Guide 1

GUIDE TO BASIC FUNDAMENTALS

Nathalia Andrea Barragán Martínez
Danny Sharif Cáceres
FICHA:902364

3.1 Initial. Reflection Activities

Define it in your own words:

a. Voltage and Current:

Voltage: it is aphysical magnitudethat quantifies the difference ofelectric potentialbetween two
points. It can also be defined as theworkper unit ofloadexercised by thefield
electricabout aparticleloaded to move it between two determined positions. It
you can measure with avoltmeter.3Its unit of measure is thevolt.
Current: it is the flow ofelectric chargeper unit of time that a material travels.1If
it is due to the movement of the charges (normallyelectronsinside the material.
[Link] and Energy
Power:Electric poweramount ofelectric energyoworkwhat is transported or
that is consumed in a certain unit of time.
Energy: it is defined as the capacity to perform awork.

[Link] circuit
Uncircuiting an electrical network (interconnection of two or more components, such as
howresistances, inductors, capacitors, sources, switchesysemiconductors)
that contains at least one closed trajectory.

Tipos de materiales Aislantes, conductores y semiconductores y dé un ejemplo de cada uno.

Insulating materials Conductive materials Semiconductor materials
Wood Pure silver Diodes
Glass Iron wire Transistors
Ceramics Nickel Led
Goma Steel wire Photoresistance
3.2 Activities for contextualization and identification of necessary knowledge for the
learning.

According to the instructor's explanations and based on the provided supporting material.
Ask the following questions.

Multiples and Submultiples

1. Make the following unit change:

a. 2371 Ω is ____2.371________ KΩ
b. 0.00268 MA is ___2680___ A
c. 589.6 KV is _____5.8896______ MV
d. 78.5 KH is _____78500_____ H
e. 7821355 F son ____7.821355___ M
 f. 68.02 MΩ is ___68020____ KΩ
10 mH is 0.01 H
h. 12 GW is __126x109__ W

Load and Current

2. How many coulombs do the following quantities of electrons represent?

6.482x1017= 0.10386
b) 1.24x10180.1986
c) 2.46x1019= 3.9416
d) 1.628x1020=26.0855

A current of 3.2 A flows through a conductor. Calculate how much charge passes through.
any cross-section of the conductor in 20 s.
Q=i*t
Q = 3.2A * 20s
Q=64c

4. The charge entering a certain element is shown in figure 1. Determine the current in:
a) t=1ms b) t=6ms c) t=10ms

Figure 1

a)t=1ms
q = 40mc = 0.04c
t = 1ms = 0.001s

I = 0.04c / 0.001s = 40A

b) t=6ms
q = 80mc = 0.08
t = 6ms = 6x10-3
I = 0.08 / 6x10-313.33A

b)t=10ms
m = 80m - 0 / 8m - 12m = 20 mc/ms
b = 20(12) = 240 mc
q = -20 mc/ms * t + b
q = -20 mc / ms * 10ms + 240mc
q = 40cm
 I = 40/1 = 40A

5. The charge flowing in a wire is graphed in figure 2. Plot the current.

corresponding.

Figure 2

I1= 50c / 2s = 25A

I2= -50c / 6s = -8.33 A

Tension, Power, and Energy

A bolt of 8 kA hits an object for 15 µs. How much charge is deposited on the object?

Q=I*t=
Q= 8000A * 0.000015s
Q = 0.12c

The rechargeable battery of a flashlight is capable of supplying 85 mA for about 12 hours.

h. How much charge can it release at that rate? If its voltage at the terminals is 1.2 V,
How much energy can it supply?

