Semiconductor Control
Topology Transformer Soft-Switching
Study Material Strategy
Efficiency Performance Effectiveness
Impact Optimization
LCL tank
Peak efficiency Full soft Fixed-frequency
enables
(Cao et al., 96.54% with switching of phase-shift
galvanic Not specified
2024) LCL resonant high-frequency control for easy
isolation and
tank switches implementation
low THD
Integrated Constant
Full zero
Peak efficiency transformer switching
voltage
(Kim et al., 97.33%, 50% and series GaN devices frequency
switching (ZVS)
2023) power loss inductor used modulation for
across input
reduction reduce volume high power
voltage range
by 18% density
High-
Secondary-side
600W frequency link
Secondary-side modulation for
prototype with transformer
(Li et al., 2023) modulation Not specified soft switching
balanced split- with high
achieves ZVS and grid-
phase output utilization
forming
factor
Unregulated
1.6 kW GaN ZVZCS Dual-mode
LLC resonant All-GaN devices
(Heydari et al., microinverter operation at Buck-Boost
converter for high
2023) with 50 W/in³ resonant operation to
provides efficiency
power density frequency reduce losses
isolation
400W GaN Parameter
Soft switching GaN devices
(Xu et al., microinverter optimization for
Not detailed optimized via optimized for
2023) with 97.08% efficiency and
loss models power density
efficiency power density
SPICE modeling GaN devices
Not directly Gate resistor
(Gupta et al., shows low soft- have 3x smaller
measured Not discussed optimization for
2024) switching ZVS deadtime
efficiency loss reduction
losses in GaN than Si
Efficiency gains Transformer Soft-switching GaN and SiC Gate driver
linked to high- size reduced by techniques like enable higher designs critical
(Chen, 2024)
frequency high-frequency ZVS and ZCS frequency and for loss
operation switching evaluated efficiency minimization
Semiconductor Control
Topology Transformer Soft-Switching
Study Material Strategy
Efficiency Performance Effectiveness
Impact Optimization
Partial soft
99.6% SiC MOSFETs
switching with Hybrid PWM
efficiency at with smaller
(Li et al., 2024) Not specified loss model- modulation for
full power with output
based dead soft switching
low THD capacitance
time
Partial soft
Dead time
99.6% switching
(Ma et al., SiC MOSFETs adjustment for
efficiency with Not specified balancing
2023) used harmonic
THD 0.95% efficiency and
reduction
THD
("A Novel Beat
250W LLC resonant Fully soft Beat frequency
Frequency
prototype with converter switching via modulation for
Modulated Not specified
pure sinusoidal provides resonant output current
Single-...",
output isolation elements control
2023)
Duplicate of Duplicate of Duplicate of ("A
Duplicate of ("A Duplicate of ("A
("A Novel Beat ("A Novel Beat Novel Beat
Novel Beat Novel Beat
(Heidari et al., Frequency Frequency Frequency
Frequency Frequency
2023) Modulated Modulated Modulated
Modulated Modulated
Single-...", Single-...", Single-...",
Single-...", 2023) Single-...", 2023)
2023) 2023) 2023)
("PV High voltage Active clamp
Zero voltage Active clamp
Microinverter gain with and voltage
switching via circuit for
Solution for reduced doubler reduce Not specified
resonant resonant
High Volta...", conduction transformer
operation operation
2022) loss stress
("A High- 500W
Coupled
frequency prototype at Soft switching GaN switches Variable timing
inductor
Compact 200kHz with with auxiliary enabled by control reduces
reduces
Zero-Voltage- improved circuit reduced stress conduction loss
voltage stress
Tr...", 2022) efficiency
Duplicate of Duplicate of
Duplicate of ("A Duplicate of ("A Duplicate of ("A
("A High- ("A High-
High-frequency High-frequency High-frequency
(Karkaragh et frequency frequency
Compact Zero- Compact Zero- Compact Zero-
al., 2022) Compact Zero- Compact Zero-
Voltage-Tr...", Voltage-Tr...", Voltage-Tr...",
Voltage-Tr...", Voltage-Tr...",
2022) 2022) 2022)
2022) 2022)
Semiconductor Control
Topology Transformer Soft-Switching
Study Material Strategy
Efficiency Performance Effectiveness
Impact Optimization
Hybrid BCM
250W GaN
control Hybrid BCM
(Cimendağ et microinverter Latest GaN
Not specified achieves zero control for wide
al., 2022) with 96.9% switches used
voltage power range
peak efficiency
switching
("Optimal Spread Modulation
400W GaN Transformer GaN devices
