Module 5 - Start Investing
Understanding Investments
The Power Of Compound Interes
Assume kijiye aapke paas Rs.10,000 jo 10% har saal grow hota hai
First year ke end mein uski total value Rs.11,000 hojayegi
2nd year mein, aap Rs.11,000 par interest karenge, toh aapka
amount Rs.12,100 hojayega
3rd year mein aap Rs.12,100 par 10% interest earn karenge, jisse
total value Rs.13,310 hojayegi
With compound interest, har saal, aap previous year se zyada
earn kar paayenge at the same rate of return!
Agar aap Rs.500 stock market mein 20 years mein invest karenge,
aapke paas Rs.60 lakhs honge
Aap jitni jaldi shuru karenge, aapko apne financial goals meet
karne ke liye utna ki kum invest karna padega
Jaldi shuru karke, aap utni hi jaldi apni wealth build kar
payenge. Theoretically, aap apni life ke later stage mein bhi
invest karke high return earn kar sakte hai. Lekin iske saath
bahut saare risks associated hai.
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Understanding The Risks And Returns Of Investin
Agar aapke investment returns high hai then aapka risk bhi high hoga
Agar aapko low-risk chahiye tabb aapko low returns se comfortable
hona padega
For example, stock markets daily fluctuate hote hai toh aap bahut
zyaada paise earn bhi kar sakte hai aur losse bhi kar sakte hai. Isse
volatility kehte ha
Issliye aapko different assets mein invest karke risk ko balance
karna chahiye.
Asset Classes
Low Risk Investment Options
Remember: Low-risk assets low returns offer karte hai
Fixed Deposit
FDs ke returns inflation ko beat nahi karte
Example: Aap Rs.100 5% ke rate of return par deposit karte hai. Uske
baad aapko 1 saal ke baad aapko Rs.105 milenge.
Rs.1 ke taxes ke baad aapke paas Rs.104 bachenge aur inflation rate
6% hai. Iska matlab hai ki aap paise lose kar rahe ho
FDs emergency fund create karne ke liye help karti hai
Aap ek FD-linked credit card use kar sakte hai. Yeh aapko credit
score build karne mein help karta hai aur isse aap loans cheaper
rates par le sakte hai.
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Provident Funds
EPF (Employee Provident Fund) - yeh aapki salary se ek monthly
contribution hai. EPF mein aapke saath saath aapki company bhi
aapka contribution match karti hai.
Isse aap ek disciplined way mein every month invest kar sakte hai
2023 ke reports ke according isse aapko guaranteed 8.15% returns
milte hai
Yeh ek government-backed low risk scheme hai
Iska rate of return FDs se zyaada hai
Offers a higher rate of returns compared to most FDs.
PPF (Public Provident Fund) - yeh salaried aur unsalaried Indians ke
liye ha
Iske rate of returns EPF se lower ha
2023 ke reports ke according isse aapko guaranteed 7.1% returns
milte hai
Har saal aap minimum of Rs.500 and a maximum of Rs.1 lakh issmein
invest kar sakte hai
Investment ka minimum period 15 years hai. Aap partially
emergencies ke waqt kuch terms and conditions ke basis par
withdraw kar sakte hai
NPS (National Pension Scheme
Minimum investment amount - Rs.500/month
Aap yeh money retirement ke baad hi access kar sakte hai
60% amount aapko lump-sum tax free milta hai
40% amount every month aapko milega aur yeh aapke tax slab ke
according taxable hota hai
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G o l d
Y e h e k s t a b l e f o r m o f i n v e s t m e n t c o n s i d e r k i y a j a a t a h a i .
a) Jeweller
Isme additional costs jaise ki making charges aate hain aur purity ki
guarantee karna mushkil hota hai
Storage mein bhi dikkat hoti hai, locker ke liye bhi pay karna padta
hai
Yeh investment se zyaada jewellery ke form mein better kaam karta
h a i .
b) Gold Bars
Storage mein dikkat hoti hai, locker ke liye bhi pay karna padta hai
Issmein purity ki guarantee milti hai aur prices gold ki value ke
saath badhti hai
Jewellery se yeh better option hai, par gold khareedne ka sabse accha
t a r e e k a n a h i h a i .
c) Digital Gol
Aap physically gold own nahi karte hai, issliye storage mein dikkat
nahi aati hai
Lekin aapko issmein GST aur platform ko ek commission pay karna
padta hai
Y e h j e w e l l e r y a u r g o l d b a r s d o n o s e h i e k b e t t e r o p t i o n h a i .
d) SGBs (Sovereign Gold Bonds
Iss scheme se aap government se gold digital asset ke form mein le
sakte hai.
