CLANGUAGE
1
Overview of C
• C is developed by Dennis Ritchie
• C is a structured programming language
• C supports functions that enables easy maintainability
of code, by breaking large file into smaller modules
• Comments in C provides easy readability
• C is a powerful language
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PROGRAM
STRUCTURE
A sample C Program
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
--other statements
// Comments after double slash
} 3
HEADER FILES
• The files that are specified in the include section is
called as header file
• These are precompiled files that has some functions
defined in them
• We can call those functions in our program
by supplying parameters
• Header file is given an extension .h
• C Source file is given an extension .c
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MAIN FUNCTION
• This is the entry point of a program
• When a file is executed, the start point is
the main function
• From main function the flow goes as per
the programmers choice.
• There may or may not be other functions
written by user in a program
• Main function is compulsory for any c 5
program
WRITING THE FIRST PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
printf(“Hello”);
return 0;
}
• This program prints Hello on the screen when
we execute it
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RUNNING C PROGRAM
• Type a program
• Save it
• Compile the program – This will generate an exe
file (executable)
• Run the program (Actually the exe created out of
compilation will run and not the .c file)
• In different compiler we have different option for
compiling and running. We give only the
concepts.
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COMMENTS IN C
• Single line comment
– // (double slash)
– Termination of comment is by pressing enter
key
• Multi line comment
/*….
…….*/
This can span over to multiple lines
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DATA TYPES IN C
• Primitive data types
– int, float, double, char
• Aggregate Data Types
– Arrays come under this category
– Arrays can contain collection of int or float or
char or double data
• User defined data types
– Structures and enum fall under this category.
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VARIABLES
• Variables are data that will keep on changing
• Declaration
<<Data type>> <<variable name>>;
int a;
• Definition
<<varname>>=<<value>>;
a=10;
• Usage
<<varname>>
a=a+1; //increments the value of a by 1 10
VARIABLE NAMES- RULES
• Can contain letters, numbers or underscore.
• Should start with a letter or an underscore (_)
• Reserved words such as int can not be used as names
• Names cannot contain whitespaces or special
characters like !, #, %, etc.
• Variable names are case sensitive
–
A and a are different.
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INPUT AND OUTPUT
• Input
–
scanf(“%d”,&a);
– Gets an integer value from the user and
stores it under the name “a”
• Output
– printf(“%d”,a);
– Prints the value present in variable a on the
screen
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FOR LOOPS
• The syntax of for loop is
for(initialization; condition_checking; increment)
{
set of statements
}
Eg: Program to print Hello 10 times
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
printf(“Hello”);
} 13
WHILE LOOP
The syntax for while loop
• while(condition)
{
statements;
}
Eg:
a=10;
while(a != 0) Output: 10987654321
{
printf(“%d”,a);
a--;
}
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DO WHILE LOOP
• The syntax of do while loop
do
{
set of statements
}while(condn);
Eg:
i=10; Output: 10987654321
do
{
printf(“%d”,i);
i--;
}while(i!=0)
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CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
•IF (CONDITION)
{
STMT 1; //Executes if condition is true
}
else
{
STMT 2; //Executes if condition is false
}
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CONDITIONAL STATEMENT
switch(var)
{
case 1: //if var=1 this case executes
stmt;
break;
case 2: //if var=2 this case executes
stmt;
break;
default: //if var is something else this will execute
stmt;
}
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OPERATORS
• Arithmetic (+,-,*,/,%)
• Relational (<,>,<=,>=,==,!=)
• Logical (&&,||,!)