Q = 0.085A * 43200s
Q = 3673c

W = v * q = 1.2v * 3672c
4406.4 J

8. What daily energy must a photovoltaic solar panel generator supply to a

housing that has the following receivers?
a 500W refrigerator that runs for 5 hours

W = 500w * 18000s
W=9MJ

A 400W television that works for 4 hours

W = 400w * 14400s
W= 5760KJ

c. A 2200W washing machine that runs for hours

 W = 2200 watts * 3600 seconds

7920 KJ

d. Six 60W lamps that operate 3 hours each

W= (6)60w*10800
W = 360w * 10800
648 kJ

3.3 Knowledge appropriation activities (Conceptualization and Theorization).

9. For each of the elements listed below (commonly applied in
basic electronics) describe its electrical diagram, real diagram, the unit of measurement, type of
element (Asset or liability), utility and an application where its use is required.
a. Resistance b. DC Current Source c. Current Source
b. d. DC Voltage Source e. AC Voltage Source f. Capacitor
g. Inductor
Answers
Resistance

Electrical diagram:

Real scheme:

Unit of measurement:

The unit of measurement for electrical resistance is the OHM (Ω).

Type of element:

Passive element

Utility and an application where its use is required.

Electric resistors have multiple applications, for example, in a kitchen they produce heat, in
a radio or a TV. They are used as current dividers or voltage dividers, they are also used
to polarize circuits, and they are used in radios, TVs, and in all electronic devices that you
you can imagine. In electricity, they can be used to regulate the speed of motors.
sliding rings, of universal motors and even in direct current motors.

DC power sources

Electrical diagram:

3 batteries connected in parallel

Real scheme:

Unit of measure:

Amperes (A)

Type of element:

Active element
Utility and an application where its use is required:

They are used for complex devices and high energy consumption. In their versions of
1.5 volts, 6 volts, and 12 volts are used, for example, in remote controls.
remote) and alarms.

C- Alternating current source

Electrical diagram

Real scheme

Unit of measure

Amperes (A)

Type of element

Active element

Utility and an application where its use is required:

What practical application? It may give the impression that just by changing its direction,
it would seem that whatever I did in one, I would make it obsolete by changing direction. But this does not.
It happens. When we talk about a circuit, the electrons do not develop, we could say, a
Useful work. Here the important thing is the effect produced by the charges through which they flow.

d. DC Voltage Source

Electrical diagram:

Real scheme

Unit of measurement

Voltage

Type of element
Active

Utility and an application where its use is required:

They are used for complex devices and high energy consumption. In their 1.5 versions
6-volt and 12-volt batteries are used, for example, in remote controls.
alarms.

Condenser

Electrical diagram

Real scheme

Unit of measurement

Faradio

Type of active element

Active

Utility and an application where its use is required:

The capacitor allows the passage of alternating current but not direct current. In the circuits
with transistors these must be stabilized for direct current with resistors, but they are
place capacitors in parallel to allow alternating current to pass freely.

Tank or resonant circuits. They allow the resonance frequency of a circuit to be fixed at
combination with inductances. These same resonant circuits also serve as filters.

Inductor

Electrical diagram

Physical scheme

Unit of measurement:

Henry [henrio] (H)

Type of element:

Passive

Utility and an application where its use is required:

due to the phenomenon of self-induction, it stores energy in the form of a field

magnetic.

[Link] the different types of resistors, inductors, and coils that exist in.
the market, its characteristics

Types and characteristics of resistors:

Wound wire resistors.- They were among the first to be manufactured, and still are.
They are used when higher power dissipation is required. They are constituted
by a winding conductor in the form of a helix or spiral (like a screw of
screw) on a ceramic substrate.
Pressed carbon resistors.- These were also among the first to be manufactured in
the dawn of electronics. They are mostly made of powdered graphite, the
which is pressed to form a tube like the one in the figure

Metal oxide film resistors - They are very similar to carbon film resistors.
as for their mode of manufacturing, they are more similar, electrically speaking, to
metallic film ones. They are made the same as carbon film ones, but replacing the
carbon by a thin layer of metal oxide (tin or brass). These resistors are more
faces like those from a metal movie, and they are not very common. They are used in applications.
military (very demanding) or where high reliability is required, because the oxide layer is
very resistant to mechanical damage and to corrosion in humid environments.
Metal film resistors. - The resistance step is the one that is mostly
factory today, with improved noise and stability characteristics compared to
All of the above. They have a very small temperature coefficient, on the order of 50.
ppm/°C (parts per million and degrees Celsius). They also withstand the passage of
time, maintaining its value in ohms for a longer period of time. It
They manufacture resistor components of up to 2 watts of power, with tolerances of 1%
standard review.

