Business Mathematics Assignment

Prepared for Students

Guided by: MMC Sir

Department of Business Administration

Chittagong University
86 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS

Absorption Law: For any two sets A and B, we have

(i) AU (An B) = A;
(ii) An (AU B) = A.

Proof is left as an exercise.

Some Important Results Based on Laws of Algebra of Sets

Given any three sets A, B, C; prove that

(i) Most helpful result: A - B =An B', (dash denotes 'complement1).

(ii) (AU B) - C = (A - C) u (B - C).
(iii) (An B) - c= (A - C) n (B - C).
(iv) A - (Bu C) = (A - B) n (A - C).
(v) A - (B n C) = (A - B) u (A - C). (C.U. [Link].(H) 1988, '96, '02)

(vi) Ax (BU C) = (Ax B) U (Ax C), (' x' denotes Cartesiiµi product). (c.u: [Link]. 2006)
(vii) A x (B n C) = (A x B) n (A x C). (C.U. [Link].(H) 1988)

The proofs are given by using definit~ons and Laws of Algebra of sets:
Proof. (i) Let x E A - B.
Then x E A and x· ft B, i.e., x E A and x E B', or, x E A n B' => A - B ~ A n B'.
Again, let y EA n B'.
Then y E A and y E B', i.e., y E A and y ft B, i.e., y E A - B => A n B' ~ A - B.
Hence, A - B = AU B' (Proved).
Proof. (ii) (AU B) - C = (AU B) n C' [using (i))
= (An C') U (B n C') [Distributive Law)
= (A - C) U (B - C) [using (i) again).
Hence (ii) is proved.
(iii) (An B) - C = (An B) n C' [using (i)]
=''(An B) n (C' n C') [Clearly C' n C' = C')
= {(An B) n C'} n C' [Associative Law]
= {An (B/n C')} n C' [Associative Law)
= { (B n C') n A} n C' [Commutative Law]
= (B n C') n (An C')
= (An C') n (B n C') [Commutative Law]
= (A - C) n (B - C) [using (i)].
CHAP. 4: ELEMENTS OF SET THEORY 97

-------ii EXERCISES ON CHAPTER 4 Ir--------

Theory
1. Define the terms: Set; finite and infinite set; null set; proper subset; complement at a
set; equal sets and disjoint sets. Give one example for each.
2. Define subsets and proper subsets. Give an example for each.
3. Draw a Venn diagram of three non-empty sets A, Band C so that A, Band C have the
property:
(a) Ac B, C <t- B, An C =¢,where¢ is the null set; [C.U. [Link].(H) 1986]
(b) A c B' B n c i- ¢, A n c = ¢, c <t- B. [C.U. [Link].(H) 1989]
4. Define the following:

(a) Intersection of two sets, (c) Difference of two sets,

(b) Union of two sets, (d) Complement of a set.

Give one example of each. [C.U. [Link].(H) 1991)

5. When are two sets A and B said to be disjoint sets? Define the complement of a set B.
[C.U. [Link].(H) 1991]
6. Define Cartesian product of two sets. Give an example.
7. Explain the following terms:

(a) Universal set, (b) Power set, (c) Venn diagram.

8. State the Laws of Algebra of Sets.

9. Define power set of a set A. Find the power set of A = {a, b, c}. If B be the power set
of A, state with reasons which of the following statements is correct: A :::> B, A E B,
A C B, A= B, A <t- B. [C.U. [Link].(H) 1991)
10. If X' and Y' be subsets of X and Y respectively and X C Y, then prove that Y' C X'.
it. State De Morgan's laws of sets. Verify the laws in terms of Venn diagram.
[C.U. [Link].(H) 1992)
12. For any three sets A, B, C, prove that An (B - C) = (AU B) - (An C).
(B.U. [Link].(H) 2006]

Problems: Section A-D

A
1. Express the following set notations in words:

(a) x ¢A, (c) Ac B,

(b) As;;; B, (d) A <t- B.
Bus. Math. & Stat. [C.U.}-7
-- .
98 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS ANO STNrISTICS

2. (a) Let A = [2, 3, 4, 5]. State which of the following statements are correct. Give
reasons for your answer:

(i) 4 EA; '(iii) {5,2,4} c A;

(ii) {3, 5} c A; £
(iv) {2, 3, 4, 5} A;

{b) Which of the following statements are correct/incorrect?

