Names
Kaiser Wilhelm I
(Germany)
Woodrow Wilson
(U.S.A.)
Vittorio Orlando
(Italy)
David Lloyd George
(Britain)
King George V
(Britain)
Franz Josef II
(Austria-Hungary)
Robert Bordern
(Canada, 8th Prime Minister)
Czar Nicholas II
(Russia)
Georges Clemenceau
(France)
Franz Ferdinand
(Archduke of Austria-Hungary)
Gavrillo Princip
(Member of the Black Hand, killed Franz Ferdinand)
General Sam Hughes
- Minister of Militia
- introduced Ross Rifle and McAdam Shovel
- set up a major training base in Valcartier Quebec
- Ignored the French and had anti-French views
- Canada had a slow start to the war
Margarat MacDonald
- In charge of the Canadian Nursing Service
General Douglas Haig
- Poorly commanded Canadian troops in the Battle of the Somme
- Caused 24,000 Canadian troops to die
Officer William White
- Joined the army as a Chaplain but became a soldier after his first few months
- His intellect related to battle tactics and respect from fellow soldiers led to his
promotion as an Officer
- Showed that the Canadian Army promoted its best soldiers regardless of race
James Grant
- Single-handedly pushed a field gun to an important location under heavy enemy fire
after his 3 fellow soldiers were killed
- Received the Military Cross
Henry Norwest
- Metis sniper who had 115 kills
- Won the Medal of Honour
Sam Glode
- A tunneller who removed 450 landmines in 2 days
- Won the Distinguished Service Medal
Francis Pegahmagabow
- Ojibwe sniper credited with 340 kills and took 300 German prisoners
- Won 3 Medals of Honour, the British War Medal, and the Victory Medal, among other
awards
- Most highly decorated Indigenous soldier
General Arthur Currie
- Canadian General who devised the plan called the Rolling Barrage
General Julian Byng
- British General that helped Arthur Currie put his plans into action
Billy Bishop
- Canada’s most famous Ace who shot down 72 planes
Roy Brown
- Shot down the German Ace “The Red Baron”
The Red Baron
(Manfred von Richthofen)
- Germany’s most famous Ace who shot down 80 planes
Wilfred Laurier
- Canada’s 7th Prime Minister
- Ran against Robert Borden and condemned conscription so the French-Canadians
don’t push for separation
Henri Bourassa
- French-Canadian separatist
- “How can we condemn the Germans when our own Government is so unjust?”
- He was upset about Regulation 17, which said that French no longer had to be a
language of instruction in Ontario
Vladimir Lenin
-
Alfred Von Schlieffen
- German General who devised the Schlieffen plan
Ray Collishaw
-
Billy Barker
Ambassador Alfred Zimmerman
- Sent the Zimmerman telegram to try and get the Mexico to attack the USA
Terms
Long Term Causes
Past Historical Differences
- Germany stole 2 provinces from France, Alsace and Lorraine
Imperialism
(countries are jealous of other countries’ colonies)
- Britain, France, and Germany competed for colonial territories in Africa
- Created tensions over resources
Militarism
(Germany v. Britain dreadnought race)
Personal Egos
(Britain, Germany, and Russia’s leaders are cousins)
- Kaiser Wilhelm had a difficult relationship with his parents and hated all things British
- Queen’s death dissipated good will between cousins
Alliances
(Colonies can suck countries into war)
Nationalism
(Everyone thought they should be #1)
- Germany wanted to be the #1 European super power
- Italy as well
Black Hand
- Serbian rebel group that sought revenge on A.H. after the stole Bosnia from them
- Assassinated Franz Ferdinand
Ross Rifle
- A rifle that only worked in clear and dry conditions
- When the Canadians arrive overseas, it rains for 93 of their first 115 days making the
rifle useless
McAdam Shovel
- A shovel that would be used to dig trenches
- Included a hole in the middle of the plate that was meant for a gun barrel, turning it into
a shield
- Ended up not being very useful
The War Measures Act
- Passed by Robert Borden in 1914
- These laws would only be in effect for the duration of the war
- Rules includes
1) The publication of maps or photos would be prohibited
