FLUID MACHINERIES

(MEEN 30123)

COMPILED BY:
ENGR. EDWIN C. ESPERANZA
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTERS AND TOPICS PAGE

Chapter 1: Energy and Head Loss 1-10

Chapter 2: Operations on Fluid Mechanics 11-15
Chapter 3: Pumps 16-21
Chapter 4: The Bernoulli’s Energy Theorem 22-28
 CHAPTER 1:
Estimating Energy/ Head Loss

Overview:

This chapter is a recap on the fundamental theorems discussed on the Fluid Mechanics.
It will talk about the principle of energy conservation, conservation of mass, and the principle of
momentum that will be used in the phenomenon of head loss or major energy loss in fluids.

Objectives:

At the end of the chapter, the students are expected to:

1. Solve fluids in motion problems but not limited to law of continuity and principle of
momentum in fluids;
2. Analyze the energy equations on different devices being used in machineries such as
pumps, head lost and turbine or motor;
3. Analyze how fluid losses energy heads; and
4. Differentiate method of estimating these head losses are discussed.

Course Material/ Discussions:

A. Recap on fluid measurement:

As previously discussed on the fluid mechanics, fluids are generally divided into two
categories: ideal fluid and real fluid. These fluids undergo motion, thus converting energy
from the apparatuses in the machineries.

ENERGY HEAD

The energy possessed by a flowing fluid consists of kinetic and the potential energy.
Potential energy may be in turn be subdivided into energy due to elevation above a given
datum, and energy due to pressure in fluid. The amount of energy per pound or Newton of
fluid is called the head.

KINETIC ENERGY

The ability of the fluid mass to do work by virtue of its velocity:

𝑊 2
𝐾. 𝐸. = 1⁄2 𝑀𝑣 2 = 1⁄2 𝑣
𝑔

𝑲. 𝑬. 𝒗𝟐
𝑲𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒐𝒓 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒅 = =
𝑾 𝟐𝒈

1
For a circular pipe of diameter D flowing full:

2
𝑣 2 (𝑄 ⁄𝐴) 𝑄2
= =
2𝑔 2𝑔 2𝑔𝐴2

𝑣2 𝑄2
=
2𝑔 2𝑔(𝜋 𝐷 2 )2
4

𝒗𝟐 𝟖𝑸𝟐
= 𝟐 𝟒
𝟐𝒈 𝝅 𝒈𝑫

ELEVATION ENERGY

The energy possessed by the fluid by virtue of its position or elevation with respect with
the datum line

𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑊𝑧 = 𝑀𝑔𝑧

𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚
𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒅 = =𝒛
𝑾

PRESSURE ENERGY

Considering a closed tank, this energy is possessed by the extreme pressure exerted on
the fluid for it to move.
𝑝
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑊
𝛾

𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚
𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒅 = = 𝜸
𝑾

where:

z= position of the fluid above (+) or below (-) the datum line
p= fluid pressure
v= mean velocity of flow

TOTAL FLOW ENERGY, E

The total energy or head in a fluid flow is the sum of the kinetic and the potential
energies. It can be summarized as:

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 + 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑒𝑠

2
 𝒗𝟐 𝒑
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒅 = + +𝒛
𝟐𝒈 𝜸

POWER AND EFFICIENCY

Power is the rate at which work is done. For a fluid of unit weight, y and moving at a rate
of Q ( cubic meter/s) with a total energy of E (m), the power in N-m/s (Joule/sec) or watt is:

𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑄𝛾𝐸

𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦, 𝜂 = × 100%
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡

Example Problems:

1. If the velocity of flow in a 75-mm diameter fire hose is 0.5m/s, what is the velocity in a 25
mm diameter jet issuing from a nozzle attached at the end of the pipe? Compute also
the power available in jet.

Solution:

By continuity equation:
𝐐𝐡𝐨𝐬𝐞= 𝐐𝐣𝐞𝐭
Ah (Vh ) = Aj (Vj )
𝜋 𝜋
(0.075)2 (0.5) = (0.025)2 (Vj)
4 4
𝑽𝒋 = 𝟒. 𝟓 m/s (velocity of the jet)
𝑷 = 𝑸 𝜸𝑬

𝐐 = 𝐀𝐯
𝝅
𝑄 = (0.025)2 (4.5)
4
Q = 0.002209 m3 /s
𝐯𝟐
𝐄=
𝟐𝐠
4.52
E=
2(9.81)
E = 1.0321 𝑚
𝑃 = 0.002209(9,810)(1.0321)
𝐏 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟑𝟕 𝐖

2. A liquid having specific gravity of 2.0 is flowing in a 50-mm diameter pipe. The total head
at a given point was found to be 17.5 Joule per Newton. The elevation of the pipe above
the datum is 3 m and the pressure in the pipe is 65.7 kPa. Calculate the velocity of flow
and the horsepower in the stream at that point.

