DHANALAKSHMI SRINIVASAN

COLLEGE OFENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

ECR, MAMALLAPURAM, CHENNAI-603 104

QUESTION BANK

SUB CODE: EC8395

SUB NAME: COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

UNIT I ANALOG MODULATION 9

Amplitude Modulation – AM, DSBSC, SSBSC, VSB – PSD, modulators and demodulators – Angle
modulation – PM and FM – PSD, modulators and demodulators – Superheterodyne receivers

PART A (2 Marks)

1. State the need for modulation.

2. Define the modulation index of FM.
3. Draw the frequency spectrum of AM.
4. What is super heterodyne receiver?
5. Obtain the relationship between phase and frequency modulation.
6. Mention the advantages and disadvantages of SSB transmission
7. Summarize modulation coefficient and percent modulation
8. Describe the envelope of AM waveform and its significance?
9. A carrier signal with power of 40 watts is amplitude modulated by a sinusoidal signal.
Calculate the power of the modulated signal if the modulation index is 0.7.
10. Interpret pre-emphasis? How is it used to improve the signal to noise ratio of the FM
transmission?
11. When a super heterodyne receiver is tuned 555 kHz, its local oscillator provides the mixer with
an input at 1010 kHz. Calculate the image frequency.

12. Compare AM and FM.

13. Explain Carson’s rule of FM bandwidth.
14. A 107.6 MHz carrier is frequency modulated by a 7 kHz sine wave. The resultant FM signal has a
frequency derivation of 50 kHz. Analyse the modulation index of the FM wave.
15. AM Transmitter radiates 9 kW with the unmodulated carrier and 10.125 kW when the carrier is
modulated. Estimate the modulation index
 16. The carrier frequency of a broadcast signal is 100 MHz. The maximum frequency deviation is 75
kHz. If the highest audio frequency modulating the carrier is limited to 15 kHz, formulate
the approximate bandwidth of the modulating signal?

PART – B (13 Marks)

1. (i) Identify an Expression for the amplitude modulated wave, its current and power relations. (9)
(ii)How would you explain double conversion AM receiver? (4)

2. With the neat circuit diagram explain the operation of round travis detector and ratio
detector.(13)

3. i) Describe a method of generating of an amplitude modulated signal and sketch the time domain
waveform of message, carrier and modulated signals. (8)
ii) Name the methods used for suppression of unwanted sideband in AM transmission? Discuss the
working of any one of them. (5)

4. i) Draw the block diagram for generation and demodulation of a VSB signal and explain the
principle of operation. (8)
ii) How FM is generated with the help of varactor diode? Explain with the help of neat diagram.(5)

5. i) Explain a method of generating a DSBSC using balanced modulators. (7)

ii) Discuss the principle of AM super heterodyne receiver with block diagram. (6)

6. i) With suitable sketch discuss about Envelope and square law detector.(7)
ii) Demonstrate high level and low level transmitters. (6)

7. i) Interpret the expressions for narrowband and Wideband FM wave.(8)

ii) Relate the circuit diagram of FET reactance modulator with its operation.(5)

8. Illustrate the Armstrong method of FM generation and compare NBFM and WBFM. (13)

9. Analyse the operation of Foster-seeley discriminator with the Schematic diagram and Vector
diagrams (13)

10. Discuss two transmitters that generate FM by modulating the carrier frequency directly(13)

11. A telephone transmitter using AM has unmodulated carrier output power of 20 kW and can be
modulated to a maximum depth of 80% by a sinusoidal modulating voltage without causing overloading.
Evaluate the value to which unmodulated carrier power may be increased without resulting in
overloading if the maximum permitted modulation index is restricted to 60%. (13)

PART – C (15 Marks)

1. i) Summarize the operation of diode detector in the process of demodulating of AM Signal. (8)
ii) Discuss the Armstrong method for the generation of FM Signal.(7)

