Menoufia University

Faculty of Medicine

Study guide
Respiratory system
 Module Title: Respiratory system

Module Code: MED 201

Academic Year: 2025/2026

Semester: Third semester

General [Link]. Hala Shaheen

coordinator

2025/2026

MODULE CONTENTS

Contains all information considered essential for the module

identification, contents, and evaluation methods such as:
۞ Module coordinator and members of the module committee.

۞ Module general information.

۞ Date of module teaching, duration, and its credit hours.
۞ Main objectives of the module (Students' outcome).
۞ Module Syllabus.
۞ Methods of teaching
۞ Module assessment methods (including resit exam policy).
۞ Student attendance policy.
۞ Approved time-table.
۞ Learning resources for the module.

1
Module Specification
A) Module Identification:

Institution: Menoufia University.

College: Faculty of Medicine.

Module Title and Code: Respiratory system

Module Coordinator Name: Dr. Eman Badawy

Office: flour (2) (Histology

Department)

Office hours 9 am – 2 pm

Telephone Mobile : 01205580058

e-mail: eman. badawy @[Link] .eg

Departments: Name: Dr. Marwa abdelrasol

e-mail

Department: Anatomy and Embryology

Name: Ass. prof. Dalia Noya

e-mail

Department: Cell Biology and Human

Histology

Name: Dr. Anwar Shaban

e-mail

Department: Medical Physiology

Name: Dr. Asmaa Shokry

e-mail

Department: Medical biochemistry

2
 Name: Dr. Zainab el akabawy

e-mail

Department: Pathology

Name: Dr. Doaa zaghlol

e-mail

Department: Pharmacology

Name: Dr. Sara Gamal

e-mail

Department: Microbiology

B) Module General Information:

Academic Year: 2025-2026

Semester:
• First.
o Second.

o One.
(Studying Year)
Student Level

• Two.
o Three.
o Four.
o Five.

Module Type: o Introductory.

• Core.
o Elective.
o Special.

Module Duration: From: 21/9/2024 To: 14/ 11/2025

3
 (Week No. 1 To week No. 8).

Credit 12 Credit points teaching hours

points:
Credit Lectures Practical Activities
points
1.5 11.25 11.25 4.5
Anatomy
1 7.5 7.5 3
Histology
2 15 15 6
Physiology
3 22.5 22.5 9
Biochemistry
1.5 11.25 11.25 4.5
Pathology
1 7.5 7.5 3
Pharmacology
2 15 15 6
Microbiology
12 90 90 36
Total

Pre- Histology prerequisite for Physiology and pathology

requisites (If
any):
Module The classrooms, the specific labs
Location/s:

C) Letter to the Student:

My dear students, you are welcome to the Respiratory system module. This module is prepared in
a manner that would meet your needs of knowledge concerning Respiratory system anatomy,
histology, physiological function, biochemical composition, microbiology, pathology,
pharmacology and some disorders related.

Module Coordinator
Dr. Eman Badawy

4
 D) Objectives (The main module's outcomes):

1. Overall aims of course:

a) Provide a basic anatomical knowledge of the normal structure and development of
the human upper and lower respiratory tracts and its congenital anomalies.
b) To teach the student the normal and abnormal microscopic structure of different
tissues including upper and lower respiratory system and skin.
c) Enable the student to understand the pharmacological basis of using drugs including
mechanism of action, effects, indications, adverse effects, contraindications and
interactions, as well as their pharmacokinetics
d) Develop skills of writing safe prescription for different types of diseases
e) To make the student understand the pathogenesis, clinical presentations and outlines
management of parasitic diseases.
f) Help students to understand the respiratory system, its functions and the patho-
physiology of infectious and non-infectious diseases.