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Iska minimum tenure 8 saal ka hai, jiske baad aapko poore 8 saal ke
dauran gold ke value ke basis par poora return milta hai
Iske alava, government se aapko 2.5% extra returns bhi milte hain
SBGs rakhne mein koi logistical costs nahi aati
Suraksha aur extra fayde ke karan yeh sona khareedne ka sabse accha
tareeka hai.
e) ETFs (Gold Exchange Traded Funds) / Gold Mutual Fund
Yeh stock exchange par listed hote hain aur inka focus gold par hota
hai
Yeh funds gold ke price ko track karte hain
Inn funds mein koi lock-in period nahi hota
Lekin, aapko SGBs ke saath milne wala 2.5% extra return nahi milta
Aap jiss platform par trade karte hai uss platform ko aapko
commission bhi dena padta hai.
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Medium Risk Investment Option
Mutual Fund
Mutual funds beginners ko bina chinta kiye stocks mein invest karne
ka advantage dete hain
Yeh funds professionals manage karte hai jo ek saath hazaaron
customers ke liye alag-alag companies mein alag weightage ke saath
invest karte hain
Mutual funds ek group of stocks mein invest karte hain jo ki ek
fund manager dwara manage kiye jaate hain
2 types of Mutual Fund Plan
Direct plans: Yeh woh funds hain jo seedhe company se kharide
jaate hain, beech mein koi aur costs nahi hoti
Regular plans: Yeh funds agents ya brokers ke through kharide
jaate hain. Unhe commission milta hai, isliye yeh plans aapke liye
zyada mehenge hote hain
3 types of Mutual Funds based on where the money is investe
Debt Mutual Funds: Yeh funds fixed return rate wale assets
mein invest karte hain. Yeh funds aapko lower rate par stable
returns dete hain
Equity Mutual Funds: Yeh funds equity mein invest karte hain.
Issliye inmein zyaada risk aur zyaada returns hota hai
Hybrid Mutual Funds: Yeh funds debt aur equity dono mein
invest karte hain. Yeh bina zyaada risk ke stable returns offer
karte hai.
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Right type of Mutual Fund tenure ke basis par kaise
choose karei
Less than 2 years: Debt mutual fund
2–10 years: Hybrid Mutual Fund
More than 10 years: Equity mutual fund
Balancing risk while investing in Equity Mutual Fund
Large-cap mutual funds stock market par listed top 50 badi
companies mein invest karte hain. Yeh funds kum risk offer
karte hain aur almost 12% yearly returns dete hain
Mid-cap funds Mid-Cap 100 index ke basis par mid-sized
companies mein invest karte hain. Inn funds mein zyaada risk aur
zyaada returns hai, aur yeh almost 15% yearly returns dete hain
Small-cap funds stock market par listed small-cap 250 index ke
basis par sabse choti companies mein invest karte hain. Yeh
investment sabse zyaada risk wale hote hain par long term mein
almost 18% takk ke bahut zyaada returns offer kar sakte hain
Factors to consider while choosing the right Mutual Fun
AUM (Assets Under Management): Fund ke size ya assets under
management ko check kijiye. Unn funds ko choose karo jo kamm se
kamm Rs. 1000 Crore ke AUM ke saath ho
Expense Ratio: Woh ratio ya percentage jo fund managers aur
company ke liye jaata hai. Direct funds sabse kamm expense
ratio offer karte hain
Exit Load: Jab aap mutual fund se bahar nikalte hain toh aapko
jo penalty deni padti hai. Sabse kamm exit load wale option ko
choose karo
Historical Returns: Pichle kuch saalon mein funds ne jo returns
diye hain.