• Bitwise (&,|)
• Assignment (=)
• Compound assignment(+=,*=,-=,/=,%=,&=,|=)
• Shift (right shift >>, left shift <<)
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STRING FUNCTIONS
• strlen(str) – To find length of string str
• strrev(str) – Reverses the string str as rts
• strcat(str1,str2) – Appends str2 to str1 and
returns str1
• strcpy(st1,st2) – copies the content of st2 to st1
• strcmp(s1,s2) – Compares the two string s1and s2
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NUMERIC FUNCTIONS
• pow(n,x) – evaluates n^x
• ceil(1.3) – Returns 2
• floor(1.3) – Returns 1
• abs(num) – Returns absolute value
• log(x)- Logarithmic value
• sin(x)
• cos(x)
• tan(x)
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PROCEDURES
• Procedure is a function whose return type is void
• Functions will have return types int, char, double,
float or even structs and arrays
• Return type is the data type of the value that is
returned to the calling point after the called
function execution completes
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FUNCTIONS AND PARAMETERS
•Syntax of function
Declaration section
<<Returntype>> funname(parameter list);
Definition section
<<Returntype>> funname(parameter list)
{
body of the function
}
Function Call
Funname(parameter);
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EXAMPLE FUNCTION
#include<stdio.h>
void printName(); //declaration
void main ()
{
printf("Hello ");
//Call
printName();
}
void printName()
{
printf("Javatpoint");
} 23
ARRAYS
• Arrays fall under aggregate data type
• Aggregate – More than 1
• Arrays are collection of data that belong to same
data type
• Arrays are collection of homogeneous data
• Array elements can be accessed by its position
in the array called as index
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ARRAYS
• Array index starts with zero
• The last index in an array is num – 1 where num is the
no of elements in a array
• int a[5] is an array that stores 5 integers
• a[0] is the first element where as a[4] is the fifth
element
• We can also have arrays with more than one
dimension
• float a[5][5] is a two dimensional array. It can
store 5x5 = 25 floating point numbers 25
• The bounds are a[0][0] to a[4][4]
STRUCTURES
• Structures are user defined data types
• It is a collection of heterogeneous data
• It can have integer, float, double or character data
in it
•We can also have array of structures
struct <<structname>>
{
members;
}element;
We can access [Link];
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STRUCTURES
struct Person
{
int id;
char name[5];
}P1;
[Link] = 1;
[Link] = “vasu”;
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TYPE DEF
• The typedef operator is used for creating
alias of a data type
• For example I have this statement
typedef int integer;
Now I can use integer in place of int
i.e instead of declaring int a;, I can use
integer a;
This is applied for structures too.
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POINTERS
• Pointer is a special variable that stores address of
another variable
• Addresses are integers. Hence pointer stores
integer data
• Size of pointer = size of int
• Pointer that stores address of integer variable is called
as integer pointer and is declared as int *ip;
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POINTERS
• Pointers that store address of a double, char and
float are called as double pointer, character pointer
and float pointer respectively.
• char *cp
• float *fp
• double *dp;
• Assigning value to a pointer
int *ip = &a; //a is an int already declared
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EXAMPLES
int a;
a=10; //a stores 10
int *ip;
ip = &a;
//ip stores address of a (say 1000)
ip : fetches 1000
*ip : fetches 10
* Is called as dereferencing operator
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CALL BY VALUE
• Calling a function with parameters passed
as values
int a=10; void fun(int a)
fun(a); {
defn;
}
Here fun(a) is a call by value.
Any modification done with in the function is local
to it and will not be effected outside the function
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CALL BY REFERENCE
• Calling a function by passing pointers as
parameters (address of variables is passed
instead of variables)
int a=1; void fun(int *x)
fun(&a); {
defn;
}
Any modification done to variable a will effect
outside the function also 33
EXAMPLE PROGRAM – CALL BY VALUE
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a=10;
printf(“%d”,a); a=10
fun(a);
printf(“%d”,a); a=10
}
void fun(int x)
{
printf(“%d”,x) x=10
x++;
printf(“%d”,x); x=11
}
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EXPLANATION
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EXAMPLE PROGRAM – CALL BY REFERENCE
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a=10;
printf(“%d”,a); a=10
fun(a);
printf(“%d”,a); a=11
}
void fun(int x)
{
printf(“%d”,x) x=10
x++;
printf(“%d”,x); x=11
}
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EXPLANATION
a and x are referring to same location. So
value will be over written. 37
CONCLUSION
• Call by value => copying value of variable in
another variable. So any change made in the copy
will not affect the original location.
• Call by reference => Creating link for the parameter
to the original location. Since the address is same,
changes to the parameter will refer to original
location and the value will be over written.
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