Intended Learning Outcomes:

Competency Area 4: The graduate as a scholar and

scientist.
Key competency Module ILOs

4.1 Describe the normal structure of the ▪ Identify the components and development of
body and its major organ systems respiratory system.
and explain their functions. ▪ Identify the anatomical structures of the
nose, nasopharynx, paranasal sinuses and
laryngeal components and their important
functions.
▪ Recognize the site, structure, and functions
of the trachea and main bronchi.
▪ Describe the anatomy of the pleurae and
lung.
▪ Determine the development and congenital
anomalies of the respiratory tract.
▪ Distinguish histological structural features
of upper and lower respiratory tracts and cell
types present in each of them and relate the
structure to function.
▪ Compare between structure of different
parts of respiratory tract and their function.
▪ Identify microscopic structure of skin and its
appendage and cell types present in each of
them and relate the structure to function.
5
 4.2 Explain the molecular, biochemical, ▪ Identify the respiratory cycle and discuss
and cellular mechanisms that are how different pressure, airflow, and lung
important in maintaining the body’s volume change during a normal quiet
homeostasis. breathing cycle and factors influencing it.
▪ Draw curves of the different lung volumes &
capacities and list different conditions
leading to respiratory distress syndrome.
▪ Describe gas exchange and ventilation-
perfusion relationship.
▪ Identify the regions in the central nervous
system in the generation and control of
cyclic breathing.
▪ Define and point out oxido-reductases
enzymes and components of respiratory
chain.
▪ Define pH, buffers, anion gap and
paradoxical alkalosis

4.5 Identify various causes (genetic, ▪ Recognize different respiratory disorders and
developmental, metabolic, toxic, different types of hypoxias, dyspnea and
microbiologic, autoimmune, cyanosis.
neoplastic, degenerative, and
traumatic) of illness/disease and
explain the ways in which they
operate on the body (pathogenesis).
4.6 Describe altered structure and ▪ Identify and explain different disease
function of the body and its major processes encountered, their causes
organ systems that are seen in (etiology), and how the disease develops in
various diseases and conditions. response to the etiologic agents
(pathogenesis).
▪ Describe the characteristic gross and
microscopic pictures of different pathologic
lesions within respiratory system and the
associated functional disturbances.
▪ Determine the fate and complications of
different disease processes.
▪ Identify normal flora and immunity of
respiratory tract
▪ Identify the most important micro-organisms
causing Upper and lower respiratory tract
infections
▪ Understand life cycles and pathogenesis of
parasites and arthropods that can affect the
respiratory system.

6
 ▪ Recognize morphology, clinical
presentations, complications, diagnosis,
treatment and control of parasites and
arthropods that can affect the respiratory
system.
Describe drug actions: therapeutics ▪ Identify the major groups (Antihistaminic,
4.7 and pharmacokinetics; side effects bronchodilators chemotherapy) involved in
and interactions, including multiple management of respiratory diseases.
treatments, long term conditions including bronchial asthma, TB and chest
and non-prescribed medication; and infections.
effects on the population. ▪ Understand kinetics, mechanism of actions,
therapeutic uses, side effects,
contraindications and drug interactions of
different drugs used in treatment of
respiratory diseases

4.8 Demonstrate basic sciences specific ▪ Acquire basic practical skills and
practical skills and procedures competencies essential for future medical
relevant to future practice, practice.
recognizing their scientific basis, ▪ Label dissected structures of the upper and
and interpret common diagnostic lower respiratory tract according to the
modalities, including: imaging, present relations.
electrocardiograms, laboratory ▪ Differentiate between the consistency of
assays, pathologic studies, and arteries, veins & nerves.
functional assessment tests. ▪ Draw diagrams showing courses and
distribution of nerves and main blood vessels
in respiratory tract.
▪ Draw diagrams showing surface anatomy of
pleura and lung.
▪ Examine of the nose, pleura and both lungs.
▪ Read chest x- rays to recognize the
anatomical landmarks.
▪ Draw diagrams showing different
component of respiratory system seen under
light microscope during practical classes.
▪ Differentiate between trachea, bronchi,
bronchioles and alveoli in histological slides.
▪ Differentiate between adult, foetal and
injected lung in histological slides.
▪ Draw diagrams showing the thick and thin
skin.
▪ Differentiate between the thick and thin skin
in histological slides.
▪ Sketch and label the pulmonary function
curve.
▪ Auscultation of breath sounds.
▪ Interpretate d a t a f r o m Arterial Blood
Gases (ABG): arterial pressure of oxygen 7
 (PaO2), Partial pressure of carbon dioxide
(PaCO2), Arterial blood pH, Oxygen saturation
(SaO2) and Bicarbonate - (HCO3).
▪ Outline biochemical instrument used to
measure pH with the principle and action.
▪ Relate the pH meter to estimate pH of
Gastric juice, Plasma, Saliva & Urine.
▪ Interpret the results variation of pH,
Bicarbonate, CO2 level and its relation to
different diseases.
▪ Use different laboratory techniques for
handling pathologic samples, appropriate
types of fixatives and processing techniques.
▪ Employ different diagnostic pathological
tools and methods of jar formation.
▪ Assess gross and microscopic pictures
aiming at reaching the correct diagnosis.
▪ Design a pharmacological plan for
management of pneumonia.
▪ Outline a pharmacological plan for
management of bronchial asthma.
▪ Formulate a pharmacological plan for
management of COPD.
▪ Create a laboratory diagnostic approach to
reach a proper diagnosis for respiratory tract
infections based on microscopic
examination, Culture character and
Biochemical reaction.
▪ Analyze the given information from
spirometer curves so can distinguish
between obstructive and restrictive lung
disease
▪ Expect the outcome of disturbed function of
the respiratory system on PO2, Pco2 and PH.
▪ Correlate PO2 tension and hemoglobin
saturation, and blood oxygen content
▪ Describe the mechanism of respiratory
distress syndrome and discriminate between
different types of hypoxias.
▪ Explain the role of respiratory system in PH
regulation.
▪ Differentiate between metabolic and
respiratory acidosis and alkalosis with their
compensatory mechanism.
▪ Interpret a pathology report.
▪ Predict the diagnosis of different diseases of
respiratory system based on the underlying
gross and microscopic pictures. 8
▪ Judge the dose of different drugs used in
respiratory disorders simultaneously
administered and to avoid any combination
that could result in serious reactions.
▪ Design a course of therapy that cost
effective.

