Unit 0 Preliminaries
Operations and algebraic language (I)
Starting with a game...
• Choose a number,
• Add 2000 to it,
• Divide the result by 10,
• Subtract 200 to it and
What am I doing to discover the trick?
• Multiply the result by 100.
Trick: You get 10 times the chosen number
2
Operations and algebraic language (I)
Magic game 3
Magic game 2 Choose a number,
subtract 6 to it,
Choose a number,
add 4,
Add 10 to the double of the number, multiply the result by 10,
add 160,
Subtract 8 and subtract 59,
subtract1 and
divide the result by 2.
divide the result by 10.
Magic game 4
Choose a number,
Subtract triple the previous number to the one you have chosen
and add double the following number to the one you have chosen.
3
Operations and algebraic language (I)
An “algebraic expression” is an expresion built combining
letters and numbers by means of mathematical operations
m +3 – a + 5 + 4·t o bé (x/3 + 6y)2
“Simplify (as much) as possible”: obtain an equivalent algebraic
expression with the smallest number of operations possible.
Properties of basic arithmetic operations
Addition Product
Commutative: a+b=b+a a · b = b · a = ab = ba
Associative: a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c a·(b·c) = (a·b)·c = abc
Distributive: a·(b + c) = a·b+ a·c = (b + c)·a = b·a + c·a
Examples to practise simplification:
1. (-3)·4 + 5·(6/2) + 42 = 3. a·3 + (a – b)·2 =
2. (-3)·4 + 5·(6/2 + 4)2 = 4. a·3 + a – b·2 =
4
Operations and algebraic language (I)
All algebraic operations may be done under certain
mathematical properties.
• Basic arithmetic operations (previous slide)
• Rule of signs
• Order of operations
• Properties of fractions
• Properties of powers
• Properties of logarithms
5
Operations and algebraic language (I)
Addition Product
Commutative: AB1 a+b=b+a AB3 a · b = b · a = ab = ba
Associative: AB2 a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c AB4 a·(b·c) = (a·b)·c = abc
Distributive: AB5 a·(b + c) = a·b+ a·c = (b + c)·a = b·a + c·a
Example: AB1 AB2
• 2x + 3a + 4x = (2x + 4x) + 3a = 6x + 3a
• 2x + x·5= 2x + 5x = 7x
AB3
AB3
AB4
• 7 · 5a · 2b = (7 · 5a)· 2b = 35a · 2b = (35·2)·(a·b)= 70ab
AB4
AB5
• 2·(1+x) = 2·1 + 2·x = 2 + 2x
6
Operations and algebraic language (I)
Order of operations and Rule of signs
In all mathematical operations we must consider the order of
operations and the rule of signs
Order of
operations
Exercise: Simplify the following algebraic operations:
1. 3 + 2 · (5 – 7)2 =
2. 3 + 2 · (5 – b)2 =
3. 3 + 2 · 5 – 72 =
4. 3 + 2 · 5 – b2 =
5. 2·xy + 3·(a + 4)·xy =
7
Operations and algebraic language (I)
Properties of the operations with fractions
Same denominator Different denominator
Addit:
*in general, use the lcm(b,d)
Subt.:
Example:
lcm((x-2),(x+2))=(x-2)·(x+2)
8
Operations and algebraic language (I)
Properties of the operations with fractions
Product:
Quotient:
Overview on algebraic fractions:
[Link]
multiplicacion-division-ejercicios-resueltos/
[Link]
ons_with_Algebraic_Fractions.pdf
9
Operations and algebraic language (I)
Properties of operations with fractions
Example 1 Example 2 Example 3
Addition: 3/4 + 2/5 = 7 + 5/3 = a/b + c/d =
Subtraction: 2 3 2 5
a 3
9 2 8 2 b b3
Multiplication: 5 5 7 1 4 b a 1
6· 5· · · ·5· ·
2 3 10 x 3 a x
6
3/ 4 4
Division: 8
1/ 2 2 /( 5) 6
Examples to practise simplification with fractions:
Do the indicated operations when it is possible:
10