Glazed metal resistors.-They are similar to metal film ones, but

substituting the metallic film with another composed of glass with metallic powder. As
the main characteristic to highlight is its better behavior under overloads
current, which can better withstand due to its thermal inertia conferred by the glass that
contains its composition. As a counterpart, it has a worse thermal coefficient, of the
order of 150 to 250 ppm/°C. Powers of up to 3 watts are available.
These resistors are available encapsulated in chip type DIL (dual in line) or SIL (single in line).
line).

Temperature-dependent resistors. - Although all resistors, to a greater or

lower degree, depend on temperature, there are specific devices that
they are specifically manufactured for this purpose, so that their value in ohms depends
"strongly" from the temperature. They are called thermistors and as expected,
they have very high temperature coefficients, whether positive or negative.
Negative coefficients imply that the resistance of the element decreases as it increases.
temperature, and positive coefficients on the contrary, increase their resistance with the
increase in temperature. Silicon, a semiconductor material, has a coefficient of
negative temperature. Higher temperature, lower resistance. This causes problems,
like the known effect of 'thermal avalanche' that some devices suffer
semiconductors when their temperature rises sufficiently, which can destroy the
component when increasing its current beyond the maximum current it can handle
to endure.

Types and characteristics of inductors or coils

Air core inductor

The term air core coil describes an inductor that does not use a core.
magnet made of a ferromagnetic material. The term refers to coils
rolled in non-magnetic forms of plastic, ceramic, or other materials, as well as
those that only have air inside the windings. Air core coils have
lower inductance than ferromagnetic core coils, but are often used
at high frequencies because they are free from energy losses called losses
in the cores that are produced in ferromagnetic cores, which increase with the
frequency. A side effect that can occur in air core coils in the
that the winding is not rigidly supported in a form is 'microphony': the
Mechanical vibration of the windings can cause variations in inductance.

Radio frequency inductor

At high frequencies, especially radio frequencies, inductors have a higher

resistance and other losses. In addition to causing power loss, in circuits
resonant that this can reduce the Q factor of the circuit, the widening of the
band. In RF inductors, which are mainly air core types, the techniques of
Specialized constructions are used to minimize these losses. The losses are
they are due to the following effects:

Skin effect: The resistance of a high-frequency current wire is higher.

that its resistance to direct current is due to the skin effect. Alternating current radius
of frequency does not penetrate deeply into a conductor's body but travels to the
length of its surface. Therefore, in a solid wire, most of the area of the
the cross section of the wire is not used to conduct the current, which is in a
narrow annular space on the surface. This effect increases the resistance of the wire in
the coil, which may already have a relatively high resistance due to its length and of
small diameter.

The proximity effect: Another similar effect that also increases the resistance of the wire
At high frequencies, the proximity effect occurs in parallel wires that
are located near each other. The individual magnetic field of adjacent turns
induce eddy currents in the coil wire, which causes the current in the
the conductor focuses on a fine point on the near side of the adjacent wire. As
skin effect, this reduces the effective cross-sectional area of the conductive wire
from the current, the increase of its resistance.

Honeycomb coils: To reduce the proximity effect and parasitic capacitance.

multi-layer RF coils are wound in the patterns in which successive
turns are not parallel, but crossed at an angle, which are often called
panel or basket weaving coils.