3
 Solution:

𝒗𝟐 𝝆
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚, 𝑬 = + + 𝒛
𝟐𝒈 𝜸

𝐸 = 17.4 𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒/𝑁 𝑥 1 𝑁 − 𝑚/𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒

E = 17.5m
v2 65.6
17.5 = + +3
2g 9.81(2)
v2
= 11.156 𝑚
2g
𝐯 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟕𝟗 𝐦/𝐬 (𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐟𝐥𝐨𝐰)
𝑃 = 𝑄𝛾𝐸
𝜋
𝑃 = (0.05)2 (14.79)(9810)(2)(17.5)
4
𝑃 = 9970.92 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 (1 ℎ𝑝/746 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠)
𝑃 = 13.37 ℎ𝑝

3. Water flows through a pipe that enlarges from 154 mm diameter at A to 249 mm
diameter at B which is 4.6 m above point A. The pressure at points A and B are 70 kPa
and 48.3 kPa, respectively. Find:
a. Velocity flow at A
b. Energy at A on joule per kg
c. Energy at B on joule per kg

Solution:
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠:
𝐸𝑎= 𝐸𝑏
8𝑄 2 𝑃𝑎 8𝑄 2 𝑃𝑏
2 4 + + 0 = 2 4 + 𝑌 + 4.6
𝜋 𝑔𝐷𝑎 𝑌𝑤 𝜋 𝑔𝐷𝐵 𝑤
8𝑄 2 70 8𝑄 2 48.3
+ + 0 = + + 4.6
𝜋 2 𝑔(0.154)4 9.81 𝜋 2 𝑔(0.249)4 9.81
𝑄 = 0. 13797
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝐴:
𝑄
𝑉𝑎=
𝐴
𝑄
𝑉𝑎 =
0.25 𝜋(0.154)2
𝑽𝒂 = 𝟕. 𝟒𝟎𝟕 𝒎/𝒔
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝐴
𝑉𝑎 2 𝑃𝑎
𝐸𝑎 = +
2𝑔 𝛾
2
7.407 70
𝐸𝑎 = +
2(9.81) 9.81

4
 𝐸𝑎 = 9.9328(9.81𝐽/𝑘𝑔)/𝑚
𝑬𝒂 = 𝟗𝟕. 𝟒𝟒𝟏 𝑱/𝒌𝒈
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝐵
𝑉𝑏 2 𝑃𝑏
𝐸𝑏 = +
2𝑔 𝛾
8(0.13797)2 48.3
𝐸𝑏 = 2 4 +
𝜋 (9.81)(0.249) 9.81
𝐸𝑏 = 5.3328(9.81𝐽/𝑘𝑔)/𝑚
𝑬𝒃 = 𝟓𝟐. 𝟑𝟏𝟓 𝑱/𝒌𝒈

Problem solving:

1. A pipe transmits water from a tank A to point C that is

lower than water level in the tank by 4 m. The pipe is 100
mm diameter and 15 m long. The highest point on the
pipe B is 1.5 m above water level in the tank and 5 m
long from the tank. The friction factor (4 f) is 0.08, with
sharp inlet and outlet to the pipe.

a. Determine the velocity of water leaving the pipe at C.

b. Calculate the pressure in the pipe at the point B.

2. A nozzle inclined at an angle of 60 degrees with the horizontal issues a 50-mm diameter
water jet at the rate of 10 m/s. Neglecting air resistance, what is the area of the jet at the
highest point of the projectile?

B. Head loss in Fluid Flows- Major Head Loss

Liquids flow in a pipe due to pressure or gravity. In case of pressure flow, if a piezometer is
connected to the pipe, the rise of liquid is suppose h meters. The pressure, P and head, h are
related by the relation P = ρgh.

In SI system of units the pressure is usually measured in terms of Pa (N/m 2) or kPa. In

case of liquids it can also be expressed as head i.e. the rise of liquid in the piezometer. When
a fluid flows through a pipe, it experiences some resistance due to which some of the energy
of fluid is lost. The head loss in fluid flow is classified in two categories namely major head
losses and minor head losses.

