1.

/* C++ Program for Rational Operations using Operator Overloading */

#include<stdio.h>

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

class rational

int numer;

int denom;

public:

void getdata()

cout<<"\n enter the numerator part of the rational no. :: ";

cin>>numer;

cout<<"\n enter the denominator part of the rational no. :: ";

cin>>denom;

void operator+(rational);

void operator-(rational);

void operator *(rational);

void operator /(rational);

};

void rational ::operator+(rational c1)

rational temp;

[Link]=(numer*[Link])+([Link]*denom);

[Link]=denom*[Link];

cout<<"\nrational no. after addition :: ";

cout<<"\n numerator = "<<[Link]<<"\n denominator = "<<[Link];

void rational ::operator -(rational c1)

{

rational temp;

[Link]=(numer*[Link])-([Link]*denom);

[Link]=denom*[Link];

cout<<"\n rational no. after subtraction :: ";

cout<<"\n numerator = " <<[Link]<<"\n denominator = "<<[Link];

void rational ::operator *(rational c1)

rational temp;

[Link]=numer*[Link];

[Link]=denom*[Link];

cout<<"\n rational no. after multiplication :: ";

cout <<"\n numerator = "<<[Link]<<"\n denominator = "<< [Link];

void rational :: operator /(rational c1)

rational temp;

[Link]= numer*[Link];

[Link]=[Link]*denom;

cout<<"\n rational no. after dividation :: ";

cout <<"\n numerator = "<<[Link]<<"\n denominator = "<<[Link];

int main()

rational c1, c2;

int n;

do

cout<<"\n\n [Link] data for rational no. ";

cout<<"\n 2. Addition of rational no. ";

cout<<"\n 3. Subtraction of rational no. ";

cout<<"\n 4. Multiplication of rational no.";

cout<<"\n 5. Division of rational no. ";

cout<<"\n 6. Quit";

cout<<"\n\n Enter your choice :: ";

cin>>n;

switch(n)

case 1:

cout<<endl<<"\n enter the data for first rational no.:: ";

[Link]();

cout<<endl<<"\n enter the data for second rational no. :: ";

[Link] ();

break;

case 2:

c1+c2;

break;

case 3:

c1-c2;

break;

case 4:

c1*c2;

break;

case 5:

c1/c2;

break;
 case 6:

exit(1);

break;

} while (n!=6);

return 0;

Output:

[Link] data for rational no.

2. Addition of rational no.

3. Subtraction of rational no.

4. Multiplication of rational no.

5. Division of rational no.

6. Quit

Enter your choice :: 1

enter the data for first rational no.::

enter the numerator part of the rational no. :: 4

enter the denominator part of the rational no. :: 5

enter the data for second rational no. ::

enter the numerator part of the rational no. :: 2

enter the denominator part of the rational no. :: 3

[Link] data for rational no.

2. Addition of rational no.

3. Subtraction of rational no.

4. Multiplication of rational no.

5. Division of rational no.

6. Quit

Enter your choice :: 2

rational no. after addition ::

numerator = 22

denominator = 15

[Link] data for rational no.

2. Addition of rational no.

3. Subtraction of rational no.

4. Multiplication of rational no.

5. Division of rational no.

6. Quit

Enter your choice :: 3

rational no. after subtraction ::

numerator = 2

denominator = 15

[Link] data for rational no.

2. Addition of rational no.

3. Subtraction of rational no.

4. Multiplication of rational no.

5. Division of rational no.

6. Quit

Enter your choice :: 4

rational no. after multiplication ::

numerator = 8

denominator = 15

[Link] data for rational no.

2. Addition of rational no.

3. Subtraction of rational no.

4. Multiplication of rational no.

5. Division of rational no.

6. Quit

Enter your choice :: 5

rational no. after dividation ::

numerator = 12

denominator = 10

[Link] data for rational no.

2. Addition of rational no.

3. Subtraction of rational no.

4. Multiplication of rational no.

5. Division of rational no.

6. Quit

Enter your choice :: 6

[Link] credit card transactions (use inheritance).
#include <iostream>

#include <string>

// Base class representing a credit card

class CreditCard {

protected:

std::string cardNumber;

std::string cardHolderName;

double balance;

public:

CreditCard(const std::string& number, const std::string& name)

: cardNumber(number), cardHolderName(name), balance(0.0) {}

virtual void makePurchase(double amount) {

balance += amount;

std::cout << "Purchase of $" << amount << " made with card ending in " <<
[Link]([Link]() - 4) << std::endl;

void displayBalance() {

std::cout << "Card ending in " << [Link]([Link]() - 4) << " has a balance
of $" << balance << std::endl;

};

// Derived class for a premium credit card with additional rewards

class PremiumCreditCard : public CreditCard {

public:

PremiumCreditCard(const std::string& number, const std::string& name)

: CreditCard(number, name) {}
 void makePurchase(double amount) override {

double rewardsPoints = amount * 0.02; // Earn 2% of purchase amount as rewards

balance += amount;

std::cout << "Purchase of $" << amount << " made with premium card ending in " <<
[Link]([Link]() - 4) << std::endl;

std::cout << "Earned " << rewardsPoints << " rewards points!" << std::endl;

};

int main() {

// Create an instance of the base CreditCard class

CreditCard card1("1234 5678 9012 3456", "John Doe");

[Link](100.0);

[Link]();

// Create an instance of the derived PremiumCreditCard class

PremiumCreditCard card2("9876 5432 1098 7654", "Jane Smith");

[Link](200.0);

[Link]();

return 0;

/*Ouput

Purchase of $100 made with card ending in 3456

Card ending in 3456 has a balance of $100

Purchase of $200 made with premium card ending in 7654

Earned 4 rewards points!

Card ending in 7654 has a balance of $200 */

[Link] polymorphism using shape objects in c++
#include <iostream>

// Base class representing a shape

class Shape {

public:

virtual double getArea() const = 0; // Pure virtual function

virtual void printInfo() const {

std::cout << "This is a generic shape." << std::endl;

};

// Derived class representing a rectangle

class Rectangle : public Shape {

private:

double length;

double width;

public:

Rectangle(double l, double w) : length(l), width(w) {}

double getArea() const override {

return length * width;

void printInfo() const override {

std::cout << "This is a rectangle with length " << length << " and width " << width << "." <<
std::endl;

};
// Derived class representing a circle

class Circle : public Shape {

private:

double radius;

public:

Circle(double r) : radius(r) {}

double getArea() const override {

return 3.14159 * radius * radius;

void printInfo() const override {

std::cout << "This is a circle with radius " << radius << "." << std::endl;

};

int main() {

Rectangle rectangle(5.0, 3.0);

Circle circle(2.5);

Shape* shapePtr = nullptr; // Base class pointer

shapePtr = &rectangle; // Pointing to a rectangle object

shapePtr->printInfo();

std::cout << "Area: " << shapePtr->getArea() << std::endl;

shapePtr = &circle; // Pointing to a circle object

shapePtr->printInfo();

std::cout << "Area: " << shapePtr->getArea() << std::endl;

 return 0;

/*

Ouput:

This is a rectangle with length 5 and width 3.

Area: 15

This is a circle with radius 2.5.

Area: 19.6349 */

Cycle-2
[Link] all prime numbers in an interval
lower = 2

upper = 100

print("Prime numbers between", lower, "and", upper, "are:")

for num in range(lower, upper + 1):

# all prime numbers are greater than 1

if num > 1:

for i in range(2, num):

if (num % i) == 0:

break

else:

print(num)

output:

Prime numbers between 2 and 100 are:

3
5

11

13

17

19

23

29

31

37

41

43

47

53

59

61

67

71

73

79

83

89

97

[Link] for array rotation

# Python program using the List

# slicing approach to rotate the array

def rotateList(arr,d,n):

arr[:]=arr[d:n]+arr[0:d]

return arr
# Driver function to test above function

arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

print(arr)

print("Rotated list is")

print(rotateList(arr,3,len(arr)))

output:

[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

Rotated list is

[4, 5, 6, 1, 2, 3]

[Link] to split the array and add the first part to the end.
def splitArr(a, n, k):

b = a[:k]

return (a[k::]+b[::])

# main

arr = [12, 10, 5, 6, 52, 36]

n = len(arr)

position = 3

arr = splitArr(arr, n, position)

for i in range(0, n):

print(arr[i], end=' ')

output:

6 52 36 12 10 5

[Link] to find second largest number in a list.

list_val = [20, 30, 40, 25, 10]

# sorting the list

list_val.sort()

#displaying the second last element of the list

print("The second largest element of the list is:", list_val[-2])

output:

The second largest element of the list is: 30

[Link] to multiply two matrices

def matrix_multiply(matrix1, matrix2):

rows1 = len(matrix1)

cols1 = len(matrix1[0])

rows2 = len(matrix2)

cols2 = len(matrix2[0])

if cols1 != rows2:

print("Error: Number of columns in the first matrix must be equal to the number of rows in the
second matrix.")

return None

result = [[0] * cols2 for _ in range(rows1)]

for i in range(rows1):

for j in range(cols2):

for k in range(cols1):

result[i][j] += matrix1[i][k] * matrix2[k][j]

return result

# Example matrices

matrix1 = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]

matrix2 = [[7, 8], [9, 10], [11, 12]]

