CARBON COMPOUNDS

CARBON COMPOUND

ORGANIC COMPOUND INORGANIC COMPOUND

SALT CARBONATE
MINERAL
HYDROCARBONS GAS
NON
HYDROCARBONS ACID

SATURATED UNSATURATED ALCOHOL

HYDROCARBONS HYDROCARBONS CARBOXCYLIC ACID
ESTER
FAT AND OIL

ALKENE
ALKANE

ALKANCarbon is placed in Group 14. It has 4 electrons In its outer most shell.
An atom of carbon shares with 4 hydrogen atoms to obtained
E the stability of inert gas elements.
The first member in this group is the simplest compound, methane.
Carbon-carbon atoms in alkanes are bonded with single covalent bond.
GENERAL FORMULA : Cn H 2n + 2

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 1090 28’

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKANE

1 On going down the alkanes series, the relative molecular mass increases caused by
the increase in molecular size.

2 When the molecular size increases, the melting and boiling point increase. This is
because the larger the molecular size, the stronger the Van Der Waals forces of
attraction between the molecules. Thus more energy is needed to overcome the
forces of attraction during melting or boiling.

3 All alkanes are less dense than water.

4 All alkanes are colourless and insoluble in water . Alkanes are soluble in organic
solvent.
5 Alkanes are covalent compounds made up of molecules. They don’t have freely
moving ions. Hence alkanes are non-conductors of electricity.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKANE

1 Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain single covalent bonds.

2 This single covalent bonds are strong and not reactive.
3 Alkanes are neutral compound, they have no effect on blue or red litmus paper.
4 Alkanes burn readily in air or in excess oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.
5 The alkanes burn with a sooty flame if the combustion is not complete.
6 Alkanes undergo Substitution Reaction – atom of H is replaced with Cl or Br with the
presence of light or UV rays.

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 METHANE

- Known as natural Uses :

gas. - as a fuel in a gas turbine and system reboiler
- Formed as an - as a fuel for domestic heating and cooking
product of the - as a feedstock for the production of hydrogen,
anaerobic decay of methanol, acetic acid and acetic anhydride.
plants - as greenhouse gas ( 21 times more effective at
- Can cause fire in trapping heat than carbon dioxide
landfills and peat
swamps

ALKENE
The chemical structure of
ethylene,
the simplest alkene

1200
1200
1200

1 2 3 4 5 6

3,5-DIMETHYLHEX-2-ENE

Physical properties of alkenes

- have almost identical physical properties as alkanes

- the first 3 alkenes, C2 to C4 , are gases at room temperature.
- al alkenes have low melting points and boiling points. As the molecule become larger,
there is a gradual increase in the melting and boiling points.
- Alkenes less dense than water. Densities of the alkenes increase with the increasing
carbon chains.
- Alkene do not soluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.
- All alkenes do not conduct electricity.

3
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKENES

+ H2

Additional reaction : hydrgenation

Additional reaction : bromination

HBr
etene 1,-bromoetana
3 ADDITION OF HALIDE

Additional reaction : Addition of halide

_
+ H2O Ethanol
Etene H OH

Addition reaction : hydration

[O] _ Etane-1,2-diol
[ OXYDATION ] OH OH
Oxidation reaction : alkene reacts with acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution

4
COMBUSTION REACTION :
Alkene burns completely in excess oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.
If the combustion is not complete ( limited oxygen) carbon monoxide and soot(carbon) are
produced.

5
 ALCOHOL
Alcohol is one of the Homologue Series that has
Functional group of – OH ( HYDROXYL)

GENERAL FORMULA : CnH2n+1OH

The melting point of alcohol is higher than alkane and alkene due to the presence of
hydroxyl group. This is because –OH group forms hydrogen bonding
that is stronger than the bonds between molecules of alcohol.

Methanol, ethanol and propanol dissolve in water. The solubility of other alcohols
decreases as the molecular mass increases.

Naming the alcohol compound is likely to alkane. Replace the ending – ane to anol
C1 is numbered from the carbon that nearest to –OH.

Alcohols are used as fuels, solvents, in medicine, in making cosmetics and as a main
component in alcoholic drinks.

methanol ethanol propan-1-ol

propan-2-ol
pentan-2,3,4- triol

Reactions of alcohols

Combustion Oxidation Dehydration Esterification

(produces water (produces ( produces (produces ester)
and CO2) carboxylic acid) alkene)

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ETHANOL CAN BE PRODUCED INDUSTRIALLY BY TWO PROCESS ES
a) THE HYDRATION OF ETHENE

+ H – OH
( Water )
( H3 PO4) , 300o C , 65 atm
Ethanol
Ethene

b) THE FERMENTATION OF SUGAR OR STARCH.