Flow through pipe

There are two cases of flow:

(i) Closed Conduit

(ii) Open Conduit

5
 (i) Closed conduit: It is a pipe or duct through which the fluid flows by completely filling
the cross-section. Since, the fluid has no free surface; its pressure may be above or below
the pressure of the atmosphere.
(ii) Open conduit: It is a duct or open channel in which fluid flows with the free surface. If
a closed pipe not running full, it may be treated as open channel.

Pressure/Head Loss

a. Major head losses in pipe flow: The major head losses in fluid flow are caused by friction of
the conveying pipeline. The internal surface which meets the flowing fluid causes friction on the
fluid layers. The extent of head loss depends on roughness of the pipeline as well as flow
characteristics of the fluid. This head loss takes place continuously in the entire conveying
pipeline/duct and it is characterized as major head loss.
b. Minor losses in pipe flow: Minor head losses include head loss or pressure drop due to pipe
fittings, valves, entrance and exit of pipe, sudden contraction or expansion etc. This head loss is
relatively small in case of very long pipeline but it may be high in case of small pipe network
involving many fittings and valves.

Estimating the Major Head loss

a. Darcy’s Formula (flow in pipe)

Fig. 15.1 Flow in pipe

Consider a uniform pipeline through which water is flowing at a uniform rate.

Let,
l = length of pipe
d = diameter of the pipe
v = velocity of water
f = frictional resistance per unit wetted surface per unit velocity
hf = loss of head due to friction
P1 = pressure at 1----1
P2 = pressure at 2----2

6
If there is no friction resistance, pressure P 1 and P2 will be equal. Considering horizontal forces
on the water at 1----1 and 2----2.

(Dividing by ω on both the sides)

∴Frictional resistance = Frictional resistance per unit area per unit velocity area x v2

Let us introduce a co-efficient f such that

This co-efficient is called Darcy’s co-efficient or frictional co-efficient.

is a function of Reynold’s number (Re)

b. Chezy’ s Formula

Chezy’s formula is used to calculate head loss for open conduit like canal, drain etc.

7
Consider a long pipe through which water is flowing at a uniform rate as shown below:

Let,
l = length of the pipe
d = diameter of pipe
A = π/4 d2
P = Perimeter, πd
V = velocity
fʹ = frictional resistance per unit area per unit velocity
P1 = pressure at 1
P2 = pressure at 2
We know that P1A = P2A + frictional resistance

i.e.

We also know that frictional resistance = fʹ x πdl x V2

Substituting another term called hydraulic mean depth (also known as hydraulic radius) in the
above equation, such that hydraulic mean depth

8
Now, Substituting two more terms in the above equation such that

Example Problems:

1. Using Darcy’ s formula, calculate head loss due to friction in a pipe of diameter 150 mm and
length 50 m. Velocity of water is 2 m/s and co-efficient of friction is 0.004. Kinematic viscosity of
water is 0.013 stoke.
(b) In the above numerical calculate the head loss using Chezy’ s formula considering C = 45.

Solution:

2. . In a piping system length & diameter of pipe is 100 m & 300 mm respectively, water is
flowing at velocity of 4 m/s.

(a) Calculate head loss using Darcy’ s formula.

9
 Given Kinematic viscosity = 0.013 stokes.
(b) Find head loss if Chezy’s constant C = 45.

Solution:

3. Water is pumped from station A to station B in a pipe of length 60 m and diameter 250 mm, at
a velocity of 3 m/s. Assuming Kinematic viscosity of water is 0.013 * 10-4 m2/s. Find the frictional
loss of head by using.

(a) Darcy’s formula

(b) Chezy’s formula where C = 60.
Solution:

10
 Chapter 2

Operations on Fluid Machineries

Overview:

This chapter involves the applications of fluid machineries in the mechanical

engineering.

Objectives:

At the end of this chapter, the students are expected to:

1. Analyze the different kinds of applications on fluid machineries;

2. Differentiate the distinctions of different machineries; and
3. Analyze the displacement of fluid machineries

Course Material/ Discussion:

“Fluid machinery” is an umbrella term used to describe all machines that convert energy
with the help of a fluid. For the purpose of classification, fluid energy machines can be divided
into groups of machines.

Distinctions of fluid machines

1. The machine transferring mechanical energy of rotor to the energy of fluid is termed as a
pump when it uses liquid, and is termed as a compressor or a fan or a blower, when it uses gas

2. The compressor is a machine where the main objective is to increase the static pressure of a
gas. Therefore, the mechanical energy held by the fluid is mainly in the form of pressure energy.

