MINISTER OF HIGHER EDUCATION REPUBLIC OF IVORY COAST

AND OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

Union–Discipline–Work

2021-2022

Professor: Doctor YAO Yao Réné Group 3

THEME

Sensation and Perception

EXHIBITOR:

EZANE Junior
GNAMMON Anne
KOUAKOU Welcome Grace
Oceane KONATE
KONE Pétangui Amalthée Nancy
KRA Jean Chrysostome
MANOUAN Adom Yann Patrick
TEHOUA Affoué Stéphanie Thérère

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 SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION.............................................................3

I. THE SENSATION……………………………………………………...…4
1- NOTION OF SENSATION……………………………………………..4
2- THE RELATIVITY OF SENSATION PROCESSES………….…5
3-THE SENSORY SYSTEMS..............................................5

4- DISTINCTION BETWEEN SENSATION AND PERCEPTION...........6

5- THE MEANS OF SENSATION……………………………….…6

II. PERCEPTION……………………………………………………....6
A. NOTION OF PERCEPTION……………………………………....6
1- THE STAGES OF PERCEPTION………………………………....7
1-1- THE SENSATION…………………………………………………..7
1-2-THE ORGANIZATION...................................................7

1-3-THE INTERPRETATION………………………………………...…7
1-4-MEMORIZATION……………………………………………..….7
2- THE CHARACTERISTICS OF PERCEPTION…………………..7
3- THE DETERMINING FACTORS OF PERCEPTION…………8

B- THE TYPES OF PERCEPTION…………………………………....8

C- LINK BETWEEN SENSATION AND PERCEPTION……………………....9

CONCLUSION............................................................9

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 INTRODUCTION

Psychology is the intuitive knowledge of feelings, ideas, and

behaviors in others, as well as all the ways of
to think, to feel and to act that characterizes a real or fictional individual or a
group.
In psychology, sensation is the first step of a chain.
of biochemical and neurological events ranging from stimulus-energy
from a sensory organ to perception. While perception is the acquisition
of sensory knowledge of external events that gave
birth to more or less complex sensations.
It is in light of all this that we have brought our knowledge to the
sensation and perception in this presentation.

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I. THE SENSATION

1. Notion of sensation

The individual receives a multitude of information through

sensory organs (sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing) constituting a
first contact with the outside world. A person deprived of hearing
will see its communication altered with the other. The sensation can be defined
like a conscious impression produced on the senses or felt by
the organism.
To know the external reality, there must be an event.
physique that takes place inside our sensory organs thanks to
process of sensation.
Example: when one hears a noise or a sound, there is a phenomenon
Physics whose study falls under acoustics (noise or sound as
vibration of the air). The physical cause of the sensation (here, the vibration of
the air) is called stimulus.
The stimulus is defined as an external element capable of activating
the sensory organs of a person and to have an effect on their
behavior.
Our sensory organs allow us to capture all the information that
are sent to us by translating them into nerve impulses (example: vision)
blood in a movie will cause tremors for some or a
burst of laughter for others). The impression is a sensation produced by
the effect of an external stimulus.
From a simple image, we develop observation skills.
of communication and evaluation varies from one individual to another. In fact,
the individual who observes the image sees it at different levels
of observation and interprets it with varying levels of understanding,
meaning, of personal and cultural reference. For example, the image
Polysemic is a visual representation that presents multiple meanings.
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 2. The relativity of sensation processes

Sensations can be partly predetermined by the group.

belonging. Thus, a French person who travels to Asia will not be able to appreciate
taste-wise, the cooked rat; similarly, an Englishman will refuse to eat
frogs' legs. The attraction or rejection of a food is therefore conditioned
through culture.
Furthermore, the recent development of sensory marketing shows
how a positive stimulation of one of the five senses provides a sensation of
well-being and makes the individual more inclined to consume. It is therefore possible for
Marketing professionals manipulate the consumer.
gently, and without his knowledge.

3- The Sensory Systems

Although the classification of sensations varies according to cultural context and
according to physiology, the sensory systems of the human being are described in
biology according to three (3) categories:
Extéroception: including vision, hearing, olfaction, and taste.
Proprioception or Kinesthesia: sensations of muscle tension,
of position and movement, of balance and displacement.
Interoception: either vegetative kinesthesia as well as modalities
unconscious sensory.