(i) 3 s;;; {1, 3, 5}; (iii) {3} s;;; {1, 3, 5};

{ii) 3 E {1, 3, 5}; (iv) {3} E {1,3,5}.

3. (a) Which of the following sets are finite? Which are infinite?

(i) {1, 3, 5, 8, 9}; (iv) {x: xis divisible by 3};

(ii) The rivers in India; (v) {2, 5, 8, .. · , 152}.
(iii) The set of even positive integers;

(b) Write down all the subsets of A= [1, 2, 3]. [C.U. [Link].(H} 1989)
(c) Which of the following sets is the null set </>? Briefly say why:

(i) A= {x: xis > 1 and xis < 1}; (iii) c= {</>}.
(ii) B = {x : x + 3 = 3};

4. (a) If A= [a, b, c], name

(i) the subsets of A; (ii) the proper subsets of A.

(b) If a EA and a EB, does it follow that As;;; B? Give reasons.

[C.U. [Link].(H} 1990)
(c) Show the relationships among the following three sets in respect of subsets and
supersets:

(i) N = {x: xis a positive integer}; (iii) R = {x: xis a real number}.
(ii) Z = {x: xis an integer};

5. If A= {1,3,5, 7}; B = {2,3,4,5}; C = {2,4,6,8}; D = {4,5,6}; write down:

(a) AnB; {b) CUD; (c) BU(CUD); (d) An(BUC).

6. If A= {1, 2, 3, 4}; B = {2, 4, 6, 8}; C = {3, 4, 5, 6}; prove that

(a) An (B n C) = (An B) n C; (b) AU (BU C) =(AU B) UC.

7. (a) If A= {1, 2, 3, 4}; B = {3, 4, 5, 6}; C = {1, 5, 6, 7, 8}; verify that

Au (B n C) = (Au B) n (Au C).
CHAP. 4: ELEMENTS OF SET THEORY 99

(b) If U = {1,2,3,4,5,6, 7,8,9} and A= {2,4,6,8}, find A and hence verify that
An A'=</>. [B.U. [Link].(H) 2002]
8. (a) Jf A= {1,2,3,4}, B = {2,4,5,6}, C = {l,3,4,6,8}, verify that
An (Bu C) = (An B) u (An C).
(b) If A= {1,2,3}, B = {1,2,3,4} and C = {3,4,5,6, 7}, prove that
Au B c (An C) n (Bu C). [B.U. [Link].(H) 2002]
9. (a) If A= {2,3,8} and B = {6,4}, then find Ax B. [C.U. [Link].(H) 2005]
(b) If A= {1, 2,3}, B = {4,5}, find Ax Band Bx A, and hence prove that Ax B -=f.
B x A.
10. If U = {a, e, i, o, u}, A= {a, e, u} and B = {e, o, u}, prove that

11. State which of the following are null sets:

(a) {x: 3x 2 - 4 = 0,x is an integer};
(b) {x: (x + 3)(x + 3) = 9, xis a real number};
(c) (AnB)-/1. [C.U. [Link].(H) 1986]