3. Fans or blowers, on the other hand, mainly cause a high flow of gas, and hence utilize the
mechanical energy of the rotor to increase mostly the kinetic energy of the fluid.

4. In these machines, the change in static pressure is quite small.

5. For all practical purposes, liquid used by the turbines producing power is water, and
therefore, they are termed as water turbines or hydraulic turbines . Turbines handling gases in
practical fields are usually referred to as steam turbine, gas turbine, and air turbine depending
upon whether they use steam, gas (the mixture of air and products of burnt fuel in air) or air.

11
The Positive Displacement Machineries

Positive Displacement Machineries

Peristaltic Pump

Fluid only contacts tubing

Tubing ID and roller velocity with respect to the tubing determine flow rate

Tubing eventually fails from fatigue and abrasion

Fluid may leak past roller at high pressures

Rotary Pumps

Gear Pump

fluid is trapped between gear teeth and the housing

Two-lobe Rotary Pump

(gear pump with two "teeth" on each gear)

same principle as gear pump

12
 fewer chambers - more extreme pulsation

Screw Pump

Can handle debris

Used to raise the level of wastewater

Abrasive material will damage the seal between screw and the housing

Grain augers use the same principle

Rotadynamic machines (Turbomachines)

All rotodynamic machines have a rotating component through which the fluid passes. In
a turbine this is called the rotor which has a number of vanes or blades.

The fluid passes through the blades and drives the rotor round transferring tangential
momentum to the rotor

Rotodynamic machines are smooth and continuous in action with a consequent pulsation
free flow from pumps and smooth rotation from turbines. In the event of pump discharge flow

13
being suddenly stopped there are no high shock loads. Positive displacement machines can
easily be damaged if a discharge valve is suddenly closed. Rotodynamic pumps are ideal for
high flow low discharge head duties and provide compact reliable solutions.

Some of the important rotadynamic machines are as below:

Radial Pumps (centrifugal pump)

Also called centrifugal pumps

Broad range of applicable flows and heads

Higher heads can be achieved by increasing the diameter or the rotational speed of the impeller

Axial Flow

also known as propeller pumps

low head (less than 12 m)

high flows (above 20 L/s)

Turbines and pumps

A turbine directly converts fluid energy into rotating shaft energy.

If the fluid motion is converted, initially to reciprocating mechanical motion the machine is
an engine e.g and internal combustion engine or a steam engine ).

A machine for converting mechanical energy into fluid flow is called a pump.

A pump can be a positive displacement machine or a rotodynamic machine Ref. Pumps

Positive displacement machines are designed such that there is virtually zero fluid slippage in the
energy transfer process. The general principle of these type of pumps is that fluid is drawn into

14
a chamber at a low pressure. The inlet to the chamber is closed and the outlet is opened, and
the fluid is then forced out of the chamber by reducing its volume.

The type of pump can be used to generate very high pressures in a compact mechanical
envelope. The main disadvantage is that the operation is an intermittent one resulting in a high
level of pressure fluctuation throughout the operating cycle

Compressors or Fan

If the machine converts mechanical energy to increase the potential energy of a

compressible fluid by increasing its pressure the machine is called a compressor. If the machine
is primarily provided to increase the kinetic energy of a compressible fluid e.g. air, the machine is
a fan. With a fan or blower the pressure head developed is usually relatively small and fluid
calculations can often be done assuming the fluid is incompressible.

Activities:

Answer the following questions.

1. Why is centrifugal pump not a positive displacement type of pump?

2. Why is centrifugal pump called a high discharge pump?
3. How can cavitation to be avoided on pumps?
4. How does a thrust bearing function?

15
 Chapter 3
Pumps

Overview:

This chapter will discuss about pumps, the type of pumps and computation for pump
problems.

Objectives:

At the end of the day, the students must be able to:

1. Differentiate the classification of pumps;

2. Determine the function of pumps as fluid machine;
3. Compute the mechanism of pumps; and
4. Solve applications involving the performance of pumps

Course Material/ Discussion:

Pump is a machine used to add energy to a liquid in order to transfer the liquid from one
point to another point of higher energy level.