Integrate the basic interaction of the normal

flora and the immunity of respiratory tract
▪ Apply the microbiological background while
examining the patients with respiratory tract
infections in order to reach a proper
diagnosis.
▪ Integrate basic information about life cycles,
clinical picture and complications to
estimate the diagnostic test of choice to
confirm the provisional diagnosis.

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 E) Module Syllabus:

Theoretical
Teaching Department
Topic Hours

Lectures
Carbohydrate digestion and absorption & Glycolysis 1.5 biochemistry
Citric acid cycle 1.5 biochemistry
Uronic acid cycle, Hexose monophosphate pathway biochemistry
1.5
and glycogen metabolism
Gluconeogenesis 1.5 biochemistry
biochemistry
Metabolism of monosaccharaides 1.5

Digestion and absorption of lipid biochemistry

1.5
Lipogenesis
Lipogenesis(continued) Oxidation biochemistry
1.5
of fatty acids
Eicosanoids biochemistry
1.5
Ketone body metabolism
Cholesterol metabolism 1.5 biochemistry
Lipid transport 1.5 biochemistry
Biologic oxidation 1.5 biochemistry
Respiratory chain 1.5 biochemistry
Free radicals 1.5 biochemistry
Antioxidant 1.5 biochemistry
Revision 1.5 biochemistry
Total 22.5
Viral upper respiratory infection- Orthomyxoviruses 1.5 Microbiology
Viral upper respiratory infection- Paramyxoviruses 1.5 Microbiology
Bacterial upper respiratory infection and bronchitis 1.5 Microbiology
Infection of the lungs (Typical and Atypical Pneumonia) 1.5 Microbiology
Pulmonary T.B. 1.5 Microbiology
Total 7.5
Pathology
Diseases of upper respiratory tract. 1.5 Pathology
Pneumonia 1.5 Pathology
Suppurative lung diseases 1.5 Pathology
Granulomatous lung diseases 1.5 Pathology
10
COPD 2.15 Pathology
Tumors of the respiratory system 1.5 Pathology
Revision 1.5 Pathology
Total 11.15
Pharmacology
General chemotherapy 1.5h pharmacology
Antibiotics 1 1.5h pharmacology
Antibiotics 2 1.5h pharmacology
Antiviral drugs 1.5h pharmacology
Anti tuberculosis 1.5h pharmacology
Autacoids 1.5h pharmacology