12. Let S = {1, 2, 3,4, 5, 6} be the universal set. Let AU B = {2, 3, 4}; find Ac n Bc, where
Ac, Bc are complements of A and B respectively. Also show that AU Band Ac n Bc
are disjoint sets. [C.U. [Link].(H) 1995, 2007)
13. If A = {1,2, 7} and B = {3,5, 7} are the subsets of the universal set S =
{l, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, then show that (AU B)' =A' n B'. [C.U. [Link]. 2005)
14. (a) Find the power set of {2, 3, 5}. [C.U. [Link]. 2005]
,,
(b) Given A= {1,2,3} and B = {4,6,8}. Find Ax B. [C,U. [Link]. 2005k
15. Find An B, if A= {letters of ASSASSINATION} and B ={letters of POSSESSION}.
16. If A= {1,2,3,4,5},B = {2,3,5,6,7},C = {2,4,7,8,9}, show that AUB =BUA and
AU (BU C) = (AU B) UC. [N.B.U. [Link].(H) 2007)
17. If A= {x: xis a natural number and x:::; 6}, B = {x: xis the natural number and
3:::; x:::; 8}, find A - Band An B. [B.U. [Link].(H) 2005]

1. If A= {a,b,c,d,e}, B = {a,c,e,g} and C = {b,e,f,g}, verify that

(a) (Au B) n c= (An C) u (B n C);
(b) (An B) u c= (Au C) n (Bu C).
2. If A= {1,4}; B = {4,5}; C = {5, 7}, find
(a) '(A x B) U (A x C);
(b) (A x B) n (A x C).
3. If A= {1, 4}, B = {4, 5}, C = {5, 7}, prove that Ax (B n C) =(Ax B)n{Ax C).
100 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS-AND STATISTICS

4. If A= {1,4}, B = {4,3}, C = {3,6}, prove that Ax (BU C) =(Ax B) U (Ax C).

5. If A= {1, 2}, B = {2, 3}, C = {1, 3}, D = {3, 5}, prove that
(Ax B) n (C x D) =(An C) x (B n D).
6. (a) Let U = 1, 2, 3, · · · , 8}, A= {l, 2, 3, 4}, B = {2, 4, 5, 7} and C = {2, 4, 6, 8}. Find
(i) BC;
(ii) (An B)c;
(iii) Nu BC;
and hence show that (An Br= Nu Be.
(b) Determine two sets P and Q such that PU Q is a Universal set and P n Q is a
Null set.
(c) If A and B are respectively the solution sets of the two equations x 2 - 5x + 6 = 0
and x 2 - 6x + 8 = 0, then show that A n B ~ A U B.
7. If A= {l, 2, 3, 4, 7}, B = {2, 4, 5, 6} and C = {1, 3, 4, 6, 8}, verify that
(a) A - (B U C) = (A - B) n (A - C);
(b) A - (B n C) =(A - B) u (A - C).
8. (a) Using Set theory, find the Highest Common Factor (H.C.F.) of the numbers 12
and 15. [C.U. [Link].(H) 2003]
(b) Find the H.C.F. and L.C.M. of the numbers 30, 35, 105 by using set operations.
[Hints. If A, B, C be the sets of prime factors of 30, 35, 105, then H.C.F. = the product of the common
elements of A, B, C, i.e., the product of the elements of An B n C and L.C.M. = the product of the
elements of AU BU C.]

9. Find the H.C.F. and L.C.M. of the numbers 21, 45, 105. [C.U. [Link]. 2007]
[Hints. See worked-out Examples 7 and 8, Art. 4.11.]

10. In a Venn·diagram shade the following:

(a) AU B; (d) B-A; (g) (A - B)c;

(b) An B; (e) AU(AnB); (h) AU (B n C);
(c) Ac; (f) An (AU B); (i) An (Bu C).

11. Using set operation, find the H.C.F. of the numbers 30, 105, 165. [C.U. [Link]. 2005]

c
1. Using Venn diagram,,verify that
(a) AU (BU C) = (AU B) UC;
(b) An (B n C) =(An B) n c.
2. Using Venn diagram, verify that
(a) (Au B) n c = (An C) u (B n C);
(b) (An B) u c =(Au C) n (Bu C).
CHAP. 4: ELEMENTS OF SET THEORY 101