Classification of Pumps

1. Centrifugal Pump- is a machine which the pumping action is accomplished by

imparting kinetic energy to the fluid by a high speed revolving impeller with vanes
and subsequently converting this kinetic energy into pressure energy either by
passing through a volute casing or through diffuser vanes.
2. Rotary pump- is a positive displacement pump consisting of a fixed casing
containing gears, cams, screws, vanes, plungers or similar elements actuated by
rotation of the drive shaft.
3. Reciprocating Pump- is a positive displacement unit wherein the pumping action is
accomplished by the forward and backward movement of piston or plunger inside a
cylinder usually provided with valves.
4. Deep well pump- is divided into plunger or reciprocating, turbine, ejecter-centrifugal
types and its fits.

16
Performance of Pumps

1. Volume flow rate or the liquid handled by pumps (Q)

- It is the volume of the liquid that passes through a given surface per unit time. It
is the product of the area and velocity of the liquid.
𝑸 = 𝑨𝑽
Where:
Q= volume flow rate
V= velocity of flow
A=area of flow

2. Pressure head (𝒉𝒑 )

- It is the height of the column of water or liquid necessary to develop a specific
pressure.
𝒑
𝒉𝒑 =
𝜸
Where:
P=pressure
𝛾 = specific weight

3. Velocity head ( 𝒉𝒗 )
- It is the square of speed of flow of a liquid divided by twice its acceleration or
gravity. It is equal to the static pressure head corresponding to a pressure equal
to the kinetic energy of the liquid per unit volume.

𝒗𝟐
𝒉𝒗 =
𝟐𝒈

4. Friction head (𝒉𝒇 )

- It is the head lost by the flow in a stream or conduit due to frictional disturbances
set up by the moving liquid and its containing conduit by intermolecular actions.
𝒇𝑳𝑽𝟐
𝒉𝒇 =
𝟐𝒈𝑫

17
 Using Darcy’s equation
𝟐𝒇𝑳𝑽𝟐
𝒉𝒇 =
𝒈𝑫
Using Morse Equation

Where:

Hf= friction head loss

L= total length
V= velocity
D=inside diameter
f= coefficient of friction

5. Total head loss or Total Dynamic Head

- It is the total energy developed by the pump expressed in height of liquid. It is the
algebraic sum of the static head, pressure head, friction head and velocity head.
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒅 = 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒅 + 𝑽𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒅 + 𝑭𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒅
𝑯 = (𝒁𝒅 − 𝒁𝒔 ) + (𝒉𝒑𝒅 − 𝒉𝒑𝒔 ) + (𝒉𝒗𝒅 − 𝒉𝒗𝒔 ) + (𝒉𝒇𝒅 + 𝒉𝒇𝒔 )
𝑷𝒅 − 𝑷𝒔
𝑯 = (𝒁𝒅 − 𝒁𝒔 ) + + (𝒉𝒗𝒅 − 𝒉𝒗𝒔 ) + (𝒉𝒇𝒅 + 𝒉𝒇𝒔 )
𝜸
Where:

Z is negative (-) if source is below pump centerline

Ps is negative if it is vacuum

6. Hydraulic or water power

- It is the theoretical power necessary to raise a given volume of liquid from a
lower to a higher elevation.
𝑷𝒘 = 𝜸𝑸𝑯
Where:
Q= volume flow rate
H= total head

7. Pump efficiency
- It is the ratio of the hydraulic power or water power to the brake power.
𝑷𝒘
𝒆𝒑 =
𝑷𝑩
Where:
Pw= hydraulic power
Pb= brake power

8. Motor efficiency
- It is the ratio of the brake power to the input power.

18
 𝑷𝑩
𝒆𝒎 =
𝑷𝑰
Where:
Pb= brake power
Pi= input power

9. Overall efficiency
- It is the ratio of the hydraulic power to the input power.
𝑷𝒘
𝒆=
𝑷𝑰
Where:
Pw= water power
Pi= input power

Specific speed

- It is the number used to predict the performance of centrifugal pumps. It is the

speed at which a geometrically similar impeller of a pump would run to discharge
1 gpm at 1 ft head.
𝑁√𝑄
𝑁𝑠 = 3
ℎ ⁄4
Where:
Ns= specific speed (rpm)
N= rotational speed (rpm)
Q= discharge (gpm)
H= head, ft

Similar Pumps

a.