Antihistaminics-Allergic rhinitis 1.5h pharmacology

Treatment of bronchial asthma 1 1.5h pharmacology
Treatment of bronchial asthma 2 1.5h pharmacology
Revision 1.5h pharmacology
Total 15
Histology
Conducting portion of the respiratory system 1.5 h Histology
Respiratory portion of the respiratory system 1.5 h Histology
Skin (Thick and thin skin) 1.5 h Histology
Skin appendages (Hair , hair follicles, sweat & sebaceous Histology
1.5 h
glands)
Revision 1.5 h Histology
Total 7.5 h
Anatomy
Anatomy of nose, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx 1.5 h Anatomy
.Anatomy of the Larynx part1 1.5 h Anatomy
.Anatomy of the Larynx p2, trachea and bronchi 1.5 h Anatomy
.Anatomy of the thyroid gland 1.5 h Anatomy
Anatomy of the lung 1.5 h Anatomy
Anatomy of pleura, phrenic nerve, mechanism of Anatomy
1.5 h
respiration
Development part 1 45 Anatomy
minu
Development part 2 1.5 h Anatomy
Total 11.25h
Introduction and general functions of respiratory system 1.5 Physiology
Mechanics of breathing 1.5 Physiology
Lung volumes and capacities 1.5 Physiology
Respiratory pressures and pulmonary compliance 1.5 Physiology
Exchange of gases across pulmonary membrane 1.5 Physiology
Gas transport by blood 1.5 Physiology
Chemical regulation of respiratory system 1.5 Physiology 11
Neural Regulation of respiratory system I 1.5 Physiology
 Neural Regulation of respiratory system II 1.5 Physiology
Revision 1.5 Physiology
Total 15

Practical
Teachi Department
Practical ng
Hours
Diabetes 1.5 biochemistry
Colorimetric determination of serum glucose 1.5 biochemistry
Oral glucose tolerance test 1.5 biochemistry
Glucosuria and fructosuria 1.5 biochemistry

Cases of DM, fructose intolerance and galactose biochemistry

intolerance 1.5

Diabetes 1.5 biochemistry

Colorimetric determination of serum cholesterol 1.5 biochemistry
Lipid profile 1.5 biochemistry
Dyslipoproteinemia and hypolipidemic drugs 1.5 biochemistry
Revision 1.5 biochemistry
Cardiac markers and case study 1.5 biochemistry
Revision 1.5 biochemistry
Revision 1.5 biochemistry
Revision 1.5 biochemistry
Revision 1.5 biochemistry
Total 22.5
Microbiology
Upper respiratory tract infections and bronchitis 1.5 Microbiology
Corynebacterium diphteraie 1.5 Microbiology
Hemophilus influenzae 1.5 Microbiology
Streptococcal infection and Pneumonia 1.5 Microbiology
Mycobacteria 1.5 Microbiology
Total 7.5
Pathology
Diseases of upper respiratory tract ( nose) 1.5 Pathology
Diseases of upper respiratory tract ( larynx) 1.5 Pathology
Emphysema and bronchectasis 1.5 Pathology
TB 1.5 Pathology
Bronchogenic carcinoma 1.5 Pathology
Revision 1.5 Pathology
Revision 1.5 Pathology
12
Total 10.5
Pharmacology
Treatment of sinusitis 1.5h pharmacology
Case of pneumonia 1.5h pharmacology
Cough therapy 1.5h pharmacology
Case of TB 1.5h pharmacology
Adverse drug reactions 1.5h pharmacology
Case of Allergic rhinitis 1.5h pharmacology
Case of bronchial asthma 1.5h pharmacology
Revision 1.5h pharmacology
Revision 1.5h pharmacology
Revision 1.5h pharmacology
Total 15
Histology
Trachea 1.5 h Histology
Adult lung, Fetal lung, Injected lung 1.5 h Histology
Thick skin 1.5 h Histology
Thin skin 1.5 h Histology
Revision 1.5 h Histology
Total 7.5 h
Anatomy
Anatomy of nose, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx 1.5 h Anatomy
Anatomy of the Larynx (external features) 1.5 h Anatomy
Anatomy of the Larynx (internal features) 1.5 h Anatomy
Anatomy of the thyroid gland 1.5 h Anatomy
Pleura and lung part 1 1.5 h Anatomy
Lung part 2, trachea, bronchi 1.5 h Anatomy
Revision 45 Anatomy
min
Revision 1.5 h Anatomy
Total 11.25 Anatomy
Breath sounds 1.5 Physiology
Static pulmonary function tests 1.5 Physiology
Dynamic pulmonary function tests 1.5 Physiology
Student Lab (lesson 1) 1.5 Physiology
Student Lab (lesson 2) 1.5 Physiology
Arterial blood gases 1.5 Physiology
Restrictive and obstructive lung diseases 1.5 Physiology
Case study 1.5 Physiology
Revision 1.5 Physiology
Revision 1.5 Physiology
Total 15