Spiderweb Coils: Another construction technique with similar advantages is spiral coils.
planes. These are often rolled onto a flat insulating support with spokes or
radial grooves, with the wire entering and exiting through the grooves, which are
called spider web coils. They have an odd number of slots, so
the successive turns of the spiral lie on opposite sides of the shape, the increase of the
separation.

Litz wire: To reduce skin effect losses, some coils are wound with a
special wire for radio frequency called braided wire. Instead of a
unique solid conductor, Litz cable is made up of several finer wires
small ones that carry the current. Unlike ordinary twisted wire, the strands
they are isolated from each other, to prevent the skin effect from forcing the current to the
surface, and they intertwine together. The braid pattern ensures that each strand of
wire passes the same amount of its length on the outside of the braid, for the
skin effect distributes the current equally among the filaments, resulting in a
area of the cross-sectional conduction larger than that of a single wire
equivalent.

Ferromagnetic core inductor

Ferromagnetic core inductors or iron core inductors use a magnetic core.
made of a ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic material, such as iron or ferrite for
increase the inductance. A magnetic core can increase the inductance of a
coil by a factor of several thousand, increasing the magnetic field due to its greater
magnetic permeability. However, the magnetic properties of the material of
nucleus causes several side effects that alter the behavior of the inductor and
require special construction:

Losses in the core: A variable in the current time in a ferromagnetic inductor,

What causes a variable magnetic field in the core over time makes the
energy losses in the core material that dissipate in the form of heat, due to
two processes:

Eddy Currents: From Faraday's law of induction, the variable magnetic field can
induce loops of electric current that flow in the metal conductive core. The
energy in these currents is dissipated in the form of heat in the resistance of the material
core. The amount of energy loss increases with the interior area of the loop.
current.

Hysteresis: Changing or reversing the magnetic field in the core also causes losses.
due to the movement of the small magnetic domains that make it up. The
Energy loss is proportional to the area of the hysteresis loop in the BH graph.
core material. Low coercivity materials have narrow hysteresis links and
losses so low hysteresis.

Core inductor laminate

Low-frequency inductors are often made with laminated cores to avoid the
Foucault currents, the use of construction similar to transformers. The core is
made of stacks of thin sheets of steel or laminations oriented parallel to the field,
with an insulating coating on the surface. The insulation prevents currents
parasites between the leaves, so any remaining currents must be inside the
cross-sectional area of the individual laminations, reducing the area of the
loop and thus greatly reducing energy losses. The sheets are made
low coercivity silicon steel, to reduce hysteresis losses.

Ferrite-core inductor
For higher frequencies, inductors are made with a ferrite core. The ferrite
it is a ferrimagnetic ceramic material that is non-conducting, so the currents of
Foucault cannot flow within it. The formulation of ferrite is xxFe2O4 where xx
it represents various metals. Soft ferrites are used for inductor cores, which have
low coercivity and losses of low hysteresis. Another similar material is reduced to
cemented iron powder with a binder.

Variable inductor

A variable inductor can be constructed by making one of the terminals of the device
of a sliding spring contact that can move along the surface of the
coil, increasing or decreasing the number of turns of the coil included in the
circuit. One disadvantage of this is that the contact usually short circuits one or
more shifts. These result in acting like a short circuit in the secondary winding of
transformer, with high currents that cause power losses. A method of
The most widely used construction is the use of a ferrite magnetic core.
mobile, which can slide in or out of the coil. By moving the core further in the
the coil increases permeability, the increase in inductance. Many inductors
used in radio applications to use adjustable cores in order to adjust them
inductors to their desired value, since the manufacturing processes have certain
tolerances. Sometimes, such cores for frequencies above 100 MHz are made
from highly conductive non-magnetic material such as aluminum. They decrease the
inductance because the magnetic field should not pass through them.

11. The following exercises are presented for you to practice calculating resistance values.
or verification of the colors that a resistor should have.

a. Calculate the resistance value for the following colors.