𝑁1 √𝑄1 𝑁2 √𝑄2
3 = 3⁄
𝐻1 ⁄4 𝐻2 4

b.
𝑄1 𝑄2
3 =
𝑁1 𝐷1 𝑁2 𝐷2 3

1. Basic Pump Laws for Same Pumps

a. Variation in impeller speed

𝑄1 𝑁1 𝐻1 𝑁1 2 𝑃1 𝑁1 3
= =( ) =( )
𝑄2 𝑁2 𝐻2 𝑁2 𝑃2 𝑁2

19
 b. Variation in impeller diameter

𝑄1 𝐷1 3 𝐻1 𝐷1 2 𝑃1 𝐷1 5
=( ) =( ) =( )
𝑄2 𝐷2 𝐻2 𝐷2 𝑃2 𝐷2

Where D= impeller diameter

Example Problems:

1. In a test of a centrifugal pump driven by an electric motor, the suction pipe is 10 in

diameter and its gage indicates a partial vacuum of 2.5 ft of water. The discharge pipe is
5 in in diameter, is 2 ft higher than the suction gage and shows a pressure of 50 ft of
water. If the pump is discharging 1.6 cubic feet per seconds and the electrical power
input is 12 kW, what water pump efficiency is indicated assuming the motor efficiency of
85%?
Solution:

𝑄 1.6
𝑉𝑠 = = = 2.935 𝑓𝑝𝑠
𝐴𝑠 𝜋 10 2
( )
4 12
𝑄 1.6
𝑉𝑑 = = = 11.74 𝑓𝑝𝑠
𝐴𝑑 𝜋 5 2
( )
4 12

(11.74)2 − (2.935)2
𝐻 = (50 + 2.5) + 2 +
2(32.2)

𝐻 = 56.51 𝑓𝑡

𝑃𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = (62.4)(1.6)(56.51)

𝑓𝑡 − 𝑙𝑏
= 5,641.96 = 10.26 𝐻𝑃
𝑠

then;

12 10.26
=
0.746 (𝑒𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 )(0.85)

thus;

(𝐴)𝑒𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 0.7504 = 75.04%

2. A dearator heater supplies 150 liters per min of dearated feedwater into a booster pump
at 115 C pumping temperature. The heater pressure is maintained at 100 kPag by bled
steam. Pump centerline is located 1m above the floor level. Suction line losses is 0.60m.
Determine the maximum height of water level in the heater that must be maintained

20
 above the centerline of the pump to avoid cavitation, if the pump to be installed has a
required suction head of 5.8 m.
Solution:

𝑃 + 𝑃𝑎 − 𝑃𝑣
𝑁𝑃𝑆𝐻 = + 𝑆 − 𝐻𝑓
9.81(𝑆𝐺)

𝑣𝑓 @15.6∘ 𝐶
𝑆. 𝐺. = = 0.948
𝑣𝑓 @115∘ 𝐶

Then;

100 + 101.325 − 172

5.8 = + 𝑆 − 0.60
9.81(0.948)

Thus;

(𝐶)𝑆 = 3.25 𝑚

Problem solving:

1. A pump is to deliver 80 gpm at 140F with a discharge pressure of 150 psig. Suction
pressure indicates 2 in. of mercury vacuum. The diameter of the suction and discharge
pipes are 5 in and 4 in respectively. The pump has efficiency of 70% while the motor
efficiency is 80%. Determine the power input to the driver motor.
2. Water from an open reservoir A at 8 m elevation is drawn by motor driven pump to an
open reservoir B at 70 m elevation. The inside diameter of the suction pipe is 200 mm
and 150 mm for the discharge pipe. The suction line has a loss of head three times that
the velocity head in the 200 mm pipe. The discharge line has a loss of head twenty times
that of the velocity head in the discharge pipeline. The pump centerline is at 4m. Overall
efficiency of the system is 78%. For a discharge rate of 10 liter per seconds, find the:
a. Power input
b. Pressure gage readings installed just at the outlet and inlet of the pump in
kPag
3. A boiler feed pump receives 45 liter per second of water at 190C and enthalpy of 839.33
kJ/kg. It operates against a head of 952 m with efficiency if 70%. Estimate the water
leaving temperature assuming that the temperature rise is due to the inefficiency of the
input energy.

21
 Chapter 4
The Bernoulli’s Energy Theorem and Applications on Machineries

Overview:
This chapter will discuss thorough applications of Bernoulli’s Principle on different fluid
machineries.

Objectives:
At the end of the chapter, the students are expected to:
1. Emphasize the applications of Bernoulli’s principle on different fluid machineries;
2. Formulate different energy equations with head lost, without head lost, with pump and
with motor or turbine;
3. Analyze the Hydraulic Grade Lines; and
4. Solve problems involving the applications of Bernoulli’s principle on fluid machineries,
but not limited on energy equation but also constructing the hydraulic grade lines needed.