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F) Assessment of Module Outcomes:
I. Formative: This form of assessment is designed to help the students to identify areas for
improvement. It includes a multiple-choice questions, problems-solving exercises and
independent learning activities in all subjects. These will be given on line. The Answers
are presented and discussed immediately with you after the assessment. The results will be
made available to the students. An electronic formative exam will be presented on
YAMMER through your official email accounts on 4th week of module

II. Summative This type of assessment is used for judgment or decisions to be made about the
students’ performance. It serves as:
1. Verification of achievement for the student satisfying requirement
2. Motivation of the student to maintain or improve performance
3. Certification of performance
4. Grades
Objective structured Practical exam (OSPE)
week No 8
End Module exam
week No 8

14
All the seven basic sciences, i.e. Anatomy, Histology, Physiology, Biochemistry,
Pathology, Pharmacology, and Microbiology should be made compulsory so that the
students do not ignore one subject as an option. The theory paper should consist of eight
sections such as:
Section A: This section will deal with the Anatomical aspects of Respiratory system
module.
Section B: This section will deal with the Histological aspects of Respiratory system
module.
Section C: This section will deal with the Physiological aspects of Respiratory
system module
Section D: This section will deal with the Biochemical aspects of Respiratory system
module.
Section E: This section will deal with the Pathological aspects of Respiratory system
module
Section F: This section will deal with the Pharmacological aspects of
Respiratory system module
Section G: This section will deal with the Microbiological aspects of
Respiratory system module

I. FEEDBACK: From the students and faculty for further improvement of the
module.

1. Methods and grades of Students' Assessment:

➢ 40% Final written exam at the end of the semester
o Include problem-solving, multiple-choice questions,
give reason, matching, extended matching, short
answered questions, true and false with explanation or
correction, complete, compare and contrast.
➢ 30% Final practical exam at the end of the module according to OSPE
system.
➢ 30% Regular evaluation including
o 10% written at the end of module and periodicals
including problem-solving, multiple-choice questions,
give reason, matching, extended matching, short
answered questions, true and false with explanation or
correction complete, compare and contrast.
o 10% Attendance and behaviour
o 10% Participation in the tutorials, TBL, Research…
2. Grading for module by GPA System:

The Percentage Symbol Grade

➢ 85% A Excellent.
75-<85 % B Very Good
65 - < 75 % C Good.
60 - < 65 % D Passed.
< 60 % F Failed.
W Withdrawn

15
 Weighting of assessments

Method of Assessment | Marks Percentage

Written exam. 72 40%
Practical exam. 54 30%
Activities & attitude 54 30%
Total 180 100%
[Link] Attendance Policy:
• Attendance of students is mandatory for all sessions of the module. An unexcused
absence is considered a breach of professional responsibility and conduct. The
student's absence affects not only himself but also the others in his group whom
rely on each other to generate ideas, share knowledge, and participate in problem
solving.
• It is understood that unforeseen circumstances can arise. Therefore, a student will
be allowed to sit for the end-module exam if his total attendance is 75% or more
(with unexcused absence).
• If the total percentage of the student's attendance (with unexcused absence)
during any given module is less than 75%, he is considered failed in that module
and he has the right to attend the resit exam.
• For any accepted emergency excuse that interferes with the student sitting for the
end-module exam (or part of it), an alternative exam will be provided to him within
the same academic year to attend.

1. Resit Examination Policy:

• Those who fail in the module assessment will have to appear in the resit exam for the
module/s he failed in at the end of the same year.
• The student who fails in the resit exam in any module/s has to be enrol in that module/s
when offered and take all required assessments with maximum hours 50 credit hours in
the year

16
 (2026 - 2025) ‫المستوى الثان‬
Respiratory System Module Timetable (8 Week

[Type here]
WEEK 2
WEEK 3
WEEK 4
WEEK 5
WEEK 6
WEEK 7
 ‫‪Online Activities Timetable‬‬
‫) ‪(CBL, Group discussion, Presentation, .........‬‬