Lime water
Turns chalky
Glucose + yeast Means that CO2
Is released

Thermometer

Water out

Liebig Condenser

Product of
fermentation water in

Distilate (ethanol)
produced at 78o C

Fermentation is used to produce alcoholic drinks.

Yeast is added and left for several days in the absence of air at not more than 40o C.
Higher temperature will kill the yeast and the reaction will stop.
The zymase enzymes in yeast breaks down the sugar and starch into glucose and
then to ethanol and liberated carbon dioxide.

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 OXIDATION OF ALCOHOL WILL FORM CARBOXYLIC ACID

[O]
OH OH

CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

an organic acid with carboxyl

Uses : group –COOH ( )
- food preservative ( benzoic
acid)
- food flavouring
- ethanoic acid and methanoic
General formula
acid are used to coagulate CnH2n + 1 COOH
latex in rubber industry
- making ester and soft drinks CARBOXYLIC
ACIDS
Ethanoic acid normally prepared
by oxidation of an alcohol
Ethanoic acid
- colourless liquid at room
conditions.
has sharp and pungent smell.
weak acid and names end with boiling point 118o C
‘oic acid’ . Eg. ethanoic acid. soluble in water
pH 3 - 4

Chemical properties of ethanoic acid

reacts with reacts with reacts with reacts with

metal to bases to carbonate to alcohol or
liberate form salt form salt, water esterification
hydrogen and water and carbon reaction.
gas only dioxide

8
 product of an esterification Ester is a non-hydrocarbon
reaction between a carboxylic organic compound
acid and an alcohol.

contain carbon, hydrogen

the functional and oxygen
group is –COO- or
carboxylate group
ESTERS
The general formula is
CnH2n+1COOCmH2m+1

uses of ester,
as food flavouring
to pleasant aromas for found in flowers and fruits.
making perfumes The fragrance of flowers and
as organic solvents for glue, fruits is due to the presence of
varnish and paint esters

the name of an ester consists of two words.

The first word originates from alcohols, the - esters are colourless liquids
second is from the carboxylic acids. All of - sweet and fruity smell
them end with ‘-oate’ - volatile, insoluble
- less dense than water

Preparation of ethanoic acid

Ethanol

water out

oil bath

water in
Acidified
potassium ethanoic
dichromate(VI) acid
solution

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FATS AND OILS

Vegetable oils such as palm

oils, coconut oil, corn oil and belong to a group of
groundnut oil can be used to organic compounds
manufacture various products known as lipids
such as condensed milk,
candle, soap and margarine.

they are naturally

our body need fats/oils FATS occurring esters and are
because AND found in plants and
- source of energy OILS animals
- thermal insulation
- protection
- source of nutrients
they are ester formed from
saturated fats three molecules of fatty acid
- contain saturated carboxylic acid and molecule of glycerol
- contain a high percentage of
cholesterol
- palmitic acid and stearic acid form CH2OH R 1COOH
saturated fats/oils
CHOH R2 COOH
Unsaturated fats
– contain unsaturated carboxylic acid
+
( there are –C=C- ) CH2OH R3 COOH
- it can turn to saturated fats by
hydrogenation reaction
glycerol carboxylic acid
Hydrogenation process is also
known as hardening process
(alcohol) (fatty acids)
- oleic acid and linoleic acid form
unsaturated fats/ oils O
║
CH2 – O – C – R1

O
║
CH – O - C – R2

║
CH2 – O – C – R1
trigleycerides ( fats and
oils )

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Comparison of fats and oils
Comparison Oils Fats
Source plants Animals
Melting point o C < 20 / lower > 20 / higher
Physical state at room Liquid Solid / semi solid
temperature
Cholesterol content low high
Examples Peanut oil, soybean oil Butter , lard
Molecular structure Contain a high percentage of Contain a high percentage of
unsaturated carboxylic acid saturated carboxylic acid
Similarities
In terms of similarities
Molecular formula The molecules contain of elements carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen
Type of compound They are naturally occurring esters

Type of bond They are big covalent molecules.