3. Using Venn diagram, verify that

(a) (Au B)c =Ac n BC;
(b) (AnBr=AcuBc.
4. Using Venn diagram, prove that
(a) A - (Bu C) =(A - B) n (A - C);
(b) A - (B n C) =(A - B) U (A - C).
5. Without using Venn diagram, prove that
(a) (AU B) n C = (An C) U (B n C);
(b) (An B) u c =(Au C) n (Bu C). [C.U. [Link].(H) 1991,\2000]

6. Prove that A - (B n C) = (A - B) U (A- C). Verify also this relation by a Venn diagram.
[C.U. [Link].(H) 1988)

7. Prove that An (B - C) = (An B) - (An C). Verify also this relation by using Venn
diagram.
8. Prove that (A - C) n (B - C) = (An B) - C.
9. If A, B, Care any three sets, then prove that A x (B n C) = (A x B) n (A x C).
10. Let A= {1, 2, 3,. · · , 6, 7}, B = {2, 4, 6}, C = {l, 3, 5, 7}, D = {2, 3, 6} and E = {2, 6};
which set can equal X if we are given the following information?

(a) X and Care disjoint; (c) X 5;;; B but X r/. C;

(b) X 5;;; A but X rt. B; (d) X 5;;; D but X r/. A.

11. If U = {x: x < 20,x EN}, A= {x: xis a prime number less than 23}, B = {x: x
is divisible by 3, x '.'S 15} and C = {x : x is an odd number less than 18}, find the set
(An B) u (An C).

1. (a) In a class of 65 students, 35 students have taken Mathematics, 40 have taken

Statistics. Find the number of students who have taken both Mathematics and
Statistics. Find also the number of those who have taken Mathematics but not
Statistics.
(Assume that every student has to take at least one of the two subjects.)
(b) In a class of 50 students, 20 students play football and 16 students play hockey. It
is found that 10 students play both the games. Use algebra of sets to find out the
number of students who play neither.
[Hints. Find n(F UH) and subtract from 50.J
(c) In a class of 100 students, 55 students read History, 41 students read Philosophy
and 25 students read both the subjects. Find the number of students who study
neither of the subjects. [C.U. [Link]. 2005)
102 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS

2. Out of 450 students who appeared at the [Link]. Examination from a centre, 135 failed
in Accountancy, 150 failed in Mathematics and 137 in Costing. Those who failed in
both Accountancy and Mathematics were 93, in Mathematics and Costing were 98 and
in Accountancy and Costing 106. The number of students who failed in all the three
subjects were 75. Find the number of those who failed in at least one of the three
subjects and the number of those who passed in all the three subjects. Assume that
each student appeared in all the three subjects.
3. In a survey of college students it was found that 403 use their own books, 503 use library
books, 303 use borrowed books, 203 use both their own books and library books, 15%
use their own books and borrowed books, 103 use library books and borrowed books and
43 use their own books, library books and borrowed books. Calculate the percentage
of students who do not use a book at all. [C.U. [Link].(H) 1988]

4. In the city, three daily newspapers X, Y, Z are published. 653 of the people of the city
read X, 543 read Y, 453 read Z; 383 read X and Y; 323 read Y and Z; 283 read X
and Z; 123 do not read any of the three papers. If 10, 00, 000 persons live in the city,
find the number of persons who read all the three newspapers. [C.U. [Link].(H) 1986)
5. Out of 1600 students in a college, 390 played cricket, 450 played hockey and 580 played
basketball; 90 played both cricket and hockey, 125 played hockey and basketball, and
155 played cricket and basketball; 50 played all the three games. How many students
did not play any game? How many played only cricket? How many played only one
game? How many played only two games? [C.U. [Link].(H) 1998]

