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Pathophysiology Study Guide: Key Concepts

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6 views4 pages

Pathophysiology Study Guide: Key Concepts

Details that they got exam

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Futurenursebsn
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© All Rights Reserved
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Study Guide: Key Concepts in

Pathophysiology Unit 1: Chapters 1, 20,


21,24, 25, 2, 5, 6, & 7
Chapter 1: Homeostasis & Cellular Adaptation

 Definition and importance of homeostasis


 Different types of cellular adaptation: atrophy, hypertrophy,
hyperplasia, metaplasia, anaplasia, dysplasia
o Define all types and know the differences
 Define- Necrosis

Chapter 1: Disease Process

 Diagnosis, Etiology
 Signs and symptoms definition
 Disease prognosis- Morbidity and Mortality definitions

Chapter 20: Neoplasia & Cellular Growth

 Neoplasms: benign vs malignant tumors


o Know the difference between
 Benign tumors are cohesive and well differentiated
cells
 Malignant tumors- not well differentiated, abnormal
growth, more likely to spread- metastasis
 Terminology: Differentiation, Mitosis, Mutation, Apoptosis
 Anaplasia as a marker for aggressive cancer growth
 Cancer symptoms: Cachexia- define

Chapter 21: Genetics & Disease Inheritance

 Examples of common genetic disorders (autosomal dominate,


recessive and X-linked) and the probability of a child inheriting
carrier status vs having the disease
o Down syndrome (Trisomy 21)
 Punnett squares (what is it) and their role in predicting genetic
trait inheritance

Chapter 24 & 25: Aging & Physiological Changes and


Immobility

 Effects of aging on drug metabolism and excretion-delayed


 Risk factors for fluid and electrolyte imbalances in older adults
 Effects of immobility on muscle mass and common complications of
immobility

Chapter 26: Stress & Adaptation

 Eustress vs. distress and their physiological effects


 The body's response to positive vs. negative stressors

Chapter 2: Fluids, Electrolytes, & Acid-Base Imbalances

 Thirst controlled by hypothalamus- neurons called osmoreceptors


send signals of thirst
 Signs and symptoms of fluid volume deficit (dehydration) and
fluid overload
o The role of osmoreceptors in fluid regulation
 The role of the kidneys in acid-base balance, fluid, and electrolyte
regulation
o RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System) and blood
pressure control
 Osmosis vs. Diffusion and Hydrostatic pressure and Osmotic
pressure in fluid balance regulation in blood vessels
o Osmotic pressure is the “pulling” pressure of albumin (plasma
protein) pulling fluid back into blood vessels
o Hydrostatic pressure is the “pushing” pressure of heart and
pushes fluid out of the blood vessels
 Purpose/ use case of hypotonic, isotonic, hypertonic solutions- define
what they will do to the fluid.
 Normal sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium levels and
their associated imbalances- Know the normal range
o The importance of potassium, magnesium, and calcium
regulation in preventing cardiac arrhythmias
 Potassium Imbalances- biggest symptom/concern
 Cardiac Dysrhythmias
 Sodium Imbalances- biggest symptom/concern
 Neurological changes
o Low sodium- drowsiness/stupor
o High sodium- confusion/agitation
 Dehydration symptoms- dry skin and
mucous membranes, flushed skin,
weakness
 Calcium Imbalances- biggest symptom/concern
 Muscle and tendon
o Low calcium- hypersensitivity- increased
tendon reflexes, muscle spams, Tetany, and
facial muscle spasms
o High calcium- reduced muscle firing- decreased
tendon reflexes, muscle flaccidity, generalized
weakness
 Magnesium Imbalances- biggest symptom/concern
 Cardiac Dysrhythmias
 Blood pH regulation and values indicating acidosis (<7.35) and
alkalosis (>7.45)
o ABG interpretation for identifying respiratory vs. metabolic
disturbances
o R-O-M-E

Chapter 5: Inflammation & Immune Response

 Cardinal signs of inflammation (local and systemic)


o Local- rubor and swelling, increased pain
 The difference between acute and chronic inflammation
 The role of histamine and other chemical mediators in inflammatory
response
 Concepts of autoimmune disorders and opportunistic infections

Chapter 6: Infection Control & Immunity

 Methods of infection prevention, including hand hygiene


 Ways of acquiring immunity (active vs. passive)
 Routes of disease transmission (e.g., fomites, airborne, droplet,
vector-borne)
 Health care-associated infections (HAIs) and highest-risk patients
(e.g., clients with indwelling catheters- CAUTIs)
 Stages of infection progression (e.g., prodromal stage as the
most infectious period)
 Opportunistic Infections: Normal Flora decreased
o The host as altered or weakened immune system
 WBC Count changes display possible infections
o Leukocytosis- elevated= infection
o Leukopenia- decreased= some viral infections, or cancers, HIV

Chapter 7: Blood & Immune System

 Leukopenia vs. leukocytosis and their clinical significance


 T cells and B cells in adaptive immunity and their function in lymph
nodes
 Types of hypersensitivity reactions, including Type I
(anaphylaxis-most important)

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