NATURAL RUBBER

Natural rubber

protein
Vulcanised rubber – natural rubber is
membrane
which is heated with sulphur at about 140o C
negatively
charged using zinc oxide as catalyst. Or mixing
natural rubber with a solution of
rubber
molecule sulphur monochloride ( S2 Cl2 ) in
methylbenzene

Milky fluid obtained from tapped rubber tree is called latex. Natural rubber is a soft, white solid
and is an elastomer. Vulcanisation is carried out to improve the properties of natural rubber.

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 WORKSHEETS
Worksheet 1 : Carbon Compound
1. Carbon compounds are compounds which contain ………………
2. Hydrocarbons are the simplest organic compounds containing …………….. and
…………….atoms only. Some organic compounds also contain other element such
as oxygen, nitrogen and halogens ; the compounds are called ………………….
3. Saturated hydrocarbons contain entirely of carbon-carbon ……………….. bonds.
Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain at least one carbon-carbon ……………… bond or
carbon-carbon triple bonds.
4. The molecular formula is a chemical formula that shows the………………………….
of each element present in one molecule of the substance.
5. The structural formula of an organic compound is the formula that shows the
……………………………….. and the covalent bonds between atom in a molecule of
the compound.
6. A ……………………series is a family of organic compounds with each member of
the family differing from the previous member by having one more group of atoms
–CH2 . All members in the same family have the same functional group and with
similar …………………… properties.
7. A functional group is an atom or a group of atoms that determine the ……........
properties of an organic compound.
Name of homologous series Functional Group
Alkane
C-H bond

- C = C - double bond
Alcohol - OH hydroxyl group

Carboxylic acid
Ester O

C – O-

8 ……………………. are compounds which have the same molecular formula but
different structural formula. The phenomenon whereby two or more molecules have the

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 similar molecular formula but different structural formula is called ………………
Worksheet 2 : ALKANE

a) Complete the table below.

Number Structural formula Molecular Name of Condition at

of formula alkane room
Carbon temperature

1 Methane
CH4 Gas

7
C7H16

8
C8H18

10

13
b Name the compound a, b, c, d, e, and f
Incomplete
Complete combustion combustion
(a) with excess O2 Methane (limited O2 ) (b)

Substitution reaction Excess chlorine

(chlorination) Sunlight or heat

(c) (d) (e) (f)

Worksheet 3 : ALKENE
(a) Give name for each alkene compounds below

Cl

CH3

Cl
=

CH3

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(b) Fill in the blanks.

Alkenes are …………………. hydrocarbons. The names end with …………………… The
general formula for alkenes is ……………………………
Generally alkenes have …………………….. melting and boiling point but ………………..as the
number of carbon atoms per molecule increases. Alkenes have ……………… densities but
increases as the number of carbon per atom increases.
Alkenes ……………… dissolve in water but are ………………………. in organic solvents.
Alkenes …………………. conduct electricity.
Alkenes burn with more ……………… flame compared with alkanes of the same number of
carbon atoms because the percentage of carbon by mass in alkenes is ……………………
Compare to alkane, alkene is ………………… reactive.

more , cannot , soluble , sooty , higher , low, more ,low, increases, unsaturated, ene, CnH2n

Worksheet 4 : ALKENE
Fill in the blank boxes by giving the molecular formula or structural formula of the product for
every reaction of propene below.

a) b)

excess O2,
heat limited O2
heat
h) acidified
KMnO4 (aq) c)

Propene
Addition
H2 / polymerization
Ni .180o
C
H2O(g)
g) HCl (g) 300 C,60 atm,
Cl2(aq) H3PO4

d)
e)
f)

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Worksheet 5 : ALKANE AND ALKENE

(a) Table below shows the reactions to compare the chemical properties of alkane and
alkene. Complete the table.

Observation
Reaction Hexane Hexene
Reaction with oxygen Hexane burns with a yellow
sooty flame

Reaction with bromine No visible change

Reaction with acidified No visible change

potassium
manganate(VII) solution

(b) Calculate the percentage of carbon in (i) hexane

(ii) hexane
Which compound can be a good fuel ? Explain .
(c) List down 5 similar physical properties of alkane and alkene.
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………….

(iii) ………………………………………………………………………………………….

(iv) …………………………………………………………………………………………..

(v) ………………………………………………………………………………………….

(d) Construct 5 isomers from C6 H12 and give name to each isomer.

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Worksheet 6 : ALCOHOL

a) Summarize the physical properties of alcohols in the table below

Physical properties Description

Physical state at room temperature

Smell and colour

Solubility in water

Volatility

Boiling point

b) State the uses of alcohols in everyday life.

c) List the harmful effects of alcohols

d) Propanol can be dehydrated into propene by using the apparatus below.