ANSWERS
A

1. (a) x does not belong to A (or x is not an 4. (a) (i) ¢,{a}, {b }, {c}, {a, b}, {b, c}, {a, c},
element of A), {a,b,c};
(b) A is a subset of B, (ii) {a}, {b}, {c}, {a, b}, {b, c}, {a, c}.
(c) A is a proper subset of B, (b) No.
(d) A is not a proper subset of B (or A is (c) N c Z c Rand R ::l Z ::l N.
not contained in B).
5. (a) An B = {3,5},
2. (a) (i) correct, (b) CUD= {2,4,5,6,8},
(ii) correct, (c) BU(CUD) = {2,3,4,5,6,8},
(iii) correct, (d) An (Bu C) = {3,5}.
(iv) incorrect (it is an improper subset
7. (b) {l, 3, 5, 7, 9}.
of A),
(v) incorrect. 9. (a) AxB={(2,6),(2,4),(3,6),(3,4),
(b) (i) incorrect; (8, 6), (8, 4)};
(ii) correct; (b) Ax B = {(l, 4), (1, 5), (2, 4), (2, 5), (3, 4),
(3,5)} and Bx A= {(4,1),(4,2),(4,3),
(iii) incorrect;
(5, 1),(5,2),(5,3)}.
(iv) incorrect.
11. Sets (a) and (c) are Null sets.
3. (a) (i) finite,
(ii) finite, 12. {l,5,6}.
(iii) infinite, 14. (a) [¢,{2}, {3}, {5}, {2,3}, {3,5}, {2,5},
(iv) infinite, {2,3,5}],
(v) finite. (b) { (1, 4), (1, 6), (1, 8), (2, 4), (2, 6), (2, 8),
(b) [¢,{l},{2},{3},{1,2},{2,3},{1,3}, (3, 4), (3, 6), (3, 8)}.
{1,2,3}] 15. {S, I, N, O}.
(c) The set A is the Null set out of the three 17. {1, 2}; {3, 4, 5, 6}.
given sets.
CHAP. 4: ELEMENTS OF SET THEORY 103

2. (a) {(1, 4), (1, 5), (4, 4), (4, 5), (1, 7), (4, 7)}; 8. (a) 3;
(b) {(1,5), (4,5)}.
(b) 5; 210.
6. (a) (i) {1,3,6,8},
(ti) {l,3,5,6,7,8}, 9. 3; 315.
(iii) {1,3,5,6, 7,8};
(b) If U = {1,2,3,4}, then P = {1,3} 11. 15.
and Q = {2, 4}, or, P = {1, 2} and
Q = {3, 4} or etc. Similarly, we can
find many other sets for P and Q when
Universal set is given.

c
10. (a) X = B,E; 11. {3,5,7,11,13,17}.
(b) X = A,C,D;
(c) X = B,E;
(d) None of the sets can equal X.

1. (a) 10, 25; 2. 200; 250. 4. 2,20,000.

(b) 24. 3. 21',3. 5. 500;195;830;220.

FURTHER MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES ON CHAPTER 4

1. (a) Verify the relation An (BU C) = (An B) U (An C) for the set A = {l, 2, 3, 5},
B = {2,3,4,6} and C = {l,2,4,5, 7}.
(b) Let S = {a, b,c, d, e} be the Universal set and let A= {a, b, d} and B = [b, d, e] be
two of its subsets. Find (An B)' and (AU B)'.
(c) Let S = {l,2,3,4,5} be the Universal set and let A= {3,4,5} and B = {1,4,5}
be two of its subsets. Verify: (AU B)' =A' n B' (dash denotes complement).
2. (a) If A= {x: xis a multiple of 3 in 1:::; x:::; 12},B = {x: xis an even number in
r:::; x:::; 12} and C = {x: xis an odd number in 1 :::; x ~ 12}, find
(i) An B;
(ii) B n C;
(iii) (AU B) n C.
(b) If U = {x : xis a positive integer and 8 ~ x ~ 24} be the Universal set and A, B
be the sets of odd and prime numbers respectively, prove that (AU B)' =A' n B'.
(c) Ifn(A) = 15,n(B) = 24 and AC B, then find the value of n(AUB) and n(AnB).
3. If A= {1,4}, B = {4,5} and C = {5, 7}, find
(a) (A x B) u (B x C);
(b) (Ax B) n (Bx C).
104 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS

4. (a) Let A= {l,2,3}, B = {1,2}, C = {1,2,4}, D = {3,4} and E = {4}. State which
of the following statements are correct and give reasons:
(i) B c C;
(ii) D 1> E;
(iii) D::) C;
(iv) {3} c A.
(b) Three sets A, B, C be such that A-B = {2, 4, 6}, A-C = {2, 3, 5}; find A-(BUC)
and A - (B n C).
5. Given A= {2, B, 4}, where B = { 4, 5}; which of the following statements are not correct
and why?
(a) 5 EA;
(b) [5] EA;
(c) 4 EA.
6. (a) If S = {a, b, c, d, e, !} be the Universal set and A, B, Care three subsets of S, where
A= {a,c,d 1 J}, B n C = {a,b, !}, find (AU B) n (AU C) and B' u C'.
(b) If S = {1,2,3,4,5,6} be the Universal set and A,B,C are the three subsets of S,
where AUB = {1,3,4,6} and Aue= {1,2,4,5}, find Au (BnC) and A' nB'.
7. If U = {l, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} be the Universal set and A, B, C be the three subsets of U,
where A= {1,3,5, 7,8} and BUG= {2,3,4,6,7,8}, find (AnB)U(AnC) and B'nC'.
[C.U. [Link].(H) 1999]
8. (a) List the sets A, B and C, given that AU B = [a, b, c, d]; AU C = {b, c, d, e}; An
B = {b,c} and AnC = {b,d}.
(b) If AUB = {a,b,c,d},AnB = {b,c},AUC = {a,b,c,f} and AnC = {a,b}, then
find A, Band C. [C.U. [Link]. 2005]
9. Find the sets P,Q,R if P n Q = {2,3}, P n R = {2,4}, PU Q = {1,2,3,4} and
PUR= {2,3,4,5}.
10. (a) Draw a Venn diagram of three non-empty sets A, B, C so that A, B, C have the
properties Ac B, C rt- B, An C-:/ ¢.
(b) There are three categories of workers in a factory: shift workers, workers who are
members of a trade union, and skilled workers.
Assuming that these are overlapping categories, draw a Venn diagram describing
the situation and now shade clearly that part of the diagram which represents
unskilled workers who are not members of a trade union.
(c) Using a Venn diagram or otherwise, solve the following problem:
In a class of 70 students, each student has taken either English or Hindi or both. 45
students have taken English and 30 students have taken Hindi. How many students
have taken both English and Hindi?
11. In a class test of 45 students, 23 students passed in paper first 1.5 passed in paper first
but did not pass in paper second. Using set theory result,;, finJ the number of students
who passed in both the papers and who passed in paper second but did not pass in paper
first.
[Hints. Assume that each student passed at least in one of the two papers.]
106 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS

ANSWERS

1. (b) {a,c,e}; {c}. 5. (a) incorrect [·: 5 EB 9. p = {2,3,4}, Q = {l,2,3}

2. (a) (i) {6, 12}, but¢ A]; and R = {2, 4, 5}.
(b) incorrect, since
(ii) </>, 10. (c) 5.
{5} ¢A;
(iii) {3, 9}; (c) correct.
(c) 24, 15. 11. 8; 22.
6. (a) {a, b, c, d, !} and
3. (a) {(1,4), (1,5), (4,4), {c,d,e}; 12. 303.
(4,5), (4,7), (5,5), (b) {l, 4} and {2, 5l.
(5, 7)}; 13. 25.
7. {3, 7, 8} and {1, 5}.
(b) {(4,5)}.
8. (a) A={b,c,d}, 14. The study results are not
4. (a) (i) correct,
B = {a,b,c} and correct, {':n(AUBUC) =
(ii) incorrect, C = {b,d,e}; 226 and the given value of
(iii) incorrect, (b) A= {q,b,c}, n(A U BU C) is 300}.
(iv) correct. B = { b, c, d} and
(b) {2} and {2,3,4,5,6}. C = {a,b,f}. 15. 3, 72.