2) All ships, trains, trucks, or automobiles attempting to enter or exit Canada
would be boarded and inspected
3) The government can seize land or property in order to establish training bases
or weapons factories
4) Any individual can be arrested, questioned, and jailed without a trial if they are
suspected of being a threat to national security
Support Trench
- Where soldiers would eat, rest, and receive medical treatment
- Around 100 yards behind the frontlines
Front Line Trench
- Where soldier would engage in battle
Trench Foot
- Occurred when soldiers stood in mud and water for days at a time
- Eventually flesh on the foot would rot and die, leading to amputation to stop infection
- Was prevented by changing socks and rubbing oil on their boots to prevent moisture
from seeping into the foot
Over the top
- When soldiers would climb out of the trench to rush the other side in no man’s land
No Man’s Land
- The space between the two armies’ trenches
Shrapnel
- Small pieces of metal that would fly out of a bomb
Nova Scotia #2 Construction Battalion
- A group of the first African-Canadians to join the army
- Their job was to dig ditches, repair trenches, and build railroads
- They broke the colour barrier in the Canadian army
Synchronized machine gun
- Allowed pilots to shoot bullets forward between rotating blades of the propeller
Chlorine Gas
- A chemical gas the Germans used in WWI
- Would bind to moisture in the body and would turn it into acid
Rolling Barrage
- A plan devised by Arthur Currie where field guns would constantly fire to provide a
shield for troops crossing no man’s land during the battle of Vimy Ridge
Knights of the air
- A term to refer to pilots as they flew above the death and destruction below
Ace
- A pilot that shot down 5 or more planes
Dreadnought
- British battleship that launched in 1905
Underseaboten
- An underwater boat designed by the Germans
- 400 submarines had sunk 5000 British ships
-
Underwater Mines
- Floating explosives anchored to weights on the ocean floor
The Convoy System
- Surrounding huge supply ships with 4 Cruisers or DEstroyers to escort it safely across
the Atlantic
Triple Entente
- An alliance between Britain, France, and Russia
Triple Alliance
- An alliance between Germany, A.H., and Italy
Conscription
- As support for the war was declining, the Canadian Government decided to consider
the idea of Conscription
- This meant that any healthy man over the age of 18 could be forced by law, to enlist in
the armed forces
Military Voters Act
- Gave soldiers overseas the right to vote
Wartime Elections Act
- Gave the vote to women who had relatives overseas
Communist Party
-
Events: Summarize 3-4
Assassination of Franz Ferdinand(1914)
- Austria-Hungary captured the province Bosnia from Serbia
- The rebel group the Black Hand got revenge on A.H. when Gavrillo Princip
assassinated their Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife while they visited the
capital Sarajevo
- A.H. made 3 demands to Serbia after:
1) Apologize
2) Arrest / imprison members of the Black Hand
3) Allow Austro-Hungarian army to enter their country to ensure the demands
have been met
- Serbia disagrees to the last demand causing A.H. to invade them, sucking all the other
alliances into the war
The Schlieffen Plan (1914)
- Germany wanted to attack France and conquer Paris
- Alfred Von Schlieffen devised a plan:
1) Send a few hundred troops to the southern border to trick French troops into
leaving Paris to engage with what they thought was the full German Army
2) The majority of the German army would then secretly move north towards
neutral Belgium and then attack France from the north
- Belgium objected to the German invasion, slowed down the Germans by destroying
their roads, and sent word to France to let them know
- French troops immediately went back to Paris and the Russians quickly invaded
Germany at the “back door”
- Germany’s plan failed but it showed that they were prepared to be aggressive and to
take advantage of neutral countries.