Course Material/ Discussion:

The Bernoulli’s energy theorem results from the application of the principles of
conservation of energy. It states that,

𝑬𝒂𝒕 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟏 + 𝑬𝒂𝒅𝒅𝒆𝒅 − 𝑬𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒓 𝒆𝒙𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 = 𝑬𝒂𝒕 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟐

Meaning, the total energy of a steady flowing liquid system is constant along the flow path. An
increase in the fluid’s speed must therefore be matched by a decrease in pressure.

Energy Equation without Head lost:

If the fluid experiences no head lost in moving from section 1 to section 2, the total
energy at section 1 must be equal to the total energy at section 2. Neglecting the head lost in
fluid flow, the values that we can get are called ideal or theoretical values. Using the figure
below:

22
 𝑬𝟏 = 𝑬𝟐

𝒗𝟏 𝟐 𝒑𝟏 𝒗𝟐 𝟐 𝒑𝟐
+ + 𝒛𝟏 = + + 𝒛𝟐
𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸

Energy Equation with Head lost

Considering head lost, the values that we can obtain are called actual values.

𝑬 𝟏 − 𝑯𝑳 𝟏−𝟐 = 𝑬 𝟐

𝒗𝟏 𝟐 𝒑𝟏 𝒗𝟐 𝟐 𝒑𝟐
+ + 𝒛𝟏 = + + 𝒛𝟐 + 𝑯𝑳 𝟏−𝟐
𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸

23
Energy Equation with Pump

As previously discussed at Chapter 3, pump is basically used to increase the head. The input
power of the pump is electrical energy and its output power is the flow energy.

𝑬 𝟏 + 𝑯𝑨 − 𝑯𝑳 𝟏−𝟐 = 𝑬 𝟐

𝒗𝟏 𝟐 𝒑𝟏 𝒗𝟐 𝟐 𝒑𝟐
+ + 𝒛𝟏 + 𝑯𝑨 = + + 𝒛𝟐 + 𝑯𝑳 𝟏−𝟐
𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸

𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝑷𝒖𝒎𝒑 = 𝑸𝜸𝑯𝑨

Energy Equation with Turbine or Motor

Turbines or motors extract flow energy to do mechanical work which is turn

converted into electrical energy for turbines.

𝐸 1 − 𝐻𝐸 − 𝐻𝐿 1−2 = 𝐸 2

𝑣1 2 𝑝1 𝑣2 2 𝑝2
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2 + 𝐻𝐿 1−2 + 𝐻𝐸
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾

24
 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 𝑄𝛾𝐻𝐸

The Hydraulic Grade Lines

The hydraulic grade line (HGL) on the other hand represents the fluid head caused
by the thermodynamic pressure and hydrostatic pressure. It will change when the fluid velocity
changes. As a result, Hydraulic grade line can be calculated using the following equation. The
hydraulic grade line can be determine by measuring the fluids static pressure using a piezometer
tube.
𝑃
Its distance from the datum plane is +𝑧
𝛾

Characteristics of HGL

1. HGL slopes downward in the direction of flow but it may rise or fall due to changes in
velocity and pressure.
2. For uniform pipe cross section, HGL is parallel to EGL.
3. For horizontal pipe with uniform diameter, the drop in pressure heads between any
two points is also equal to the head lost between those points.

The Energy Line

It is the graphical representation of the total energy of flow. Its distance from the datum
𝑣1 2 𝑝1
line is + + 𝑧1 .
2𝑔 𝛾

Characteristics of EGL

1. EGL always slope downward because in the direction of flow, it will only rise with the
pressure of the pump.
2. The drop of EGL between any two points is the head lost between those points.
3. For uniform pipe cross section, EGL is parallel to HGL.
4. EGL is always above the HGL, by an amount equal to velocity head.
5. Neglecting head lost, EGL is horizontal.

25
Example Problems:

1. Determine the velocity and discharge through the 150 mm diameter pipe shown:
a. Assuming no head loss
b. Considering a head of 200 mm

Solutions:

a.

