Chapter 1: Matter in Our Surroundings
1. What is Matter?
- Matter: Jo cheez space occupy karti hai aur mass rakhti hai.
- Examples: Table, Water, Air
2. States of Matter:
Solid - Definite shape & volume, particles vibrate.
Liquid - Indefinite shape, definite volume, particles slide.
Gas - Indefinite shape & volume, particles move freely.
Extra: Plasma (stars & lightning)
3. Characteristics of Particles:
- Tiny particles
- Space between particles
- Always in motion
- Attract each other
4. Change of State:
Melting: Solid → Liquid (Ice → Water)
Freezing: Liquid → Solid (Water → Ice)
Evaporation: Liquid → Gas (Water → Vapour)
Condensation: Gas → Liquid (Steam → Water)
Sublimation: Solid → Gas (Iodine, Dry ice)
Tip: Evaporation cools because fast particles leave.
5. Measurement of Matter:
- Mass: Balance
- Weight: Spring balance
6. Key Points:
- Matter = mass + volume
- 3 states: Solid, Liquid, Gas
- Particle theory explains behavior
Chapter 2: Is Matter Around Us Pure?
1. Pure Substances vs Mixtures:
- Pure substance: Only one type of particle (water, sugar)
- Mixture: Two or more substances mixed (salt + sand)
2. Types of Mixtures:
- Homogeneous: Uniform (sugar water)
- Heterogeneous: Non-uniform (sand + water)
3. Separation Techniques:
Filtration: Solid from liquid (sand + water)
Evaporation: Dissolved solid (salt from water)
Distillation: Liquid from liquid (alcohol + water)
Chromatography: Colors separation
4. Key Points:
- Pure substances have fixed composition
- Mixtures can be physically separated