1eraband 2fromband 3raband 4taband value

Café Orange Violet 130MΩ
Red Red Red 2.2KΩ
Violet White Orange 79KΩ
yellow Blue Cafe 460Ω
Green Blue Black 56Ω
Orange Coffee Yellow 310KΩ
White Green Golden 9.5Ω
Gray Gray Gray 8800MΩ
Violet Red Silver 0.72Ω
 Coffee Yellow Blue 14MΩ
Orange Red Violet Golden 320MΩ±5%
Blue Green Gray Silver 6500MΩ±10%
Yellow Coffee Red Without color 4100Ω±20%
Violet Yellow White Yellow 746Ω±4%
Red Coffee Blue Gold 21MΩ±5%
Green Coffee Red Coffee 5100Ω±1%
Coffee Black Black Golden 10Ω±5%
Yellow Red Orange Golden 42K Ω±5%
Orange Violet Blue Silver 37MΩ±10%

b. Identify the colors that the resistors should have according to the value of each one.
they

1wasband 2ofband 3raband 4taband value

Brown Green Orange 15kΩ
Orange Black Brown 300Ω
Green Violet Brown 570Ω
Brown Red Red 1.2kΩ
Orange Orange Red 3.3Ω
Red Black Green 2MΩ
Red Red Brown 220Ω
Brown Orange Golden 1.3Ω
Orange Orange Black 33Ω
Gray Blue Brown 860Ω
Red Red Red 2.2KΩ
Violet White Brown 790Ω
Blue Gray Yellow 680Ω
Brown Red Gold 1.2Ω
Black Gray Golden 0.8Ω

12. Identify the capacitance value, its tolerance, and maximum voltage for the following
capacitor references:
a. 0.047 J 630
47000pF

b. 0.068 J 250

Capacitance: 68000pF ±5%

c.10K +/- 10% 400V

Capacitance: 10nF ceramic ±10% maximum voltage: 400v

 d.3300/10 400 V

3300nF

e.0.1 J 250
Capacitance: 1000pF ±5%

13. Identify the following capacitance values with the color code:
[Link]-purple-orange-black = 47n±20%
[Link]-black-orange=1000pF
green-blue-orange-black-red =56n±20%250v
d. 6800pF
4700pF
200pF

14. Assume that there is a voltage drop of 20V between terminal 2 and terminal 1 of a
element and that a current of 4A enters through terminal 2.

a. Specify the values of v and i for the polarity references shown in the Figure
b. Indicate whether the circuit contained in the box is absorbing or delivering power.
c. How much power is the circuit absorbing?
V=-20v
I=4A
Consume energy V=-20v
P=80w I=4A
Generate energy
P=80w

V=20v
I = -4A V=20v
Generate I=4A
energy Consume energy
P=80w P=80w

Figure 4

15. A high voltage direct current transmission line between Madrid and Valencia is
operating at 800kV and transporting 1800 A, as shown. Calculate the power (in
megawatts) at the end of the line corresponding to Madrid and indicate the direction of the
power flow.
 Figure 5

P=v*I
P=800kV*1.8kA
P=1440Mw

16. Using the definitions of the ideal voltage and current sources,
Indicate which interconnections in Figure 6 are permissible and which violate the restrictions.
imposed by the ideal sources.

Gjadmisible

Violin

Figure 6

17. Using the definitions of independent and dependent ideal sources, indicate
Which interconnections of Figure 7 are permissible and which violate the imposed restrictions?
through the ideal sources.
 Figure 7

18. For the circuit shown in figure 8,

a) What value of Vg is required for the interconnection to be valid? Answer: -2v

b) For this value of Vg, calculate the power associated with the 8Ω source? Answer: -16w
-8A

-2
-2V

Figure 8

19. For the circuit shown in figure 9,

a) What value of a is required for the interconnection to be valid?

-a*vx = 15 a
-a=15/vx
-a = -3/4
a = 3/5A
b) For the value of a calculated in part (a), calculate the power associated with the source of
25V.