Operations and algebraic language (I)
Powers and Exponents
Properties of algebraic expressions with powers (exponents):
1) xn = x·x·...·x 4) x-k = 1/xk i 1/x-k = xk
2) xn·xk = xn+k 5) (a/b)k = ak/bk i (a·b)k = ak·bk
3) xn/ xk = xn–k x0 = 1 6) (xk )m = xk·m
Examples: Simplify
23·64 2 3+ 6 4 a3·6(ab)4 a3+ (ab)4
23/62 (ac)3/(ab)2
11
Operations and algebraic language (I)
Powers and Exponents
Properties of algebraic expressions with powers (exponents):
m
7) k
xm x k
Examples: Write in exponential form
Solve:
12
Operations and algebraic language (I)
Applying previous properties and rules:
Example: P5 P3
F2 F2
P7 F2 P3
P7
13
Operations and algebraic language (I)
Examples:
Compute:
Simplify:
14
Operations and algebraic language (I)
Logarithms
Definition: The logarithms is the inverse operation to
exponential:
logb N x b N x
Examples:
Logarithmic form Exponential form
log3 81 = x that is: 3x = 81 then x = 4
log2 256 = x that is: 2x = 256 then x = 8
log4 16 = x that is: 4x = 16 then x = 2
15
Operations and algebraic language (I)
Properties of logarithms:
1) logb1 =0 & logbb = 1
3) logb(M·N) = logbM + logbN
4) logb(M/N) = logbM – logbN
5) logxan = n·logxa
6) log a N
logb N
log a b
Exercises:
Let A, B, C be positive real numbers such that logA = 3,102; logB =
103,237 and logC = -23,108, compute:
16
Operations and algebraic language (I)
Definition:
The common logarithm is a logarithm with base 10, that is,
Log N = x 10x = N
And it is denoted simply by the word log
The natural logarithm is a logarithm with base “e” or Euler’s
number , that is, e=2,71828...
Ln N = x ex = N
Exercises:
Using the above definitions and the properties of logarithms find:
a)Log (1) = b) Log (10) = c) Log (1/10) = d) Log (10e) =
e)Ln(1)= g) Ln(e)= g) Ln(1/e4)=
17
Operations and algebraic language (I)
Exercise: Simplify
a)
(4 x 2)·( x 2) 4 2 x
c)
2 ln
3x ln 3
3x 2 3x 6 3ln x
2x2
y
b) ( x 3)·( x 3) 2x 3 d) y
12 2 x 2 x y2
2x
x
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Operations and algebraic language (II)
Keep on with magic games...
• Choose a number,
• Add the 15% of this number,
• Multiply the result by 2 and
• Subtract double the chosen number.
Guess the trick...
Trick: You get the 30% of the chosen number
19
Operations and algebraic language (II)
Percentages:
Increases and decreases in % are related with certain products
and common factors:
1. Increasing K in a p% leads to
p p
K ·K 1 ·K
100 100
-> increasing a 20% is equivalent to multiplying by 1,20
2. Reducing K in a p% leads to
p p
K ·K 1 ·K
100 100
-> decreasing a 2% is equivalent to multiplying by 0,98
20
Operations and algebraic language (II)
Work to do in pairs:
Bank A Banc B On anem?
We are given a 19% of the
We are given a 20% of the deposit we do
diposit we do and they disscount
Annual and they disscount a 2% by way of Annual: offer 1
a 1% by way of comissions on
comissions on the initial deposit.
the initial deposit.
We are given a 40% of the
We are given a 20% of the deposit we do
diposit we do and they disscount
Annual and they disscount a 2% by way of Annual: offer 2
a 16% by way of comissions on
comissions on the initial deposit.
the initial deposit.
We are given a 5% each term
We are given a 20% of the deposit we do
and they disscount a 0.5% at the
Annual and they disscount a 2% by way of Quarterly
end of the year by way of
comissions on the initial deposit.
comissions on the initial deposit.
