MATRICES

Matrices: A rectangular arrangement of numbers. Matrices are denoted by Capital Letters.

Each number of matrices is known as element of matrix.
Order of a Matrix: Number of rows(m) × Number of columns(n)
Compact form of a Matrix: 𝐴 = 𝑎
×
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑜𝑤 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑗𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛.
TYPES OF MATRICES:
(1) Row Matrix: Matrix having one row only.
(2) Column Matrix: Matrix having one column only.
(3) Square Matrix: Matrix having same number of rows and columns. It means m=n.
If it is written that order of matrix is m, then it means it is a square matrix having m rows
and m columns.
(4) Zero Matrix: A matrix whose all elements are zero and denoted by O.
(5) Diagonal Matrix: A square matrix is said to be diagonal matrix if all those elements who are
not on leading diagonal are zero.
OR
A square matrix is said to be diagonal matrix if 𝑎 = 0 ∀ 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗
𝑎 0 0
Example: 𝐴 = 0 𝑎 0 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔[𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 ]
0 0 𝑎
(6) Scalar Matrix: A diagonal matrix is said to be scalar matrix if all the elements on leading
diagonal is same.
OR
A square matrix is said to be scalar matrix if 𝑎 = 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗 & 𝑎 = 𝑘 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖 = 𝑗.
4 0 0
3 0
Example: 𝐴 = [2], 𝐵 = , 𝐶= 0 4 0
0 3
0 0 4
(7) Identity Matrix: A scalar matrix is said to be identity matrix if all the elements on leading
diagonal is 1 and denoted by I.
OR
A square matrix is said to be scalar matrix if 𝑎 = 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗 & 𝑎 = 1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖 = 𝑗.
1 0 0
1 0
Example: [1], , 0 1 0
0 1
0 0 1
Equality of Matrices: Two matrices are said to be equal if (i) they are of same order.
(ii) their corresponding elements are same.

Addition and Subtraction of Matrices: Two matrices can be added or subtracted if they are of
same order. We get their addition or subtraction by adding or subtracting their corresponding
elements.

Multiplication of a matrix by a scalar: Let A be a matrix and we have to multiply by a scalar

quantity k. kA is obtained by multiplying each and every element of matrix by k.
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑘𝑎 𝑘𝑎 𝑘𝑎
Example: 𝑘𝐴 = 𝑘 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 = 𝑘𝑎 𝑘𝑎 𝑘𝑎
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑘𝑎 𝑘𝑎 𝑘𝑎

Properties of Matrix Addition:

(i) Commutative Law: 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝐵 + 𝐴
(ii) Associative Law: (𝐴 + 𝐵) + 𝐶 = 𝐴 + (𝐵 + 𝐶)
(iii) Additive Identity: 𝐴 + 𝑂 = 𝑂 + 𝐴 = 𝐴
(iv) Additive Inverse: 𝐴 + (−𝐴) = (−𝐴) + 𝐴 = 𝑂
Properties of Scalar Multiplication of a Matrix:
(i) 𝑘(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑘𝐴 + 𝑘𝐵
(ii) (𝑚 + 𝑛)𝐴 = 𝑚𝐴 + 𝑛𝐴
Multiplication of Matrices: Two matrices are multiplicable if number of columns in pre-
multiplicand and number of rows in post-multiplicand are equal.
𝐴 × × 𝐵 × 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 = 𝑝
𝑂𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝐴 × × 𝐵 × 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑚 × 𝑞
𝑎 𝑡ℎ 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 = 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓
𝑝𝑟𝑒 − 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑗𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑑.
Properties of Matrix Multiplication:
(i) Matrix multiplication is not commutative i.e. 𝐴 × 𝐵 ≠ 𝐵 × 𝐴
(ii) Product of two non zero matrices may be a zero matrix
0 𝑎 𝑐 𝑑 0 0
Example: =
0 𝑏 0 0 0 0
(iii) Associative Law: 𝐴(𝐵𝐶) = (𝐴𝐵)𝐶
(iv) Distributive Law: Multiplication distributes over addition
(a) 𝐴(𝐵 + 𝐶) = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐶 (b) (𝐴 + 𝐵)𝐶 = 𝐴𝐶 + 𝐵𝐶
(v) Multiplicative Identity: 𝐴𝑰 = 𝑰𝐴 = 𝐴 whenever multiplicable.
Transpose of a Matrix: Transpose of a matrix A is obtained by interchanging corresponding
rows and columns. Transpose of a matrix A is denoted by A’.
OR
Transpose of a matrix 𝐴 = 𝑎 is 𝐴′ = 𝑎
× ×
Properties of Transpose of a Matrix:
(i) (A ) = A (ii) (A + B) = A + B′ (iii) (AB) = B′A (iv) (𝑘𝐴) = 𝑘𝐴

Symmetric Matrix: A square matrix is said to be symmetric if 𝐴 = 𝐴

OR
A square matrix 𝐴 = 𝑎 is said to be symmetric if 𝑎 = 𝑎 ∀ 𝑖 & 𝑗
Skew Symmetric Matrix: A square matrix is said to be symmetric if 𝐴 = −𝐴
OR
A square matrix 𝐴 = 𝑎 is said to be symmetric if 𝑎 = −𝑎 ∀ 𝑖 & 𝑗

Properties of Symmetric and Skew Symmetric Matrices:

(i) All the elements on leading diagonal of a skew symmetric matrix are zero.
(ii) For any square matrix A, A + A is a symmetric matrix.
(iii) For any square matrix A, A − A is a skew symmetric matrix.
(iv) Any square matrix A can be expressed as the sum of a symmetric and skew symmetric
matrix. 𝐴 = (A + A ) + (A − A )

Theorem (Uniqueness of Inverse): Inverse of a square matrix, if it exists, is unique.

Proof: Let 𝐴 = 𝑎 be a square matrix of order n.
If possible, let B and C are two inverses of A.
Now our target is to show that B and C are not different, they are same.
As B and C are inverses of A, therefore by definition of inverse
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐼 & 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐶𝐴 = 𝐼 ----------(1)
𝐵 = 𝐵𝐼 (𝐼 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝐵 = 𝐵(𝐴𝐶) (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1)
𝐵 = (𝐵𝐴)𝐶 (𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒. )
𝐵 = 𝐼𝐶 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1)
𝐵=𝐶 (𝐼 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
Hence, Inverse of a square matrix, if it exists, is unique.