Label i) , ii) , iii) , iv) and v)

i………………. ii ……………… v………….

iv …………

iii ……..……

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 Worksheet 7
Comparison between ethanol and ethene

Similarity
FACTORS SIMILARITY
a. Elements present

b. Number of atoms

c. Type of bond

d. Combustion

e. reaction with KMnO4

Difference
FACTORS DIFFERENCE

a. Type of atom Molecules contain oxygen

atom

b. Functional group Contain –O-H bond

c. Physical state Exists as a liquid at room

temperature

d. Solubility Soluble in water

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e. Nature of flame Burns with a non-sooty flame

Worksheet 8 : CARBOXYLIC ACID

a) Figure shows a series of conversion starting from ethene to ethyl ethanoate.

I
Ethene Ethanol
II Ethyl ethanoate
III
Ethanoic
acid

Based on the figure above, state

process I :………………………………………………………
process II :………………………………………………………..
process III :……………………………………………….………
b) Draw the set up of apparatus to prepare ethanoic acid .in laboratory
Write the chemical reaction that involve.

c) Write the observation of every test for ethanoic acid below.

Test Observation
1 a. Ethanoic acid + metal carbonate

b. Gas released + lime water

2 a. Ethanoic acid + magnesium

b. Gas given off + lighted splinter

3 a. Ethanoic acid + sodium hydroxide solution

b. Ethanoic acid + copper(II)oxide

4 Glacial ethanoic acid + ethanol +

concentrated sulphuric acid + heat ; .
Then the boiling contents are poured into a
beaker half filled with water.

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Worksheet 9 : ESTER

Name the following esters and give the alcohols and carboxylic acids required to synthesise the
esters name.

Formula Name Carboxylic acid Alcohol

HCOOC2H5 Ethyl methanoate Methanoic acid Ethanol
a) CH3 COOCH3

b) CH3 COOC3H7

c) C2H5 COOCH3

d) C3 H7COOC3H7

Worksheet 10 : FATS AND OILS

Fill in the blank with the correct answer.

1 Fats , oils and waxes are from a large family of organic compound called __________
2 They are natural _______________
3 They are product of the reaction between __________________ and ____________
4 Fats are usually found in animal and they are _____________ while oil is fat from plant
and also from animal but they are ________________ at room condition.
5. Fatty acids are long straight-chain containing between 12 to 18 __________ atoms per
molecule.
6 A molecule of glycerol may combine with one, two or three fatty acid to form a
monoester,
diester or trimester. A Molecule of water is eliminated when a fatty acid joins to the
glycerol molecule and the resulting bond formed is called an _______________
(-COO-).
7 . Most fats and oils are _____________

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8. As a group, oil and fats tend to dissolve in organic solvents such as ____________
9 Fats are an important source of ____________ for our body.
10 ________________ fats may cause cholesterol to deposit on the blood vessels and
making them ____________ . This can lead to ________________, ____________ and
________________
11 The purposes of researches on biotechnical aspect of the palm oil in Malaysia are
(i) _____________________________
(ii) _______________________________
(iii) _______________________________
12 The importance of oil palm industry to the development of the country in Malaysia are
(i) ______________________________________
(ii)_______________________________________
(iii)_______________________________________

Worksheet 11 : palm oil

a) Complete the flow chart below to show the Extraction Process of Palm Oil.

Oil palm fruit bunches

The fresh fruit bunches are sterilized ia large

pressure vessels at 140o C for 60-90 min.
The heat from the steam kills fungus and bacteria

Stripping

Breaking down the oil-bearing cells. Crush the

palm oil fruits

Pressing

The mixture is filtered to remove solid or coarse

fibre and allow to settle in an a large clarification
tank. The oil is skimmed off and dried in a
vacuum drier.

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b) State 5 benefits of palm oil compared to other vegetable oils
i) ………………………………………………………………….
ii) ……………………………………………………………………
iii) …………………………………………………………………..
iv) ………………………………………………………………….
v) ………………………………………………………………….

Worksheet 12 : NATURAL RUBBER

Give explanation for every situation below:

a) Latex coagulate slowly when it is exposed to the air.
b) When 20 cm3 latex is added with 5cm3 methanoic acid, latex coagulate rapidly.
c) When 5 cm3 ammonia solution is added to latex, latex does not coagulate.
d) Compare the unvulcanized and vulcanised rubber in the table below.

Aspect Unvulcanised rubber Vulcanised rubber

Structure

Oxidation

Resistance of heat

Strength

Elasticity

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