We are given a 5% each term
We are given a 2% each month and they
and they disscount a 0.5% at the
Monthly disscount a 1% at the end of the year by Quarterly
end of the year by way of
way of comissions on the initial deposit.
comissions on the initial deposit.
We are given a 0,6% every week
We are given a 0,3% each week and they
and they disscount a 1% by way
Weekly disscount a 1% by way of comissions on Weekly
of comissions on the final
the initial deposit.
capital.
Operations and algebraic language (II)
Do the magician...
I added 5 to 4 times a ceratin number I I added to a number I chose its
chose, consecutive number,
I multiplied the result by 8 and I added, again, its consecutive,
I divided the result by 3. I added triple of the chosen number
The number obtained was 216. and finally I added 6.
(A) Which number did I choose? The result obtained was 1544.
(B) Which number did I choose?
To a previously chosen number I added to a number I chose its
I added 25, consecutive number,
I subtracted 8 and I added, again, its consecutive,
I divided the result by 6. I added triple of the chosen number
The number obtained was the chosen and finally I added 6.
number over 6, The result obtained was 154.
(C) Which number did I choose? (D) Which number did I choose?
22
Operations and algebraic language (II)
Do the magician...
I added 6 to four times a previously Could it be that if we multiply a number by 9,
chosen and We add 2,
I divided the result by 2. We add 15 and
The number obtained was double the We subtract 30.
chosen number plus 3. Then the result is double the initial number?
(E) Which number did I choose? (F) Is this possible?
A new mathematical object came up
EQUATIONS
23
Operations and algebraic language (II)
What is an equation?
An “equation” is a combination of two “algebraic
expressions” joint by the = symbol; for example,
m +3 – a + 5 + 4·t = (x/3 + 6y)2
Both represent a restriction/limitation of the values of the
letters/variables/unknowns included on it; for example,
m = -3 + a - 5 - 4·t + (x/3 + 6y)2
Find the unknown
In order to find the unknown we must isolate the unknown in one side of
the equality ;for example,
m = -3 + a - 5 - 4·t + (x/3 + 6y)2 find ‘m’
m +3 + 5 + 4·t - (x/3 + 6y)2 = a find ‘a’
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Operations and algebraic language (II)
Sometimes we can’t isolate the unknown:
25
Operations and algebraic language (II)
Techniques for solving equations:
(a) 4·x + 20 = 0
(b) 5y − 6 = 11
(c) 2 − 7z = 16
(d) 5 +3·x = 2·x − 9x −4
(e) 12 – 5a − 3 = −7·a + 5
(f) (x –3)·(x – 4)·(x –2) = 0
4 12 y
4
(g) 3 y 2
26
Operations and algebraic language (II)
Quadratic Equations: a·x2 + b·x + c = 0
b b 2 4·a·c
x
2·a
Take a look at the expression under the square root: Δ = b2-4ac
- If Δ > 0 then there are two diferent solutions.
- If Δ = 0 then there is just one solution (double solution).
- If Δ < 0 then there is no solution.
When b=0 or c=0, the formula is not needed to find the solution.
27
Operations and algebraic language (II)
Quadratic Equations: a·x2 + b·x + c = 0
b b 2 4·a·c
x
2·a
More examples:
(a) 0 = –2·x2 – x +10
(b) 0 = 3·x2 – 5·x+1
(c) 0 = x2 + 3x – 1
(d) – 6 = 3·x2 – 5
(e) 5x = –10 + 1/x
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Operations and algebraic language (II)
Solving an equation with radicals:
Examples: Solve
a) x 4 x 5 9
b)
5x 4 1 2 x
c)
x4 9 x5
Operations and algebraic language (II)
Systems of equations
A “system of equations” is a set of two or more equations in
which the unknowns represent the same value in all of them;
for example,
m +3 – a + 4·t = (x/3 + 6y)2
– a + 7 + 4·t = (x/3 + 6y)3
m -2 + t = (x/3 - 2y)4
is a system of 3 equations with 5 unknowns.