‫د‪/‬من السيد‬
‫ي‬ ‫منسق الفرقة الثانية‬

‫عميد الكلية‬ ‫وكيل الكلية لشئون الطالب والتعليم‬ ‫منسق رالبنامج‬ ‫مدير اﻻدارة‬

‫ن‬ ‫أ‪.‬د‪ /‬هالة شاهي‬

‫أ‪.‬د‪ /‬محمد النعما‬ ‫أ‪.‬د‪ /‬محمد الصاوي‬ ‫د‪ .‬مروة النقيب‬
 G) Learning Resources:

Facilities required for teaching and learning:

1. Lecture halls at the faculty
2. Dissecting room including cadavers, bones and plastic models

3. Museum specimens

4. Visual aids

5. Labs equipped with microscopes

6. Microscopic slides of demonstration of samples of tissue

7. Onlinecourse on EKB

LEARNING RESOURCES
I. Lectures notes prepared in the form of a book authorized by the department.
II. E. learning videos and YAMMER groups
III. Textbooks:
Anatomy:
- Gray's Anatomy for Students. 4th Edition. By: Richard Drake, A. Wayne Vogl, Adam W. M. Mitchell. Churchill
Livingstone; 2020
- Langman's Medical Embryology, 14th Edition. By: T.W. Sadler. Williams and Wilkins; 2018
- Grant`s Atlas of Anatomy: International Edition by Arthur F. Dalley Anne M.R. Agur. LWW; 2020.
- Netter Atlas of Human Anatomy: Classic Regional Approach. 8th Edition by Frank H. Netter. Elsevier ;2022
Physiology:
- Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology (Guyton Physiology) 14th Edition. By: John E. Hall and Michael E.
Hall. Elsevier 2021.
- Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology 26th Edition. By: Jason Yuan, Kim E. Barrett, Susan M. Barman, Heddwen
L. Brooks. McGraw-Hill Medical; 2019.
- Physiology (Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Series) 2nd Edition. By: Robin R Preston, Thad Wilson, Richard A.
Harvey. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2019.
Histology:
- Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text and Atlas, 16th Edition. By: Anthony L. Mescher. McGraw Hill / Medical, 2021.
- Wheater's Functional Histology, 7th Edition by Geraldine O'Dowd, Sarah Bell. Elsevier ;2023
- diFiore's Atlas of Histology with Functional Correlations, 13th Edition. BY: Victor P. Eroschenko. Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins, 2017.
Biochemistry:
- Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry 32nd Edition. By Peter J. Kennelly, Kathleen M. Botham, Owen McGuinness, Victor
W. Rodwell, P. Anthony Weil. McGraw Hill / Medical, 2022.
- Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Biochemistry, 8TH Edition. By Emine E. Abali, Susan D. Cline, David S. Franklin, Dr.
Susan M. Viselli. LWW, 2021.
- Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations 7th Edition. By: Thomas M. Devlin. John Wiley & Sons, 2010.
 Pathology:
- Robbins Basic Pathology (Robbins Pathology) 11th Edition. By: Vinay Kumar, Abul K. Abbas, Jon C. Aster. Elsevier,
2022.
- Pathology Illustrated, 8th Edition. By: Peter S. Macfarlane, Robin Reid, Robin Callander. Churchill Livingstone, 2018.
- Diagnostic histopathology of tumors, 5th Edition. By: Christopher D. M. Fletcher. Saunders/Elsevier, 2020
Pharmacology:
- Basic and Clinical Pharmacology 16th Edition. By: Todd W. Vanderah. McGraw Hill / Medical, 2023.
- Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology, 8th edition. By: Karen Whalen, Sarah Lerchefield and Chris Giordian
. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2022.
- Essentials of Medical Pharmacology 8th Edition. By: Tripathi KD. Jaypee Brothers Medical Pub, 2018.
Microbiology:
- Review of medical microbiology and immunology, 17th Edition. By: Warren E. Levinson, Peter Chin-Hong, Elizabeth
A. Joyce, Jesse Nussbaum , Brian Schwartz. The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2022.
- Review of medical microbiology, 28th Edition. By: Jawetz EM, Adelberg IL. Lange, 2019.
- Practical Handbook of Microbiology 4th Edition. By Lorrence H. Green and Emanuel Goldman,. Taylor & Francis
Group, LLC ;2021
- Manual of Practical Microbiology & Immunology, 10th edition. By: El mishad AM. El-Ahram Press, 2014.

IV Recommended web sites:

1. [Link]
2. [Link]
3. [Link]