Class 12 Integration Formulas (Topic-wise)
1. Basic Formulas
∫ k \, dx = kx + C
∫ x^n \, dx = \frac{x^{n+1}}{n+1} + C \quad (n \neq -1)
∫ \frac{1}{x} \, dx = \ln|x| + C
∫ e^x \, dx = e^x + C
∫ a^x \, dx = \frac{a^x}{\ln a} + C
∫ \sin x \, dx = -\cos x + C
∫ \cos x \, dx = \sin x + C
∫ \sec^2 x \, dx = \tan x + C
∫ \csc^2 x \, dx = -\cot x + C
∫ \sec x \tan x \, dx = \sec x + C
∫ \csc x \cot x \, dx = -\csc x + C
2. Integration by Substitution
If I = ∫ f(g(x)) g'(x) dx, then put t = g(x).
Example: ∫ \frac{1}{1+x^2} dx → put x = tanθ → I = tan^{-1}x + C
Example: ∫ e^{2x} dx → put t = 2x → I = \frac{1}{2}e^{2x} + C
3. Integration by Parts
∫ u v \, dx = u ∫ v dx - ∫ (u' ∫ v dx) dx
Choose u by LIATE rule (Logarithmic > Inverse Trig > Algebraic > Trig >
Exponential).
Example: ∫ x e^x dx = x e^x - ∫ e^x dx = e^x(x - 1) + C
Example: ∫ x sinx dx = -x cosx + ∫ cosx dx = -x cosx + sinx + C
4. Integration by Partial Fractions
For rational functions ∫ P(x)/Q(x) dx, express as sum of simpler fractions.
Example: ∫ \frac{1}{(x-1)(x-2)} dx = ∫ \frac{A}{x-1} + \frac{B}{x-2} dx
= A \ln|x-1| + B \ln|x-2| + C
Example: ∫ \frac{x+1}{(x+2)(x-3)} dx → decompose and integrate each term.
5. Integrals of Particular Functions
∫ \frac{1}{\sqrt{a^2 - x^2}} dx = \sin^{-1}\left(\frac{x}{a}\right) + C
∫ \frac{1}{a^2 + x^2} dx = \frac{1}{a} \tan^{-1}\left(\frac{x}{a}\right) + C
∫ \frac{1}{x^2 - a^2} dx = \frac{1}{2a} \ln\left|\frac{x - a}{x + a}\right| + C
∫ \sqrt{x^2 - a^2} dx = \frac{x}{2}\sqrt{x^2 - a^2} - \frac{a^2}{2} \ln\left|x + \sqrt{x^2 -
a^2}\right| + C
∫ \frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2 + a^2}} dx = \ln\left|x + \sqrt{x^2 + a^2}\right| + C
6. Some More Particular Functions
∫ e^x \sin x dx = \frac{e^x (\sin x - \cos x)}{2} + C
∫ e^x \cos x dx = \frac{e^x (\sin x + \cos x)}{2} + C
∫ \sin^2 x dx = \frac{x}{2} - \frac{\sin 2x}{4} + C
∫ \cos^2 x dx = \frac{x}{2} + \frac{\sin 2x}{4} + C
∫ \tan x dx = \ln|\sec x| + C
∫ \cot x dx = \ln|\sin x| + C
∫ \sec x dx = \ln|\sec x + \tan x| + C
∫ \csc x dx = \ln|\csc x - \cot x| + C