Terms Stimulus Organs Receivers

Sensory
Vision Light Eye Retina Photoreceptor
Audition Sons Touched ear Mechanoreceptor
Olfaction Chemicals Nasal cavities Chemoreceptor
Tasting Chemicals Taste Bud Chemoreceptor

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 4- Distinction between Sensation and Perception

There is a difference between sensation and perception

Sensations are things in our environment that are recorded.

through the 5 senses. The way human beings perceive things limits the
sensations.

Perception is the way people interpret sensations.

5- The means of sensation

Hearing: perception of sounds by the ears
The sense of smell: the sensor is the nose, we talk about olfactory ability.
Taste: the tongue is the main organ
Touch: the skin is the sensor

II. PERCEPTION

A- NOTION OF PERCEPTION

Perception is the process we use to select, organize

and evaluate the information, it is also the way in which the brain collects the
information provided by the senses. Perception is selective, it is
acquired and culturally determined. It tends to remain constant, but in
Indeed, perceptions can be difficult to change, and also a source of
poor communication. Perception will give meaning to the
sensation. It can be disturbed by individual factors such as the
habits, personality, knowledge, education, needs; but also
by the context, the needs of the moment, one less meaning; prejudices towards
of a person, a group, or a situation. It is strongly linked to
social factors and the ideas of society. The 4 stages of perception are
succeed each other and are more or less significant depending on the situation.

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 1-The stages of perception

1-1- ATTENTION
The brain focuses the sensory capacities on a signal.

1-2- INTERPRETATION
The brain compares the signal it receives to the knowledge it has.
memorized.

1-3- COMPREHENSION
The brain gives meaning to the received signal.

1-4- MEMORIZATION
The brain records new knowledge.

Example: While driving my car, I see a red light to my right:

I am looking more carefully (ATTENTION). I recognize that it is a
Traffic light that turned red (INTERPRETATION). I deduce
that I must stop (COMPREHENSION) I note that there is a fire
signage at these locations to be cautious during my next visit
(Memorization).

Attention -----------> interpretation -----------> understanding ----------->

memorization

(Pay attention, be attracted) ------> (analysis, translation) -----------> (give

a meaning to what we have seen) ----> (to remember)

2- The characteristics of perception

The perception is positive.

The perception is sensitive to the proximity of stimuli: it is irreversible.
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 The egocentric perception.
Perception relies on the appearance of people and things.
Perception has an inherent meaning.

3- The determining factors of perception

There are 2 types of factors, namely: INTERNAL FACTORS and THE

EXTERNAL FACTORS.
The INTERNAL FACTORS: The internal factors are related to
decision-making process unique to each individual. We can identify it.
three main ones: needs, motivation, personality,
External FACTORS: External factors are the
constituent elements of the environment that can have a
influence on an individual's choices. We talk about family influences,
social, economic, or even cultural.

B- THE TYPES OF PERCEPTION

There are several types of perception; however, we have selected

someone who is important.
These are;

Sensory perception: Sensory perception is the perception

"immediate" that our senses deliver to us.
Visual perception: it is the perception that occurs through the eye.
Auditory perception: it is the perception that occurs at the level of
the ear, through the Songs that we perceive
Olfactory perception: Olfactory perception is relatively neglected.
by many humans, and much more used by certain animals.
However, it is often used without realizing it. It participates, with
taste perception, to the sensation of taste. It is made from the nose
Tactile perception: Tactile perception is the perception by humans or
the animal of sensations through touch transmitted through the intermediary of the
skin, mucous membranes (tongue)

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 Gustatory perception: It's the perception of taste.

C- LINK BETWEEN PERCEPTION AND SENSATION

In everyday life, sensation and perception are linked to each other.
the other and their play is made by the stimulus (what is at the origin of a
reaction). Any situation can be decomposed by the 5 senses, the sensation,
perception (attention, interpretation, understanding, memorization).

CONCLUSION

In this presentation, we proposed a distinction between sensation

on the other hand and the perception of the other. For us, sensation is prior
to unconscious inference while perception is dependent on inference
unconscious.
It is quite curious to have to note that the history of psychology
The experimental perception consists of an alternation between these two.
positions. In this respect, one can say that psychological theories are always
born of a reaction to those that preceded them directly.