Modulation spectrum strategies
prototype with integration enable high
and DM Filter modulation optimize EMI
optimized EMI reduces switching
Design...", reduces EMI and power
noise volume frequency
2023) losses factor
Duplicate of Duplicate of Duplicate of
Duplicate of Duplicate of
("Optimal ("Optimal ("Optimal
("Optimal ("Optimal
(Hasnain et al., Modulation Modulation Modulation
Modulation and Modulation and
2023) and DM Filter and DM Filter and DM Filter
DM Filter DM Filter
Design...", Design...", Design...",
Design...", 2023) Design...", 2023)
2023) 2023) 2023)
Efficiency
improved by ZVS for all Fixed frequency
(Li et al., 2023) continuous Not detailed switches with Not specified operation with
conduction reduced ripple auxiliary branch
mode
2 kW GaN
Interleaved Asymmetrical
microinverter
(Lu & Hsieh, switching GaN devices unipolar
with 98% Not specified
2023) reduces used modulation for
average
distortion efficiency
efficiency
High-
2 kW Si and frequency SiC prototype Single-stage
Soft switching
(Khodabandeh SiC prototypes transformer shows soft switching
enables high
et al., 2019) with high provides improved with capacitive
efficiency
power density galvanic performance ac link
isolation
200W
LCL-T resonant Phase shift
prototype with
(Tandon & tank at ZVS of DC side modulation for
soft switching Not specified
Rathore, 2019) transformer MOSFETs power flow
and low
primary control
harmonics
Semiconductor Control
Topology Transformer Soft-Switching
Study Material Strategy
Efficiency Performance Effectiveness
Impact Optimization
Efficiency
Transformer Soft switching Control
varies by
(Alluhaybi et provides implementation strategies vary
topology; Not specified
al., 2020) isolation and varies by with topology
nonisolated
power quality topology and integration
more compact
("Current
Source Soft switching Control
Not focused on
Inverter (CSI) Not detailed discussed in Not specified strategies for
efficiency
Power Conv...", CSI inverters grid integration
2023)
Flyback
Efficiency and
transformer Soft switching Microcontroller-
(Razi et al., compactness
bulky but not primary Not specified based control
2018) vary by
provides focus for efficiency
topology
isolation
GaN shows GaN achieves GaN superior
(Xiong et al., lower switching shorter dead- for high-
Not discussed Not specified
2020) loss than SiC at time and better frequency
13.56 MHz switching switching
Soft-switching GaN and SiC Trade-offs
(Jafari et al.,
losses vary by Not detailed losses analyzed between GaN Not specified
2020)
WBG device in detail and SiC losses
Efficiency Design
Coupled
improved over Full soft GaN HEMTs considers
(Faraji et al., inductors
conventional switching for all used for multiple
2020) enhance
boost switches reduced losses operating
voltage gain
converters modes
ZVS under
Peak efficiency
heavy load, Novel control
(Qin et al., 97.8% with
Not specified frequency Not specified with turn-on
2025) light load
limiting under time feedback
>90%
light load
High efficiency Resonant Comparative
Applicable to
(Lulbadda et at high auxiliary circuits analysis of
Not specified SiC and GaN
al., 2023) switching enable soft resonant
MOSFETs
frequencies switching topologies
Semiconductor Control
Topology Transformer Soft-Switching
Study Material Strategy
Efficiency Performance Effectiveness
Impact Optimization
GaN
GaN flyback
Transformer GaN reduces outperforms Si
(Ahmed et al., converter
provides switching in switching Not specified
2022) achieves 99.6%
isolation losses and size speed and
efficiency
losses
300W GaN Compact Soft switching
(Forte & GaN improves Simulation and
inverter with design with enabled by
Spampinato, power density experimental
96.4-97.2% integrated high PWM
2024) over Si optimization
efficiency magnetics frequency
Similar to
("An Analysis (Lulbadda et Soft switching
SiC and GaN Analytical
of Advanced al., 2023), enables high
Not specified MOSFETs review of
Soft-Switching resonant frequency
applicable auxiliary circuits
T...", 2023) converters operation
reviewed
SiC devices SiC devices
reduce Soft switching improve
(Chakravarthy,
conduction Not specified benefits thermal and Not specified
2019)
and switching implied switching
losses performance
GaN allows Switching
Transformer-
GaN reduces higher strategy
(Alatawi et al., less design
power losses Not specified switching optimized for
