ACCESS TECHNOLOGY
DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE(DSL)
INTERNET ACCESS TECHNIQUES
DIAL-UP
DSL
CABLE TV
Provided by the local cable TV provider.
Shared bandwidth - Internet connection speed varies with the number of users
on the service at a specific point in time.
FIBER OPTIC(FTTH)
The newest and fastest broadband service thus far.
However, service areas are quite limited because the laying down of the
fiber-optic cable takes a while to complete.
Wherever it is available, the cost not only competes with that of DSL and cable,
but it provides a much faster connection than both of those services.
SATTELITE
Slowest broadband service.
Although this is a good replacement for dial-up for those people living in remote
rural areas.
The installation costs are quite high.
DIAL-UP
DIAL-UP ?
POTS(Plain Old Telephone System)/PSTN(Public
Switched Telephone Network) were originally designed
for voice only.
Either voice or data.
300 Hz to 3.4 KHz.
Supports upto 56Kbps.(Ideally 64Kbps)
Full-duplex transmissions.
DSL
WHAT ?
Technology to simultaneously send/receive voice and data on same
“subscriber line”.
Originally designed to carry “Data” only.
Different variations of DSL, such as ADSL, HDSL, VDSL etc.
Voice 0 to 4kHz
Data 25kHz to 1.1MHz.
WHY ?
Utilize POTS/PSTN for high speed data , no requirement of new media
only certain hardware required at both ends.
Phone call data + Internet data simultaneously on one pair of wires .
WHEN?
1988 First patent (Employee at Bellcore) devp ADSL by placing wideband
signals at freqs above the existing baseband analog voice on the twisted pairs.)
DSL
FREQ SPECTRUM
PHYSICAL CONNECTIONS
PHYSICAL CONNECTIONS
SERVICE PROVIDER
DSL SPLITTER
One input and two outputs.
LPF (3.4KHz) for phone output.
DSL SPLITTER:CCT
TYPES?
SYMMETRIC DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE(SDSL)
Digital data simultaneously in both directions across the line – the same
bitrate being available in both directions (thus ‘symmetric’).
Allows transmission of up to 6 Mbit/s in both directions.
Usually require a 4-wire connection(equivalent to two standard telephone
lines).
SDSL service is typically more expensive than ADSL and is usually
provided by telephone companies as a ‘business service’ either as a private
‘leaseline’ connection as a high speed Internet access line at a site which
sends as much data to the Internet as it receives
(e.g. the company’s web server is located at the site: so a high volume of
data is sent upstream to the network.
Internet ‘surfing’ activity of company employees at the site demand that a
high downstream data rate is also available – so that Internet pages
appear quickly).
ASYMMETRIC DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE(ADSL)
The most common form of DSL.
The total available capacity of the high speed digital subscriber line is
split asymmetrically between downstream and upstream directions of
transmission – there is a much higher bitrate made available for
downstream transmission – at the expense of the upstream
transmission rate.
The advantage of this is that information transferred downstream can be
delivered much more quickly. Since little information is sent
upstream by the typical Internet surfer (e.g. only the odd ‘click’ message
or short email), the asymmetry of ADSL benefits the user.
ADSL is often referred to simply as ‘DSL’, since ADSL is the
commonest form of DSL.
ADSL is a technology used to provide a digital high speed internet
access line over a ‘normal 2-wire telephone line’.
DIAL-UP vs DSL
DIAL-UP DSL
CONNECTION Connection is required to be Connection will be unbroken until
TYPE established every time any kind of disruption from the
service provider /user.
FREQ RANGE 0.3- 4 KHz 0.3 KHz – 1.1 MHz
COMN Either voice or data Voice and data simultaneously.