P = (3/5A) * 25v = 15w

 Figure 9

3.3 Knowledge transfer activities.

According to the instructor's instructions, carry out the following activities with the
mentioned laboratory instruments.

1. Locate the multimeter at the workstation and answer:

Brand and Model: Gw Instek model GDM-394
b) Equipment specifications:

DC Voltage
AC VOLTAGE (40Hz ~ 400Hz)
DC CURRENT
AC CURRENT (50Hz ~ 400Hz)
RESISTANCE
Scope
Better Accuracy
Input Impedance
200mV, 2V, 20V, 200V, 1000V (GDM-451/356); 400mV, 4V, 40V, 400V, 1000V (GDM-394/396)
400mV, 4V, 40V, 400V, 600V (GDM-395); 200mV, 2V, 20V, 200V, 500V (GDM-350A)
(0.05% reading + 3 digits) for GDM-451;
(0.5% reading + 1 digit) for GDM-356; (0.7% reading + 3 digits) for GDM-395
10M
Scope
Better Precision
Input Impedance
2V, 20V, 200V, 750V (GDM-451/356); 4V, 40V, 400V, 750V (GDM-394/396)
4V, 40V, 400V, 600V (GDM-395); 200V, 500V (GDM-350A)
(0.5% reading + 10 digits) for GDM-451
(0.8% reading + 3 digits) for GDM-356
10M (5M for GDM-350A) (2M for GDM-451)
Scope
Better Accuracy
2 mA, 20 mA, 200 mA, 20A (GDM-451); 400uA, 4 mA, 40 mA, 400 mA, 4A, 10A (GDM-394/396)
200uA, 2 mA, 20 mA, 200 mA, 10A (GDM-350A); 20mA, 200mA, 20A (GDM-356)
(0.5% reading + 5 digits) for GDM-451;
(0.8% reading + 1 digit) for GDM-356
Scope
Better Accuracy
20mA, 200mA, 20A (GDM-451/356); 400uA, 4 mA, 40 mA, 400 mA, 4A, 10A (GDM-394/396)
(0.8% reading + 10 digits) for GDM-451;
(1% reading + 3 digits) for GDM-356
Range 200 ~ 200M 7 ranges (GDM-451/356)
200, 2k, 20k, 200k, 20M 5 ranges (GDM-350A)
400 ~ 40M 6 ranges (GDM-394/395/396)
Acoustic continuity signal
Diode testing
Open Circuit
Voltage
The buzzer sounds if the conductance is less than 70.
Better Precision
(1.5% reading + 5 digits) for GDM-394/396
(1% reading + 2 digits) for GDM-394/396 / 350ª
(1% reading + 5 digits) for GDM-394/396
(2.3% reading + 5 digits) for GDM-395
(1.2% reading + 10 digits) for GDM-350a
(0.5% reading + 2 digits) for GDM-350ª
(0.8% reading + 1 digit) for GDM-394/396
CAPACITY
FREQUENCY
TEMPERATURE
SPECIAL FUNCTION
Scope
Better Accuracy
Scope
Better Accuracy
Scope
Better Accuracy
The duty cycle, which goes Auto (GDM-394/396) True RMS, RS-232C (GDM-396)

c) Connection Points
HzVΩ--COM--µAmA—10A MAX

d) Measurements that can be made with a multimeter

Tension, DC, AC, 1000V, current A, Am, µA, 10ª, capacitances, frequency (Hz).

2. At the workstation, locate a power supply and answer:

Bkpreasion model 1666 DC
b) Parts of the equipment;
Power supply (fuse 250v)
Power button
Display of volts and amperes
Departure points +-
Regulation knobs
c) Connection Points:
Food 90-250v
Output - gnd +
d) Output Voltages:
1-40v DC
5A
e) Utility of the equipment
Constant tension
Overload protection
Brilliant and easy to read