Thm (7) Derivative of arc length function
A vector function which represents a smooth curve 𝑪 is
⃗⃗
𝒓(𝒕) = 𝒙(𝒕)𝒊⃗ + 𝒚(𝒕)𝒋⃗ + 𝒛(𝒕)𝒌 (𝒂 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝒃)
Arc length function:
Derivative of arc length function:
Def (11) Line integral (function of three variables)
⃗⃗
The line integral on the smooth curve 𝑪 ∶ 𝒓(𝒕) = 𝒙(𝒕)𝒊⃗ + 𝒚(𝒕)𝒋⃗ + 𝒛(𝒕)𝒌 (𝒂 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝒃) is
Ex) Definite integral vs. line integral
Ex) Evaluate ∫𝒄 𝒚𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙𝒅𝒚 + 𝒛𝒅𝒛 where 𝑪 is the helix, 𝒙 = 𝟐𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕, 𝒚 = 𝟐𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕, 𝒛 = 𝒕,
where 𝟎 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝟐𝝅
Def (12) Work
⃗⃗ along a
The work done by a force 𝑭(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) = 𝑷(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛)𝒊⃗ + 𝑸(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛)𝒋⃗ + 𝑹(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛)𝒌
⃗⃗ is relavant to the line integral.
curve 𝑪: 𝒓(𝒕) = 𝒙(𝒕)𝒊⃗ + 𝒚(𝒕)𝒋⃗ + 𝒛(𝒕)𝒌
Thm (8) Variable transform (Cartesian coordinates → Polar coordinates)
𝑦′
𝜃
𝑥′
Ex) Find the work done by 𝑭 = 𝒙𝒊 + 𝒚𝒋 along the curve 𝑪 traced by
𝒓(𝒕) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕 𝒊⃗ + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕 𝒋⃗, (𝟎 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝝅)
Thm (9) Variable transform (Cartesian coordinates → Spherical coordinates)
Ex) Transform cartesian coordinates (2, 2, 3) to spherical coordinates.
Def (13) Potential Function
When the vector function 𝑭 can be obtained from the slope of scalar function (𝑭 = 𝛁𝒇)
• The function 𝑓 is called a ‘potential function’ for 𝐹
• The vector field 𝐹 is called a ‘conservative vector field’
Thm (10) Existing condition of potential function 𝒇
Existing condition of conservative vector field 𝑭
⃗⃗
𝑭 = 𝑭𝟏 (𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛)𝒊⃗ + 𝑭𝟐 (𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛)𝒋⃗ + 𝑭𝟑 (𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛)𝒌
Def (14) Independence of the path
When line integral has some result from point A to B, the line integral is independent to
the path.
Thm (11) Condition of independence of the path
𝑭 = 𝛁𝒇 is equivalent to independence of the path of line integral ∫𝑪 𝑭 ∙ 𝒅𝒓
Ex) Evaluate the line integral ∫𝑪 𝒆𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒆𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 on curve 𝑪
𝝅𝒕𝟑
𝑪: 𝒙 = 𝒕, 𝒚 = , 𝟎≤𝒕≤𝟏
𝟑
Thm (12) Fubuni’s theorem
Def (14) The double integral