The Battle of Ypres (1915)
- After 6 months of training, Canadian troops traveled to Ypres in Belgium to thwart the
advancing Germans
- This was their first assignment and they were placed next to French-colonial soldiers
in trenches
- On April 22, Canadians were faced with the new chemical weapon chlorine gas as
Germans rushed across “no man’s land” with gas masks
- French colonials were hit first, but the Canadians protected themselves with wet
clothes and blindly shot through the smoke, surprising the Germans
- After 12 days, the Germans gave up the offensive, giving the Canadian soldiers a
good reputation for their first test in battle
The Lusitania (1915)
- A British cruise ship that carried 100 Americans
- Germans sank the Lusitania with their submarines in the North Sea
- Germans claimed it was an accident and that they thought the ship was armed
- Germany made apology to the US
- Contributed to America entering the war
The Battle of the Somme (1916)
- Second major battle involving Canadian troops was in France has the Germans had
pushed into the north
- For 8 days prior to the battle, the british tried bombing the Germans but failed as they
had created deep bunkers
- General Haig kept sending Canadian soldiers instead of British soldiers despite
Germany’s ability to pick them off easily
- 24,000 Canadian troops (mostly from Newfoundland and Labrador) died after the 4
month battle, leading to Newfoundland and Labrador to refer to July 1st as Memorial
Day
The Battle of Vimy Ridge (1917)
- The Germans captured Vimy Ridge in France and stopped 150,000 troops from taking
it back
- Canadian General Arthur Currie devised a plan to place 150 field guns at the bottom of
the ridge to create a shield for troops traveling across no man’s land
- After 2 months of practice, 100,000 Canadian troops attacked Vimy Ridge which
shocked the Germans
- By nightfall the ridge was in Canadian hands and the troops were now viewed as
professional soldiers… Some say this was our first step towards full independence.
The Zimmerman Telegram (1917)
- Germans wanted to prevent USA involvement in the war
- Ambassador Alfred Zimmerman devised a plan to send a telegram to Mexico which
offered them money and weapons to invade USA to reclaim Texas, Arizona, and New
Mexico
- However, the telegram was intercepted by the British which was passed to the USA
- Now the USA was directly threatened and joined the Triple Entente with 500,000
troops to declare war on Germany
Russia Exits WWI
- Czar Nicholas II was a terrible leader that didn’t care for his people
- Russian citizens responded by going on strike and demanding for a new leader
- A young leader named Vladimir Lenin formed the Communist Party and wants to be
Russia’s new leader
- Germany offers Lenin the money and weapons meant for Mexico to overthrow Czar
Nicholas II and pull Russia out of the war
- Lenin and his Communists raid the Royal Palace and were successful in overthrowing
the government
- Czar Nicholas II escaped with his family
- Vladimir Lenin becomes the leader of Russia and pulls Russia out of WWI
US Enters WWI
- After events such as the Lusitania and the Zimmerman telegram, Woodrow Wilson felt
that America was now threatened by the war
- Woodrow Wilson sends 500,000 troops overseas and declares war on Germany
The Treaty of Versailles
- A Peace Treaty took place after the war ended in the Palace of Versailles in France
- All of the big countries were there and Canada wanted a seat
- Canada contributed over 600,000 men to the war and lost 60,000
- P.M. Robert Borden gets Canada a seat at the treaty
USA Proposals:
- Get rid of all weapons
- Trade with each other to prevent conflict
- Create a “league” where nations can discuss future disagreements to avoid another
war
France Proposals:
- Give us back Alsace and Lorraine
- Pay us $30 billion for rebuilding farms and country
- We will take our Coal Fields for the next 15 years
Britain Proposals:
- Destroy your Navy, Air Force, Limit Army to 100,000 men
- We are dividing up your colonies
- You must admit that you started WWI and lost WWI
Germany agrees to all of these demands as they would be invaded and killed if they didn’t
Both Canada and Italy did not get anything. This was significant for Canada as it pushed
autonomy.