If in addition the equations are of the form
a1x1+a2x2+...+anxn=b, where a1, a2,..., an and b are numbers
and x1, x2,..., xn are unknonws, is called system of linear
equations.
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Operations and algebraic language (II)
Methods for solving systems of equations (1)
Substitution: We have a system with “n” equations and “m” unknowns, in
order to apply the “substitution method” follow these steps:
Step 1: Find one of the m variables in any of the n equations.
Step 2: Change the expression of the isolated variable in the rest of the n-1
equations. These n-1 remaining equations is a new system of equations.
Step 3: Repeat Step 1 and 2 until there is just one equation
Step 4: Find one variable of the last equation and change it in the previous
equations.
Step 5: Repeat Step 4 until all the variables found previously are
substitued by the corresponding expressions and that’s the solution.
Watch out! If there is just one unknown in step 4 the solution will be given
by numbers; in other case, the solution will depend on other variables
called “free”. This holds for the three methods.
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Operations and algebraic language (II)
P1
EXAMPLE OF SUBSTITUTION
P2
operate
P1 P2
P5 P5
operem
Check the solution:
Operations and algebraic language (II)
Methods for solving systems of equations (2)
Equalisation: We have a system with “n” equations and “m”
unknowns, in order to apply the “equalisation method” follow
these steps :
Step 1: Find one of the m variables in all the n equations.
Step 2: Equalise the equations of the isolated variable in pairs, not
repeating any pair. You may combine the 1st with the 2nd, the 1st
with the 3rd, etc. The new n-1 equations form a new system.
Step 3: Repeat Step 1 and 2 until there is only one equation.
Step 4: Find one variable of the last equation and change it in the
previous equations.
Step 5: Repeat Step 4 until all the variables found previously are
substitued by the corresponding expressions and that’s the
solution.
33
Operations and algebraic language (II)
EXAMPLE OF EQUALIZATION P1
P2
operate
P1
P2
operate
P4 P4
Operations and algebraic language (II)
Methods for solving systems of equations(3)
Elimination: We have a system with “n” linear equations and “m” unknowns, in
order to apply the “elimination method” follow these steps:
Step 1: Choose one equation and one variable to eliminate. With this equation
and the rest of the other make n-1 pairs, and with each pair:
• Multiply the chosen equation by the coefficient (changing its sign) of the
chosen variable of the second equation.
• Multiply the second equation by the coefficient (NOT changing its sign) of
the chosen variable of the first equation
• Sum both equations, obtaining a new equation with m-1 variables.
Hence we have a new system with n-1 equations and m-1 variables
Step 2: Repeat Step 1 until there is just one equation.
Step 3: Find one variable of the last equation and change it in the previous
equations, and find another variable.
Step 4: Repeat Step 3 untill all variables has ben changed by its expression so you
get the solution.
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Operations and algebraic language (II)
EXAMPLE OF ELIMINATION P1
Choose the first equation and variable x
PAIR 1ST WITH 2ND
PAIR 1ST WITH 3RD
P1
P3 P4 P3
P4
Operations and algebraic language (II)
Classification of linear systems of equations
Inconsistent: If in the process of solving the system a contradiction
appears, then there is no possible solution.
For example, 0=5
Consistent and determinate: If there is a unique solution.
Consistent and indeterminate: If there are infinite solutions. The
unknowns depend on the so-called free variables (degrees of
freedom) and you may obtain tautologies:
For example, 0=0
Remark: You will also find linear systems of equations also in Unit
4, to learn to solve them using Gauss technique (that is the
elimination method, actually) and Cramer’s method
37
Operations and algebraic language (II)
EXERCISES:
a) d)
NON LINEAR!!!
b) e)
c)
Operations and algebraic language (II)
TUTORIALS:
Substitution
[Link]
Equalisation
[Link]
Elimination
[Link]