur, Tripura -- 1972 AD.
India - Bhutan : 699 km
(6) Chhattisgarh -- 1 November 2000
India - Afghanistan : 106 km
(7) Uttarakhand -- 9 November 2000
(8) Jharkhand -- 15 Novembar 2000
(9) Telangana -- 2 June 2014
(10) Ladakh (UT) -- 31 Oct 2019
(1) Rajasthan -- 342239 sq. km
(11) Jammu and Kashmir (UT) – 31 Oct 2019
(2) Madhya Pradesh -- 308252 sq. km
(12) Dadra Nagar Haveli and Daman Diu
(3) Maharashtra -- 307713 sq. km
(Union Territory) -- 26 January 2020
(4) Uttar Pradesh -- 240928 sq. km
(5) Gujarat -- 196244 sq. km

Major rivers joining Ganga from the left side

Ramganga -- Gomti -- Ghagra -- Gandak -- Koshi -- Mahananda -- Brahmaputra

Rivers joining Ganga from the right side

Yamuna -- Tons --Son

“सं कल्प से सिद्धि” 37 [Link]

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Mount Everest (Nepal) -- 8,848 meters Markha Valley -- Ladakh

Godwin Austin (K2) (India) – 8611 meters Valley -- Ladakh
Kanchenjunga (India) -- 8598 m Nubra Valley -- Ladakh
Lohatse (Tibet) -- 8516 m Suru Valley -- Ladakh
Makalu (Nepal) -- 8481 meters Kinnaur Valley -- Himachal Pradesh

E
Dhaulagiri (Nepal) -- 8172 m Pangi Valley -- Himachal Pradesh
Nanga Parbat (India) -- 8126 m Kullu Valley -- Himachal Pradesh

N
Annapurna (Nepal) -- 8078 m Sangla Valley -- Himachal Pradesh
Nanda Devi (India) -- 7,816 m Kangra Valley -- Himachal Pradesh

O
Lahaul Valley -- Himachal Pradesh
Spiti Valley -- Himachal Pradesh

S
Sor Valley -- Uttarakhand

C
Nelang Valley -- Uttarakhand
Both power and manure are obtained Doon Valley -- Uttarakhand

P
from the biogas plant. It is a renewable Johar Valley -- Uttarakhand

P
source of energy. Valley of Flowers -- Uttarakhand
L Jukou Valley -- Nagaland

U
Sriharikota - Andhra Pradesh Chumbi Valley -- Sikkim
Thumba - Kerala Cumbum Valley -- Tamil Nadu
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) Silent Valley -- Kerala
-- Maharashtra
Pokhran - Rajasthan
Ganges tributaries order from west to east
Jawaharlal Nehru Agricultural University Yamuna – Ramganga – Tons – Gomti –
- Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh) Ghaghra – Son – Gandak – Kosi –
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of - Mahananda – Hooghly – Brahmaputra
Agriculture and Technology -- Meerut
(Uttar Pradesh) Rivers falling into the Arabian Sea
Indira Gandhi Agricultural University -- (1) Narmada
Raipur (Chhattisgarh) (2) Tapti
Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural (3) Sabarmati
University -- Andhra Pradesh (4) Mahi
(5) Luni
(6) Son

“सं कल्प से सिद्धि” 38 [Link]

@UPPCS1