3. A.

Beck's cognitive theory of depression suggests that negative thoughts and

interpretations play a major role in depression. Individuals with depression have negative
frameworks that influence their interpretation of events. This leads to automatic negative
thoughts, which continue to negative emotions. The cognitive triad, negative thoughts about
yourself, the world, and the future, is a defining feature of depression. Challenging and
replacing these negative ways of processing information with positive thoughts can reduce
depressive symptoms

B. Learned helplessness refers to the belief that one has no control over their environment
or outcomes, leading to helplessness and depression. Attributional style is how a person
explains events in their life and can contribute to depressive disorder. Siegman et al
explores how well attribution style predicts depressive [Link] study involved
participants who completed self-report measures to assess their attributional style and
depressive symptoms. The results suggested that individuals with a more negative
attributional style were more likely to experience depressive symptoms. This study helps to
show the effect learned helplessness has on developing depressive disorder.

4. Tricyclics, MAOIs, and SSRIs are different medications used to treat depressive disorders.
Tricyclics work by altering the levels of certain chemicals in the brain, such as serotonin and
norepinephrine. These medications are effective in treating depression, but they have a lot
more side effects than medications such as SSRIs, which leads to them being a last resort.
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, or MAOIs, are another type of antidepressants. They work by
inhibiting monoamine oxidase from breaking down neurotransmitters like serotonin and
dopamine. MAOIs are effective in treating depression, but they have more potential risks and
interactions with certain foods and other medications. Therefore, they are typically reserved
for cases where other treatments have not been successful. Selective serotonin reuptake
inhibitors, or SSRIs, are the most commonly prescribed type of antidepressants. They work
by blocking the reuptake of serotonin. SSRIs have fewer side effects compared to tricyclics
and MAOIs, and they are generally used more regularly for the treatment of depressive
disorders.

B. Tricyclics are the first type of antidepressant used to treat unipolar disorder and are a lot
more aggressive. They have a lot of severe side effects compared to SSRIs which is why
they are not used as regularly and are usually left as a last resort. SSRIs have a lot less side
effects and are a lot less aggressive. Tricyclics are also addictive and can cause potential
overdose whereas SSRIs aren't addictive and have a much less chance of an overdose.
Tricyclics take effect a lot quicker than SSRIs in treating the patient due to the aggressive
nature of the drug.

I: Kleptomania is a disorder which is shown by having a strong impulse to steal. The person
cannot resist their impulse to steal and will feel a tension inside them until they do, leading to
a feeling of release when they steal something.

II: Pyromania is the strong impulse to set fires. This is a dangerous disorder as it can harm
not only themselves, but people around them and can land the person with the disorder in
jail. They are characterised by a feeling of release when the fire is set and an inability to
resist the temptation.
III: Gambling disorder is characterised by a pattern of continuous gambling online or offline.
People with gambling disorders lose track of time and prioritise gambling over everything
even when the gambling leads to negative consequences.

K-SAS is a scale used for self-reports to do with collecting data on a possible kleptomania
diagnosis. It measures the level of impulse, and the feelings and behaviours related to
[Link] is very thorough however it relies on the honesty of the person filling the form.
Which affects the validity because many subjects may be in denial about their symptoms.

6a
I: The sample included an equal number of men and women and had 284 patients. This is a
good sample due to the fact that the population is large so it raises the ecological validity
and the equality of the genders makes it more generalisable to the demographic population.

A placebo is a sugarpill that has no chemicals in it. A placebo is used to test the efficacy of
the actual drug being tested to see if the idea of taking medication helped cure them or if it
was the actual medication that worked. This helps test the actual effects of the drug and
whether they work.

Iii The results showed a variety of outcomes. This included the fact that the results showed
the most positive response to the opiate antagonist treatment was a history of alcoholism in
the family. The patients who were talking a larger dose with larger impulses had a positive
reaction to treatment and there was a higher trend in results of the placebo in young people.
People with less severe gambling problems did not respond as positively to placebo as
expected.