# Multiply the matrices

result = matrix_multiply(matrix1, matrix2)

# Print the result

if result is not None:

print("Matrix multiplication result:")

for row in result:

print(row)

Output:

Matrix multiplication result:

[58, 64]

[139, 154]

Cycle-3:
[Link] if a substring is present in a given string
MyString1 = "Keerthi is studying MCA Second Sem in RVR"

if "MCA" in MyString1:

print("Yes! it is present in the string")

else:

print("No! it is not present")

output:

Yes! it is present in the string

[Link] duplicate occurrence in string.

def replace_duplicates(string):

char_count = {}

result = ""

for char in string:

if char in char_count:

char_count[char] += 1

else:

char_count[char] = 1

for char in string:

if char_count[char] > 1:

result += "*"

else:

result += char

return result

# Example usage

input_string = "Hello, World!"

result_string = replace_duplicates(input_string)
print(result_string)

output:

He***, W*r*d!

[Link] anagrams together in python using list and dictionary.

def print_anagrams_together(words):

anagram_dict = {}

for word in words:

sorted_word = "".join(sorted(word)) # Sort the characters of the word

if sorted_word in anagram_dict:

anagram_dict[sorted_word].append(word) # Add the word to the existing list of anagrams

else:

anagram_dict[sorted_word] = [word] # Create a new list of anagrams for the sorted word

for key in anagram_dict:

print(anagram_dict[key])

# Example usage

word_list = ['cat', 'dog', 'tac', 'god', 'act', 'good']

print_anagrams_together(word_list)

Output:

['cat', 'tac', 'act']

['dog', 'god']

['good']

[Link] the frequencies in a list using dictionary in python.

def count_frequencies(lst):

freq_dict = {}

for element in lst:

if element in freq_dict:

freq_dict[element] += 1

else:
 freq_dict[element] = 1

return freq_dict

# Example usage

my_list = [1, 2, 3, 2, 1, 3, 3, 4, 5, 4, 4, 4]

frequency_dict = count_frequencies(my_list)

print(frequency_dict)

Output:

{1: 2, 2: 2, 3: 3, 4: 4, 5: 1}

[Link] Tuples if similar initial element.

def join_tuples(tuples):

result = []

tuples_dict = {}

for t in tuples:

key = t[0]

if key in tuples_dict:

tuples_dict[key] += t[1:]

else:

tuples_dict[key] = list(t[1:])

for key in tuples_dict:

[Link]((key, ) + tuple(tuples_dict[key]))

return result

# Example usage

tuples_list = [(1, 'apple'), (2, 'banana'), (1, 'orange'), (3, 'mango'), (2, 'grape')]

joined_tuples = join_tuples(tuples_list)

print(joined_tuples)

Output:

[(1, 'apple', 'orange'), (2, 'banana', 'grape'), (3, 'mango')]

[Link] digits from Tuple list.

def extract_digits(tuples):
 digits = []

for t in tuples:

for element in t:

if isinstance(element, int):

[Link](element)

return digits

# Example usage

tuples_list = [('apple', 1, 'orange'), (2, 'banana', 3), (4, 5, 'grape')]

digit_list = extract_digits(tuples_list)

print(digit_list)

Output:

[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

[Link] number of characters, words, spaces and lines in a file.

def count_file_statistics(filename):

num_chars = 0

num_words = 0

num_spaces = 0

num_lines = 0

with open(filename, 'r') as file:

for line in file:

num_chars += len(line)

num_words += len([Link]())

num_spaces += [Link](' ')

num_lines += 1

return num_chars, num_words, num_spaces, num_lines

# Example usage

filename = '[Link]' # Replace with the actual filename

char_count, word_count, space_count, line_count = count_file_statistics(filename)

print("Character count:", char_count)

print("Word count:", word_count)

print("Space count:", space_count)

print("Line count:", line_count)

[Link] for Sieve of Eratosthenes.
def sieve_of_eratosthenes(n):

# Create a boolean array "is_prime[0..n]" and initialize

# all entries it as true. A value in is_prime[i] will

# finally be false if i is Not a prime, else true.

is_prime = [True] * (n + 1)

primes = []

p=2

while p * p <= n:

# If is_prime[p] is not changed, then it is a prime

if is_prime[p] == True:

# Update all multiples of p

for i in range(p * p, n + 1, p):

is_prime[i] = False

p += 1

# Append all prime numbers to the 'primes' list

for p in range(2, n + 1):

if is_prime[p]:
 [Link](p)

return primes

# Example usage

limit = 30

prime_numbers = sieve_of_eratosthenes(limit)

print("Prime numbers up to", limit, ":")

print(prime_numbers)

Output:

Prime numbers up to 30 :

[2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29]