𝐸1 = 𝐸2
𝑣1 2 𝑝1 𝑣2 2 𝑝2
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾
𝑣2 2
0 + 0 + 30 = + 0 + 24.9
2𝑔
𝑣2 2
= 5.1𝑚
2𝑔
𝑣2 = 10 𝑚⁄𝑠
𝜋
𝑄 = 𝐴2 𝑣2 = (0.15)2 (10)
4
𝑸 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟕 𝒎𝟑 ⁄𝒔 = 𝟏𝟕𝟕 𝑳⁄𝒔

b.
𝐸 1 − 𝐻𝐿 = 𝐸 2
𝑣1 2 𝑝1 𝑣2 2 𝑝2
+ + 𝑧1 − 𝐻𝐿 = + + 𝑧2
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾
𝑣2 2
0 + 0 + 30 − 0.2 = + 0 + 24.9
2𝑔
𝑣2 2
= 4.9𝑚
2𝑔
𝑣2 = 9.805 𝑚⁄𝑠
𝜋
𝑄 = 𝐴2 𝑣2 = (0.15)2 (9.805)
4
𝑸 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟑 𝒎𝟑 ⁄𝒔 = 𝟏𝟕𝟑 𝑳⁄𝒔

26
2. The pump shown draws water from the reservoir A at elevation of 10 m and lifts to reservoir
B at elevation 60m. The loss of head from A to 1 is two times the velocity head in the 200 mm
diameter pipe and the loss of head from 2 to B is ten times the velocity head in the 150 mm
diameter pipe. Determine the rated horsepower of the pump and the pressure heads at 1 and 2
in meters when the discharges is at 0.03 cubic meter per seconds.

Solutions:

𝑄1 = 𝑄2
𝑣2 8𝑄 2
= 2 4
2𝑔 𝜋 𝑔𝐷
𝑣1 2 8(0.03)2
= = 0.0465 𝑚
2𝑔 𝜋 2 (9.81)(0.2)4
𝑣2 2 8(0.03)2
= 2 = 0.147 𝑚
2𝑔 𝜋 (9.81)(0.15)4

Energy Equation between A and B

𝐸𝐴 − 𝐻𝐿 𝐴−1 + 𝐻𝐴 − 𝐻𝐿1−𝐵 = 𝐸 𝐵
𝑣𝐴 2 𝑝𝐴 𝑣𝐵 2 𝑝𝐵
+ + 𝑧𝐴 − 𝐻𝐿 𝐴−1 + 𝐻𝐴 − 𝐻𝐿2−𝐵 = + + 𝑧𝐵
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾
0 + 0 + 10 − 2(0.0465) + 𝐻𝐴 − 10(0.147) = 0 + 0 + 60
𝐻𝐴 = 51.563 𝑚

𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 𝑄𝛾𝐻𝐴 = 0.03(9810)(51.563)

1 ℎ𝑝
= 15,175 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 ×
746 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟑𝟒 𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒔𝒆𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 (𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒖𝒎𝒑)
Pressure heads at 1 and 2
Energy Equation between A and 1
𝐸𝐴 − 𝐻𝐿 𝐴−1 = 𝐸1
𝑣𝐴 2 𝑝𝐴 𝑣1 2 𝑝1
+ + 𝑧𝐴 − 𝐻𝐿 𝐴−1 = + + 𝑧1
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾

27
 𝑝1
0 + 0 + 10 − 2(0.0465) = 0.0465 + + 0
𝛾
𝒑𝟏
= 𝟗. 𝟖𝟔 𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓
𝜸
Energy Equation between of 2 and B
𝐸2 − 𝐻𝐿 2−𝐵 = 𝐸𝐵
𝑣2 2 𝑝2 𝑣𝐵 2 𝑝𝐵
+ + 𝑧2 − 𝐻𝐿 2−𝐵 = + + 𝑧𝐵
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾

𝑝2
0.147 + + 0 − 10(0.147) = 0 + 0 + 60
𝛾
𝒑𝟐
= 𝟔𝟏. 𝟑𝟐𝟑 𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓
𝜸

Problem solving:

1. Neglecting head loss, determine the manometer reading in the system shown when the
velocity of water flowing in the 75 mm diameter pipe is 0.6 m/s.
2. Water flows freely from the reservoir shown through a 50-mm diameter pipe at the rate
of 6.31 li/s. If the head lost in the system is 11.58 J/N, determine the elevation of the water
surface in the reservoir if the discharge end is at elevation of 4m.
3. A 50-mm diameter siphon discharges oil (SG=0.82) from a reservoir (elev 20 m.) into
open air (elev 15 m). The head loss in the reservoir (point 1) to the summit (point 2, elev. 22 m)
is 1.5 m and from the summit to the discharge line end is 2.4 m. Determine the flow rate in the
pipe per li/s and the absolute pressure at the summit assuming that the atmospheric pressure to
be 101.3 kPa.

28