2. i) Derive the expression for the power calculation in DSB-SC –AM wave. (8)
ii) A broadcast transmitter radiates 20KW when the modulation percentage is 75%.
Calculate carrier power and power of each sidebands.(7)
 3. Construct frequency discrimination method of generating SSB modulated wave and a method
to demodulate it. Discuss the design issues involved in this method of generation. What is the
cause and effect of phase error in demodulated signal? (15)

4. Compare the various analog communication systems with appropriate waveforms and
expressions. (15)

UNITII PULSE MODULATION 9

Low pass sampling theorem – Quantization – PAM – Line coding – PCM, DPCM, DM, and
ADPCM And ADM, Channel Vocoder – Time Division Multiplexing, Frequency Division Multiplexing

PART – A (2 Marks)

1. List out the few demerits of DPCM.

2. Define sampling theorem.
3. What is the principle of delta modulation?
4. Describe the methods of pulse modulation?
5. Illustrate the term slope overload noise.
6. How would you explain aliasing?
7. State Nyquist rate and Nyquist interval.
8. Compare between PAM and PWM.
9. Can you elaborate on Companding?

PART – B (13 Marks)

1. .i) Explain PCM systems with neat diagram.(8)

ii) Evaluate the process of “Companding” and its Characteristics(5)

2. With a neat block diagram, describe the PAM modulation and demodulation process and develop
an expression for PAM wave.(8)

3. With neat sketch explain the generation of DM signals. State the drawbacks of DM and suggest a
method to correct it. (13)

4. How does ADM differ from DM, Support your answer with block diagram and waveform.(6)

5. Explain DPCM with required diagram. How does it differ from PCM?(13)

6. Tell about uniform quantization, noise and SNR in PCM.(7)

7. State and prove sampling theorem. Obtain the reconstructed signal and explain about aliasing?
(13)
8. Explain channel vocoder in detail (13)

PART – C (15 Marks)

[Link] information in an analog signal voltage waveform is to be transmitted over a PCM system with an
accuracy of ± 0.1% (full scale). The analog voltage waveform has a bandwidth of 100Hz and an
amplitude range of -10 to +10V.
(i) Predict the maximum sampling rate require. (4)
(ii) Invent the number of bits in each PCM word. (4)
(iii) Generate the minimum bit required in the PCM signal. (4)
(iv)Design the minimum absolute channel bandwidth required for the
transmission of the PCM signal. (3)

2.i)Explain in detail Time division multiplexing and Frequency division multiplexing. (8)
ii)Compare and contrast TDM and FDM (7)

UNIT III DIGITAL MODULATION AND TRANSMISSION 9

Phase shift keying – BPSK, DPSK, QPSK – Principles of M-ary signaling M-ary PSK & QAM –
Comparison, ISI – Pulse shaping – Duo binary encoding – Cosine filters – Eye pattern, equalizers

PART – A (2 Marks)

[Link] the primary differences between QPSK and MSK systems.

[Link] are the elements of digital communication systems?
[Link] the difference between coherent and non-coherent receiver.
[Link] the advantages of GMSK.
[Link] ASK, FSK, PSK signal for the data stream 1101001.
[Link] the advantages of QPSK.
[Link] why binary ASK is called on-off keying?
[Link] the performance of FSK and PSK based on power and BW efficiency.
[Link] the minimum bandwidth for a BPSk modulator with a carrier frequency 40MHz and
an input bit rate of 500kbps.
[Link] ISI
[Link] is pulse shaping?

