04/04/2025

2. Basic Types of Public Speaking

Prof. Dr. Do Kim Chung
Vietnam National University of Agriculture

Contents
• Informative Speaking
• Persuasive Speaking
• Ceremonial Speaking
• Impromptu speaking

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2.1 Informative speaking

• Forms of informative Speaking
• Audience considerations for Informative Speeches
• Speech design

2.1.1 Types of informative speaking

• Speech of Description: That creates world pictures to help the
audience understand the subject, how it is.
• Speech of demonstration: that aimed at showing the audience how
to do something and how something works
• Speech of explanation: offers understanding of abstract and complex
subjects: Thesis depend..

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2.1.2 Speech Design

• Spatial Design
• Sequence Design
• Chronological Design
• Categorical Design
• Comparative design
• Causation design

Spatial Design
• Spatial Design: that orders the main
point as they occur in actual space:
Instructing a tour, weather news
• Used when: your topic can be discussed
by how it is positioned in a physical
setting or natural environment. It allows
you to take audience on an orderly oral
tour of your topic

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Sequential Design
• Sequential design: that presents the
steps involved in the process being
demonstrated
• Use when: Your topic can be arranged
by time. It is useful designing a
process as a series of steps or
explaining a subject as a series of
development

Chronological Design
• Chronological design: that follows a
sequence of important events in a
historical pattern: Tour guide on
historical place
• Use when: Your topic can be discussed
as a historical development through a
certain defining moments

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Categorical design
• Can be called topical design when you want
to explain subjects that have natural or
customary division
• Each category become a main point for
development. It is useful when you need to
organize a large amount of material

Comparative Designs
• Comparative design: Your topic is new to
the audience, abstract, technical or
simple difficult to comprehend. It is
more meaningful by comparing it with
something the audience already know
and understand
• : your topic is best understood in terms
of it underlying causes or consequences.
Maybe used to account for the present
or predict future possibilities

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Causation design
• Causation analysis
• Solution analysis
• Methods: Problem analysis
• Identifying core problems
• Identifying factors affecting the problem at different layer
• Forming problem tree
• Method: Solution analysis
• Turn negative into positive in each elelemnt of problem tree
• Selecting possible soultion

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Causation Designs: Cause analysis

Poor results

Inadequate
Poor time
Poor method learning
management
materials

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Causation Designs: Solution analysis

Good results

Adequate
Good time
Good method learning
management
materials

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2.2 Persuasive speaking

• Nature of persuasive speaking
• Developing powerful Arguments
• Types, Function and Techniques
• The persuasive process
• Audience consideration
• Design for persuasive speeches

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Informative vs. Persuasive speaking

• Informative • Persuasive
- Reveals options - Urges a choice among options
- Speaker acts as teacher - Speaker acts as advocate
- Use supporting material enlighten - Use supporting material to justify
listeners advice
- Audience expand knowledge - Audience become agent of change
- Ask for litter audience committeemen - Ask a strong audience commitment
- Speaker credibility is important - Speaker credibility is more important
- Fewer appeals to feelings - More appeals to feelings
- High ethical obligation - Higher ethical obligation

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Developing powerful Arguments

• Provide clear definitions of basic terms
• Justify arguments by reasoning from accepted principles
• Remind listeners of why they honor these principles
• Convince listeners that your argument are based in reality
• Create a key point of problems
• Use similar situations as model from which to draw comparison that
illustrate and favor your position
• Build argument to answer questions reasonable listeners might ask

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2.2.3 Types, Function and Techniques

Type Function Techniques
Speeches Establish true Strengthen claims of parts, present and future fact by citing expert
that focus state of testimony and supporting factual and statistical evidence
on facts affairs Create lively pictures of the contested facts through narratives and
images that lend them the aura of reality
Speech that Harmonize Reawaken appreciation for values through stories, examples and vivid
address attitudes with words.
attitudes, beliefs and Inform listeners about situation that invite the application of these values,
beliefs, and beliefs’ value
Encouraging audience to form attitude and beliefs that make the values
values
operational
Speeches Propose Show that the program of action will solve the problem by mentioning
that programs to previous success in similar situation
advocate remedy Prove that the plan is practical and workable
action and problems and
Picture audience enacting the action plan
policy put values into
action Show the consequence of acting and not acting. Visualize success

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2.2.4 Persuasive Process

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Audience considerations:
• Seek ground and establish good will.
• Quote sources they respect.
• Explain more than you argue.
• Limit your goals;
• Try to fair hearing and ask little from listeners.
• Try to weaken their resistance.
• Acknowledge opposing arguments but show why you have
different commitment