SPEED 56 Kbps Upto 50 Mbps
DSL REFRENCE MODEL
ADSL
• Assymetric DSL
• ADSL is the #1 Broadband Choice in the World with over 60%
market share
• Data rate
• 1.544-28 Mb/s downstream
• 0.5 – 3.5 Mb/s upstream
• Distance limit(downstream)
Data Rate Wire size Distance
1.5 or 2 Mbps 0.5 mm 5.5 km
1.5 or 2 Mbps 0.4 mm 4.6 km
6.1 Mbps 0.5 mm 3.7 km
1.5 or 2 Mbps 0.4 mm 2.7 Km
ADSL STANDARDS
Standard name Common name Downstream Upstream
rate rate
ITU G.992.1 ADSL ([Link]) 8 Mbit/s 1.0 Mbit/s
ITU G.992.2 ADSL Lite ([Link]) 1.5 Mbit/s 0.5 Mbit/s
ITU G.992.3/4 ADSL2 12 Mbit/s 1.0 Mbit/s
ITU G.992.3/4 Annex J ADSL2 12 Mbit/s 3.5 Mbit/s
ITU G.992.3/4 Annex L RE-ADSL2 5 Mbit/s 0.8 Mbit/s
ITU G.992.5 ADSL2+ 24 Mbit/s 1.0 Mbit/s
ITU G.992.5 Annex L RE-ADSL2+ 24 Mbit/s 1.0 Mbit/s
ITU G.992.5 Annex M ADSL2+ 28 Mbit/s 3.5 Mbit/s
ADSL SPEED FACTORS
The distance from the local exchange
The type and thickness of wires used
The number and type of joints in the wire
The proximity of the wire to other wires carrying ADSL,
ISDN and other non-voice signals
The proximity of the wires to radio transmitters.
ADSL NETWORK COMPONENTS
• The ADSL modem at the customer premises(ADSL Terminal Unit
– Remote ATU-R)
• The modem of the central office (ATU-C)
• DSL access multiplexer (DSLAM)
• Splitter - an electronic low pass filter that separates the
analogue voice or ISDN signal from ADSL data frequencies
DSLAM.
ADSL LOOP ARCHITECTURE
DSL
Voice Switch
ISP
Central Office Subscriber premises
HDSL
High bit rate DSL
It was first developed in the late 1980’s as an alternative to
T1 standards.
T1 technology required that the lines be preconditioned to
match specific line requirements. To meet these line
conditions, special cables had to be used.
HDSL was designed to automatically compensate for line
conditions.
Another drawback to T1 technology is that it uses simplex
transmission.
Alternatively, HDSL uses Duplex transmission. HDSL allows
data to be sent in both directions simultaneously on the same
line.
HDSL
• The Line Code for HDSL is called 2B1Q, which stands for 2-binary
1-quaternary. 2B1Q is a 4-level code that encodes two bits at one
time.
• Advantages –
• Easy to understand and implement.
• Does not suffer badly from Cross Talk.
HDSL:DISADVANTAGES
The primary disadvantage of HDSL is that it requires two twisted
pairs of wires to operate, which increases the deployment cost for
service providers.
Also, HDSL does not support Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS)
on the same lines as the data, so separate phone service is
needed if the consumer wants to speak on the telephone.
Slightly slower than some other forms of DSL, but it is still far
superior to analog transmission.
HDSL
•Data rate
•1.544 Mb/s duplex on two twisted-pair lines;
•2.048 Mb/s duplex on three twisted-pair lines
•Distance limit
•3.6km on 0.5mm wire
•Application
•Replacement for T1 service
• WAN
• LAN
VDSL
Very High Speed DSL,
Data Rate - 13 Mbps - 55 Mbps range over short distances, usually
between 1000 and 4500 feet (300 - 1500 meters), of twisted pair
copper wire.
The shorter the distance, the faster the connection rate.
IDSL
ISDN DSL
Data rate
128kb/s
Distance limit
5.5km on 0.5mm wire
Application
Similar to the ISDN service but data only (no voice on the
same line)
SDSL
Symmetric DSL
Data rate
1.544 Mb/s or 2.048Mb/s on a single duplex line
downstream/upstream
Distance limit
3.6km on 0.5mm wire
Application
Same as for HDSL but requiring only one line of a twisted pair cable
COMPARISION
MODULATION
DIGITAL MODULATION
QAM
Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT)
ADSL signal divided into 255 carriers (bins) centred
on multiples of 4.3125 kHz.
DMT has 224 downstream frequency bins and up to
31 upstream bins.
Bin 0 is used for voice (POTS) is used on the same
line.
The central frequency of bin N is (N x 4.3125) kHz.
Up to 15 bits per symbol can be encoded in a bin on
a good quality line?
Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT)
The frequency layout can be summarised as:
300 Hz-4 kHz, voice.
4–25 kHz, unused guard band.
25–138 kHz, 25 upstream bins (7-31).
138–1104 kHz, 224 downstream bins (32-255).
Typically, a few bins around 31-32 are not used in order to
prevent interference between upstream and downstream
bins either side of 138 kHz.
These unused bins constitute a guard band to be chosen by
each DSLAM manufacturer - it is not defined by the G.992.1
specification.
DISCRETE MULTI-TONE(DMT)
?