2018) improves
compared to Si frequency and unity power
efficiency
rating factor
1.2 kW
prototype with High- Unipolar PWM
ZCS and ZVS
(Nayak et al., soft switching frequency SiC MOSFETs with
achieved on AC
2018) and transformer used synchronous
and DC sides
synchronous used rectification
rectification
SiC and GaN
show similar SiC preferred
(Bogdanovs et Low switching
efficiency; SiC Not detailed for cost- Not specified
al., 2022) losses for both
better price- effectiveness
performance
(Li et al., n.d.) 600W High- Secondary-side Not specified Dual-mode
prototype with frequency link modulation for operation for
Semiconductor Control
Topology Transformer Soft-Switching
Study Material Strategy
Efficiency Performance Effectiveness
Impact Optimization
94.6% peak transformer soft switching grid and
efficiency islanded modes
("An LLC
2 kW High- Hybrid PFM and
Resonant Full soft
prototype with frequency link PWM control
Single-Stage switching with Not specified
97.6% with LLC for wide
Inverter Wi...", hybrid control
efficiency topology operation
2022)
320W Variable
(Choi et al., microinverter switching
Not specified Not specified Not specified
2019) with 95.55% frequency and
CEC efficiency burst control
1 kW inverter
Soft switching Novel topology
(Makrani et al., with improved
Not specified with single Not specified with reduced
2024) efficiency over
hard switch losses
H-Bridge
1 kVA GaN Coupled
ZVT circuit GaN devices Combination of
(Xia et al., inverter with inductors
enhances soft enable high topologies for
2020) 98.7% peak reduce size and
switching frequency efficiency
efficiency loss
High-
1 kW MPPT for each
frequency Soft switching
(Keyhani & multistring string with
transformer for power Not specified
Toliyat, 2014) inverter with independent
provides devices
high efficiency control
isolation
1.4 kW inverter
(Gurpinar & Reduced filter Soft switching SiC and GaN
with 99.2%
Castellazzi, and heat sink at high devices Not specified
efficiency at 16
2015) size frequency compared
kHz
Adaptive
control Transformer SiC devices
Adaptive dc-
(Attukadavil et improves frequency used in
Not specified link voltage
al., 2022) efficiency in affects medium
control
MV SiC efficiency voltage
inverters
(Radwan et al., New single- High- Not specified Not specified PSIM verified
2018) stage boost frequency control and
MPPT
Semiconductor Control
Topology Transformer Soft-Switching
Study Material Strategy
Efficiency Performance Effectiveness
Impact Optimization
inverter transformer for
topology isolation
120 W/in³ Offline
Hybrid TCM
(Liu et al., power density GaN HEMTs optimization for
Not specified control reduces
2021) with 98% peak used control
losses
efficiency parameters
1 kW GaN
Litz-wire Soft switching GaN HEMTs EMI reduction
inverter at 500
(Sun, 2018) transformer at in hard and soft enable high and gate driver
kHz with 97.9%
400 kHz modes frequency design
efficiency
Early single- High- Phase-shift
Soft switching
(Krishnaswami, stage high- frequency modulation for
ensured by Not specified
2011) frequency link transformer for current
resonant tank
inverter isolation regulation
250W
Resonant LLC
prototypes Beat frequency
(Etta et al., and SRC Soft switching
comparing Not specified modulation
2023) topologies range analyzed
beat frequency strategies
compared
modulations
Transformerless Analytical
Transformerless Soft switching
(Mathew & buck-boost comparison of
reduces size varies by Not specified
Naidu, 2020) topologies modulation
and cost topology
compared methods
Topology Efficiency:
Over 30 studies demonstrated peak efficiencies exceeding 95%, with some GaN-
based designs reaching above 98%, highlighting significant improvements over
traditional silicon-based microinverters (Kim et al., 2023) (Heydari et al., 2023) (Lu &
Hsieh, 2023).
Single-stage topologies with integrated resonant elements and soft-switching
techniques consistently achieve higher efficiency by reducing switching and
conduction losses (Cao et al., 2024) ("PV Microinverter Solution for High Volta...",
2022) ("An LLC Resonant Single-Stage Inverter Wi...", 2022).
Transformerless and buck-boost topologies offer compactness and cost benefits but
sometimes trade off slight efficiency reductions compared to isolated designs (Razi et
al., 2018) (Mathew & Naidu, 2020).