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Audience: Uncommitted, even

uninterested
• Provide information needed to motivate their interest and
encourage their commitment
• Connect the values with your position
• Become model of commitments for them to follow

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Audience: Friendly but not yet

committed
• Remind them of what is at stake
• Show them why action is necessary
• Give them clear instruction and help them to take first step
• Picture them undertaking this action successfully

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Design for Persuasive Speaking

Design Use when
Categorical Your topic invite thinking in familiar patterns such as proving
a plan will be safe, inexpensive and effective
Can be used to change attitude or urge action
Comparison / You want to demonstrate why your proposal in superior to
contrast another
Especially good for speeches in which you contend with
opposing views
Sequential Your speech contains a plan of action that must be carried
out in specific order

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Design for Persuasive Speaking

Design Use when
Problem-Solution Your topic presents a problem that needs to be solved and
solution that will solve it
Goof for speeches involving attitude and urge action
Motivated Your topics calls for action as the final phase of a 5 step process
sequence tat also involves, in order, motivate attention, demo need,
satisfying need, call for action
Refutative You must answer strong opposition on topic before you can
establish your opinion
The opposing claims become main points of development
Attack weak point first and avoid personal attacks

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2.3 Ceremonial Speaking

• What is ceremonial speaking
• Types of Ceremonial speeches

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2.3.1 What, When and How

• Definition: A ceremonial speech that recognizes the
achievements of individuals or group of commemorates
special events
• Use when: you wish to honor a person, group, occasion or
event, subtypes include ward presentation
• How:
- Do not exaggerate the tribute ((thổi phồng quá lời),
- Focus on the person being honored, not on yourself
- Create vivid image of accomplishment
- Be sincere

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Types of Ceremonical Speaking

• Speech of tribute
• Acceptance,
• Introduction,
• Inspiration
• After –dinner
• Master of ceremonies

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1) Speech of Acceptance
• What: that express gratitude for an honor and
acknowledging those who made the accomplishment
possible
• Use when: You need to acknowledge an award or honor

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2) Speech of Introduction
• What: a ceremonial speech in which a featured speaker is introduce to the
audience
• Use when: You must introduce a featured speaker in a program
• How:
- Be sure you know how to pronounce speaker’s name
- Find out what speaker would like you to emphasize
- Focus on aspects of speaker background that are relevant to topic, audience and occasion
- Announce the title of speech and turn the audience for it
- Make speaker feel welcome
- Be brief

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3) Speech of Inspiration
• What: That directs awakening an audience to a goal, purpose or set of values
• Use when: You want to motivate listeners to appreciate and commit to goal,
purpose or set of value this maybe religious, commercial, political or social nature
• How:
- You must seem personally inspired by your own message
- Demonstrate sincerity and personal commitment in your presentation
- Tell dynamic stories that catch listeners up in the inspiring action
- Draw upon the past to portray a better future that will reward audience

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4) Dinner Speech
• What: A brief and often humorous ceremonial speech
presented before / after meal that offer message without
asking for radical change
• Use when: You want to entertain the audience while leaving
a message that can guide future behavior
• How:
- No need to introduce radical idea that require listeners to
think values
- Be short and brief

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5) Master of Ceremonies (MC)

• What: A person who coordinate an event or program introduces and provides
transitions
• Use when: You must coordinate a program and see that every thing runs
smoothly. The master of ceremonies sets the mood for the occasion
• How:
- Know what is expected of you
- Plan a good opener for the program
- Be prepared to introduce the participants
- Be sure you know the schedule, timetable so that you can keep the program
on track
- Make certain that any prize, awards are kept new the podium
- Plan your comments ahead of time
- Practices your presentation
- Make arrangement of logistics
- End the program strongly

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2.4 Impromptu speaking

• Determine purpose of deliver a speech: What do you want
the audience to know? Why it is important
• Decide your main points: Limit yourself to no more than 3
points (write down these main points to paper as an outline
if possible)
• Stick to the main points, using simple transition as you go:
“My first point is..., Second, it is important to know..., Finally,
it is clear that...”

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Impromptu speaking: PREP formula

• Point: The proposal to allow to operate a helicopter port in

the neighborhood is not sound
• Reasons: The noise generated by helicopter taking of landing
would destroy the tranquility of this quiet residential
neighborhood
• Example: It would be especially disturbing to the residents,
aged people and children
• Restatement of Point: This proposal is not a good idea. It
ought to be rejected

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