HEAT ENGINE
HEAT ENGINE Any machine designed to carry out a thermodynamic cycle & thus converting heat energy supplied to it into mechanical energy.
Heat Energy Energy
Thermodynamic Cycles
Mechanical
MAIN ELEMENTS OF HEAT ENGINE 1. A hot body : Sources of heat, which is received during the cycle. 2. A cold body: Sink of heat, which is given the heat 3. Working Fluid: works as medium to transfer heat from hot body to cold body, the working substance may be steam, mixture of fuel & air or only air.
Heat engine
Steam engine & steam turbine I.C engine & Gas turbine
Air eigine
AVAILBALBE WORK OF CYCLE:
Heat Engine H.E to M.E
Hot body
heat Received
Heat Rejected Cold body
Available Energy of cycle Q (with out any loss) Where,
Q1 - Q2
W = net work during the cycle in KJ Q = Available energy for doing work KJ Q1 = Heat received during each cycle from hot body in KJ Q2 = Heat rejected during each cycle to cold body KJ = efficiency of a cycle. Note : whatever heat is available is converted in to work.
Q1 - Q2
Heat equivalent to net work done/ cycle = --------------------------------------------------------Heat received /cycle from hot body Q1 - Q2 = -----------------Q1
CARNOT CYCLE:
No heat engine has ever been constructed to use it.
Theoretically permit the conversion of maximum quantity of heat energy
into mechanical energy.
a-b = Heat supplied at constant temperature (Isothermal Expansion). b-c = Isentropic expansion. c-d = Heat rejected at constant temperature (Isothermal Compression). d-a = Isentropic compression. For any non-flow thermodynamic process Heat added = work done + change in I.E a-b = Heat supplied at constant temperature (Isothermal Expansion). Therefore, change in I.E = 0. Heat added during a-b = work done + I.E = work done + 0 = Pa Va Log(Vb/Va)+0 = R Ta log (r1) = R T1 log (r1) Where, r1 = Isothermal expansion ratio. = Vb/Va c-d = Heat rejected at constant temperature (Isothermal Compression). Heat rejected during c-d = work done + I.E
= work done + 0 = Pc Vc Log(Vc/Vd)+0 = R Tc log (r1) = R T2 log (r2)
Where, r2 = Isothermal compression ratio. = Vc/Vd Net work done = H.S H.R = R T1 log (r1) - R T2 log (r2) b-c = Isentropic expansion. Tb/Tc = (r) T1/T2 = (r)
-1
---------------------------------------------------------------(i) because Ta=Tb=T1 & Tc=Td=T2
-1
For d-a = Isentropic compression, Ta/Td = (r)
-1
---------------------------------------------------------------(ii)
From (i) & (ii) Vc/Cb = Vd/Va i.e r2 =r1 Net workdone = R [ T1 log (r1) - T2 log (r2) ]
Heat equivalent to net work done/ cycle = --------------------------------------------------------Heat received /cycle from hot body
R [ T1 log (r1) - T2 log (r2) ] ----------------------------------------------R [ T1 log (r1) ]
= T1 T2 / T1
OTTO CYCLE
1-2 = Adiabatic Compression
2-3 = Constant volume Heat supplied 3-4 = Adiabatic Expansion 4-1 = Constant volume Heat rejected. 2-3 = Constant volume Heat supplied Heat supplied = Cv ( T3 T2 ) 4-1 = Constant volume Heat rejected. Heat rejected = Cv ( T4 T1 )
Heat equivalent to net work done/ cycle = --------------------------------------------------------Heat received /cycle from hot body Cv ( T3 T2 ) - Cv ( T4 T1 ) -------------------------------------------------= Cv ( T3 T2 )
= 1- ( T4- T1)/(T3-T2) -------------------------------------------------------(i)
Now, 1-2 = Adiabatic Compression T2/T1 = ( V1/ V2 ) -1 = (r)
-1
r = Compression ratio = V1/V2 T2 = T1 (r)
-1
3-4 = Adiabatic Expansion T3/T4 = ( V4/ V3 ) -1 = (r)
-1
r = Expansion ratio = V4/V3
T3 = T4 (r)
-1
Putting value of T2 & T3 in equation (i) otto = = 1- 1/ (r) 1- ( T4- T1)/(T3-T2)
-1
DIESEL CYCLE (CONSTANT PRESSURE CYCLE)
1-2 = Adiabatic Compression 2-3 = Constant Pressure Heat supplied 3-4 = Adiabatic Expansion 4-1 = Constant volume Heat rejected. 2-3 = Constant volume Heat supplied Heat supplied = Cp ( T3 T2 ) 4-1 = Constant volume Heat rejected. Heat rejected = Cv ( T4 T1 ) Heat equivalent to net work done/ cycle = --------------------------------------------------------Heat received /cycle from hot body Cp ( T3 T2 ) - Cv ( T4 T1 ) -------------------------------------------------= Cv ( T3 T2 )
= 1- ( T4- T1)/ (T3-T2) -------------------------------------------------------(i) Let, Compression ratio = V1/V2 = r Cut off ratio = V3/V2 = Expansion ratio = V4/V3 = r / From , Constant Pressure heat supplied P2V2/ T2 = P3V3/T3 T3/T2 = V3/V2 = T2 = T3/ Now from adiabatic compression 1-2 T2/T1 = ( V1/ V2 ) -1 T1 = T2 / (r)
-1
= (r)
-1
Substituting value of T2 = T3 / T1 = T3 / (r)
-1
From adiabatic expansion T3/T4 = ( V4/ V3 ) -1 T4 = T3 ()
-1
= (r/ )
-1
-1
(r)
Substituting values of T2, T1 & T4 in equation of effieciency.