Iv With a good sample that was equal and had a large enough population to represent the
demographic population this produced a high ecological validity and generalisability. The
independent groups design meant that there was different groups with different controls and
helped see everything objectively and took less time. There were four conditions, including
the placebo group, the 25mg dose of nalmefene/day, 50mg nelmefene/day or 100mg/mg.
The participants were assigned randomly which could have bad consequences as there may
be people with low levels of impulses taking a large dose of medication which they do not
need. Overall this study did a good job in showing the effectiveness of opiates in treatment
of gambling disorders as it explored and meticulously controlled the experiment to show this.

B Covert sensitisation is a conditioning procedure which connects a bad feeling or anxiety

towards a certain behaviour to change that behaviour. It is very useful for helping with the
treatment of impulse control disorders because it helps change the behaviour. Glover (1985)
is a case study that used covert sensitisation to treat a woman's [Link]
psychologist planted a connection between stealing and nausea and vomiting to deter her
from such an act. It worked as she managed to create a connection between the two and
she stopped shoplifting. This is a good example of covert sensitisation as it shows that this
treatment works when put into effect.

8.
Systematic desensitisation involves three main steps. Including muscle relaxation
techniques and creating a list of your fears, ranking them in terms of intensity. After this, the
patient tackles each step of the intensity of fears until they reach the highest intensity and
eventually get over their fear or phobia. It can be used to treat agoraphobia as the patient
can do these steps and slowly manage to overcome their phobia by taking it one step at a
time.

I : The aim of this study was to investigate whether CBT and applied muscle tension could
be a successful treatment for BII phobia.

II: The research method used was a case study of a patient called ‘T’. It was a longitudinal
study and case study focusing on one patient.

III: One strength of a case study is the fact that it goes into a lot of detail and creates valid
data and a lot more information and context to the study. One weakness is that case studies
are not generalisable to the population as it is only one patient.

IV: The Beck Depression Inventory was used along with Beck Anxiety Inventory.
V: One strength is that it is an easy and not time consuming way to collect data and a
weakness is that they are forms of self reports so it mainly is based on the honesty of the
information provided by the patient.

9: The first measure is the Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Inventory. This is a

questionnaire containing only true or false questions. This makes it an easy questionnaire to
fill in and takes less time. However it does not leave much room for other possibilities or
context. The second is the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, which is more about
the symptom severity and the nature of the symptoms. It takes longer but is more detailed.

B The use of psychometric tests help diagnose ocd and see the severity of the symptoms in
a patient. They are easy to fill in and collect easy quantitative data for the psychologist to
evaluate and put into statistics. They are also cheap to make and easy to distribute to
patients and can help with controlling the groups in a study.

10. The study began with a random controlled distribution of participants between the face to
face sessions and phone call sessions. The sample was mediocre but not too small so still
more generalisability. The age range was very wide and all the patients got at least 16 on
the Y-BOCS checklist. It was an independent measures design which means the patients
were split between the two groups, telephone or face to face. The participants were
assessed twice before the treatment using the Y-BOCs and BDI and were then followed by
follow up questionnaires. Prior to treatment there was no significant difference between the
two conditions, the Y-BOCS score dropped from before and after treatment.

B This was a randomly assigned independent measures design. The control group was the
face to face CBT group to compare to the telephone sessions. The duration was the same
and there were many precautions to apply standardisation. The sample was fairly small and
all from the UK, which is not very ecologically valid or generalisable to the main population.
Lovell et al provided proof that there is a successful and more accessible alternative to face
to face CBT. It makes sessions less time consuming in travel and is more accessible to
people with more demanding lives. It also supports the biological vs psychological
treatments because this is proof that this psychological treatment works successfully. Due to
the fact that psychological treatments help deal with the actual root of the issue and can help
deal with the trauma that comes from it. Overall, it was a significant case study for the
psychological side of treating patients,