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Corporate Bond
Yeh woh loans hote hain jo company public se ek fixed return rate
par leti hai
Companies bonds issue karke company ke liye funds raise karti hain
Lekin risks bhi hote hain kyunki ho sakta hai company samay par ya
bilkul bhi repay na kar paaye
Company ke liye trust track karne ke liye Corporate Bond Ratings
(CRAs) ka use karein.
- AAA rating sabse highest hoti hai. Aap expect kar sakte hain ki
paisa wapas milega.
- AA next sabse highest rating hota hai. AAA aur AA rated bonds hi
liyije.
- B aur usse neeche ki ratings zyaada rewards offer karti hain lekin
inmein bahut zyaada risks bhi hote hain
Real Estat
Property rental yield ke saath-saath property value mein
appreciation se bhi return milta hai
Commercial properties sabse accha rental yield deti hain
Lekin, real estate mein upfront hi bahut zyaada capital ki zaroorat
hoti hai
REITs (Real Estate Investment Trusts) isme asaan entry offer karte
hain
Yeh real estate companies dwara offer kiye gaye stocks ki tarah
kaam karte hain
Inhein stock exchange par trade kiya ja sakta hai. Jaise-jaise
company ki rental income badhti hai, REITs ki value bhi badhti hai.
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High Risk Investment Option
Stock Market Tradin
Trading ka matlab hai stocks ke short-term price changes par nazar
rakhna. Traders market ke rises aur dips par bet lagate hain taaki
short-term price movements par paise kamaye ja sake
Yeh risky hota hai kyunki invest kiya gaya saara paisa kho jaane ki
bhi possibility hoti hai. Ismein bahut samay, research aur knowledge
ki zaroorat hoti hai
Crypt
Agar aap crypto ko samajhte hain aur uske long term ke prospects
par trust rakhte hain, toh ji usmein invest karein
Apne portfolio ka kabhi bhi 5% se zyaada crypto mein invest na
karein
Agar aap issmein invest karte hai toh badi price swings aur possible
losses ke liye taiyar rahiye.
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Asset Allocation Strategies
Apne asset allocation strategy decide karte samay age aur income
main factors hote hain.
- Agar aap young hain, toh aap high-risk asset mein invest karne ka
afford kar sakte hain kyunki aapke paas apna paisa recover karne ka
samay hota hai.
- Lekin, agar aap bade ho chuke hain, toh agar koi investment paisa
lose karti hai toh usse recover karne ka zyaada samay nahi hota.
- Agar aapki umar zyaada hai aur income kamm hai, toh woh ek
important amount hota hai jo bachani chahiye. Iss stage par risks ek
smart decision nahi hai.
- Lekin, agar aap young age mein badi income kamate hain, toh aapke
paas bahut risks lene ki flexibility hoti hai
100-x rule of asset allocation
- Apni age (x) ko 100 se minus karo. Jo result aata hai, woh
percentage ideally aapko equity mein invest karna chahiye, yaani ke
medium ya high risk investments mein.
- Jo amount x hai (aapki age), utna percentage aapko low-risk assets
mein invest karna chahiye
Use the ‘Rule of 72’
- Rule: 72 ko aapke investment ke return rate se divide karo =
lagbhag kitne saal lagenge aapke paise ko double karne mein.
- Example:
If you invest in an FD at 6% interest, it will take 12 years to
double your money. Agar aap ek small-cap index fund mein 18% par
invest karte hain, toh aapke paise 4 saal mein double ho jayenge. Aap
ek small-cap index fund mein invest karke 8x paisa earn sakte hain.
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Diversify.
- Jo strategy aapke liye kaam kar rahi hai uspar double down kijiye.
- Shuruwat karo 100-x rule se.
- Equity mein invest kiye gaye amount ke liye, 3 funds choose kariye
jo small-cap, medium-cap, aur large-cap index funds ho.
- Samay ke saath, agar aapko lagta hai ki ek dusra option aapke liye
behtar kaam kar raha hai, toh us investment par double down kariye
Factor in the costs of investing.
- Fees, taxes, aur additional costs jo aap pay karte hain, unhe
dhyaan mein rakhiye.
- Khaaskar jab diversify kar rahe hai, toh overlaps ka dhyaan rakhiye.
- Long term ke baare mein sochiye.
- Mental costs ke baare mein bhi sochiye. Aise assets mein invest na
kariye jo aapko neend na aane de.
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