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EBT 2312 ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND

AUDITING
INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY MANAGEMENT
Prof. Urbanus N. Mutwiwa, PhD., MEIK
Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Department,
Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology,
P.O Box 62000, Nairobi
Email: umutwiwa@[Link]
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Introduction
• Energy management is the process of tracking and
monitoring energy to conserve usage in a
building/installation
• This enables the
– Reduction of costs – energy represents 25% of all
operating costs in an office building
– Reduction of carbon emissions in order to meet internal
sustainability goals and regulatory requirements
– Reduction of risks (energy security)– the more energy
you consume, the greater the risk that energy price
increases or supply shortages could seriously affect
your profitability
– Compliance with Legislations eg. Environmental quality
requirements

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Reasons for Energy Management Need for Energy Management by Businesses

• Meeting more stringent environmental quality standards
• It is a means to achieve the required performance with
minimum energy consumption – Reducing the combustion of CH4, reduces the amount of CO2 in
the atmosphere thereby reducing global warming & acid rain
• Becoming economically competitive in the global marketplace e.g
through the reduction of cost of production or services, etc
– Adopting new energy efficient technologies, new materials and
manufacturing processes and use of new technologies to help a
company improve productivity and increase their product or
service quality
• Maintaining energy supplies that are available without significant
interruption and available costs that do not fluctuate too rapidly
• Helping solve other national concerns e.g job creation, improve
balance of payments by reducing cost of imported energy etc

Source: [Link]

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Greenhouse Gas Emissions Projections in Kenya Per Sector

Energy Consumption Projections per Carrier in Kenya
Including (left) and Excluding (Right) Contributions from Land
Use, Land Use Change and Forestry

Source: F. Dalla Longa and van der Zwaan (2017) Do Kenya’s climate change mitigation ambitions Source: F. Dalla Longa and van der Zwaan (2017) Do Kenya’s climate change mitigation ambitions
necessitate large-scale renewable energy deployment and dedicated low-carbon energy policy? necessitate large-scale renewable energy deployment and dedicated low-carbon energy policy?
Renewable Energy 113, 1559-1568 Renewable Energy 113, 1559-1568

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Energy Consumption Projections per Sector for Kenya CO2 Emission Projections per Sector for Kenya

Source: F. Dalla Longa and van der Zwaan (2017) Do Kenya’s climate change mitigation ambitions
Source: F. Dalla Longa and van der Zwaan (2017) Do Kenya’s climate change mitigation ambitions necessitate large-scale renewable energy deployment and dedicated low-carbon energy policy?
necessitate large-scale renewable energy deployment and dedicated low-carbon energy policy? Renewable Energy 113, 1559-1568
Renewable Energy 113, 1559-1568

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Careers in Energy Management

• Companies aware of the need to manage energy
• Locally the Kenya Association of Manufacturers offers
various short courses at the Centre for Energy Efficiency
and Conservation
• Potential duties include:
– Energy auditing
– Facility of building management
– Energy and economic analysis
– Maintenance
• Job titles
– Energy manager
– Energy auditor
– Energy analyst

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1. Control the costs of the energy function or service

provided, but not the Btu of energy

• Energy is a means of providing some service or benefit

• It is hardly consumed directly but rather converted into
some useful function
– For instance, processes to which heat is put in include
Principles of Energy Management distillation, evaporation, drying etc.
– Useful to break down the heat in terms of temperature
so as to match the heat source to the work
requirement
– Useful to measure the cost of depreciation,
maintenance, labour etc of the equipment involved in
the conversion
– It is the total cost of these functions that must be
managed and controlled not the Btu of energy

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2. Control Energy Functions as a Product Cost, not as

3. Control and meter only the main energy functions
Part of Manufacturing or General Overhead
• Many companies lump all energy costs into one general • In general, only a few functions usually account for a
account without identifying those products with the highest majority of the costs
energy function cost • It is important to focus controls on those that represent
• Energy functions must become part of the standard cost the meaningful costs and aggregate the remaining items in
system so that each function can be assessed as to its a general category
specific impact on the product cost • Many establishments in Kenya have only one meter, that
• In reducing costs start by achieving the minimum cost leading from the electric main into the plant from the
possible with the present equipment and processes outside source.
• Thereafter consider a change in process or equipment • The inability to measure actual consumption against that
configuration standard will render such a system useless.
• An equipment change prior to actually minimizing the • Submetering the main functions can provide the
expenditure under the present system may lead to information not only to measure but to control costs in a
oversizing new equipment or replacing equipment for short time interval
unnecessary functions

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4. The major effort of an energy management program Energy and Power

into installing controls and achieving results
• Define Energy
• Knowledge about how large amounts of energy could be
saved in a plant is usually available – Electricity, fuel, steam, heat, compressed air etc
• However, the discipline necessary to achieve these – It is the capacity to do work
potential savings is usually missing – Various units of measurement e.g kWh
• Each step in saving energy needs to be monitored
• Define Power
frequently enough by the manager to see noticeable
changes – The rate at which energy is delivered
• Logging of important fuel usage or behavioural – Expressed as watts or horsepower (1W=0.746kW)
observations are almost always necessary before any
particular savings results can be realized
• Therefore, it is critical for energy managers to install
systems and controls, as well as provide good advise to the
management

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Energy and Power Energy and Power

• The energy used by a piece of equipment running at a Power Factor
fixed power for a certain time is the time multiplied by • Is the ratio between delivered useful power and what it
the power. would have been with perfect synchronisation of current
and voltage
Example – Poor power factor means that a higher than necessary
• Calculate the energy used by a 3 kW heater running for 2 current must be drawn in order to deliver the required
hours useful power.
• This increases the load on supply cables and switch
Example 2 gears, increases line losses and can impose higher
supply-capacity and maximum-demand charges
• Calculate the energy used by a 55HP diesel engine running
flat out for 2 hours

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Energy and Power Energy and Power

Efficiency Energy Balance
• Describes the ration between useful energy output and • Do we consume energy?
energy input • No:-convert from one form to another
• For instance: • There must be a balance between what goes in and what
– Amount of useful heat output from a boiler divided by comes out since energy can not be destroyed
the amount of fuel put in
– Work done by a car engine relative to diesel consumed
Example
• Supposing an engine delivers 82.06kW in 2 hours after
consuming 25 litres diesel, how efficient is it? Assume a
litre contains 10.6kW?
Solution
• 100x(82.06/(25x10.36))=30.9%

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Energy and Power

Heat and Temperature
• Heat is a manifestation of energy and its flow can be
expressed in energy units (kWh)
• Temperature is a measure of how hot something is
Example
• Ice in a freezer at a temperature of -150C
• It absorbs heat and starts melting to water at 00C-it
continues absorbing heat with the temperature remaining
constant, till all ice is melted
• Continues to absorb heat and temperature increases till
boiling point

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Conclusions Conclusions
• Energy management is about reducing the cost of energy
used by an organisation.
– Energy cost reduction can be done by looking at both
price and quantity
• The overall potential for increasing energy productivity
and reducing the cost of energy services is substantial
• Energy productivity provides an expanding opportunity, not
a last resort

Long term results will

be much greater

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Thank you for Listening

Questions/ Discussions

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