PART – B (13 Marks)

[Link] the advantages of digital carrier system and describe MSK techniques with neat diagram.(13)
[Link] in detail the applications of digital modulation techniques. (7)
ii) Briefly describe the concept of QAM and draw the constellation diagram of 16 QAM.(6)

3. Explain with the block diagram QPSK Transmitter and Receiver. Also analyse about the
bandwidth considerations for QPSK.(13)

4. With a neat block diagram, explain BPSK transmitter and receiver. Also analyse the spectrum
and bandwidth considerations of BPSK. (13)

5. (i) Describe in detail Frequency shift keying method with necessary diagrams.(7)

(ii) Discuss GMSK with advantages and disadvantages. (6)

6. (i) Discuss about the working principle of ASK modulator and detector with neat diagram (6)

ii) What is DPSK? Discuss its operation with the required diagrams.(7)
7.(i) Compare between ASK, BPSK, QPSK and FSK digital modulation techniques(7)

(ii) Represent QPSK signals in the signal space to find the distance between the signal points. Give the
spectrum of QPSK signal.(6)

[Link] in detail the Duo binary encoding

[Link] the working of cosine filters

PART C(MARKS)

[Link] the transmitter and receiver block diagram of Binary Phase shift keying scheme and compare its
error performance with Binary Frequency Shift keying scheme.(15)
2.i) Explain the QPSK modulation schemes with its constellation diagram.(10)
ii) Briefly describe the concept of QAM and draw the constellation diagram of QAM.(5)
3.i) A data bit sequence consists of the following string of bits10 11 10 10. Evaluate and draw the nature
of waveform transmitted by BPSK transmitter.(8)
(ii) For an 8 PSK modulator with an input data rate equal to10 Mbps & a carrier frequency of 70 MHz,
measure minimum double sided Nyquist bw, Baud rate, Sketch the output spectrum. Judge the results
with BPSK & QPSK modulators.(7)
[Link] would you compare the various digital communication systems?(15)

5..Explain in detail the eye pattern and equalizers.(15)

UNIT IV INFORMATION THEORY AND CODING 9

Measure of information – Entropy – Source coding theorem – Shannon–Fano coding, Huffman

Coding, LZ Coding – Channel capacity – Shannon-Hartley law – Shannon’s limit – Error control
codes – Cyclic codes, Syndrome calculation – Convolution Coding, Sequential and Viterbi
decoding

PART – A (2 Marks)

1. What is entropy and give its mathematical equation.

2. Define source coding. State the significance of source coding
3. Draw the NRZ and RZ waveform for the pulse stream10101011.
4. Name few error control codes.
5. Why is Huffman code called as minimum redundancy code?
6. Describe information rate?
7. Outline the features of convolutional code?
8. An event has six possible outcomes with probabilities {1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, 1/32, 1/32}. Solve for
the entropy of the system.
9. Interpret how many errors can be detected and corrected by a(7, 4) Hamming code?

10. Calculate the amount of information if 𝑝𝑘=1/4.

 11. Compare block and convolution codes.
12. Evaluate the Hamming distance between the following code words C1={1,0,0,0,1,1,1} and
C2={0,0,0,1,0,1,1}.
13. Explain the disadvantages of convolutional codes
14. How would you list the main methods used for error control coding
15. Can you elaborate on syndrome?

PART – B (13 Marks)

[Link] Shannon’s Fano algorithm and Huffman coding with a suitable example. (13)
[Link] convolutional coding with time domain and transform domain approach. (13)
[Link] the properties of entropy. (8)
[Link] about the Viterbi algorithm by showing the possible path through the trellis of a coder.
Assume the state diagram of any coder. (13)
[Link] symbols of the alphabet of discrete memory less source and their probabilities are given below,
S={S0, S1,S2,S3,S4) P(S)={0.4,0.19,0.16,0.15,0.15}. Code the symbols using Huffman coding and
Shannon Fano coding and compare the efficiency. (13)
6. The parity check matrix of a particular (7,4) linear block code is given by, [𝐻]=[111110 101
010101100 0 0 1]
i) Find the generator matrix (G).
ii) List all the code vectors.
iii) What is the minimum distance between code vectors?
iv) How many errors can be detected? How many errors can be corrected? (13)

7. Write short notes on :

i) Code tree, trellis and state diagram for convolutional encoder. (7)
ii) Sequential decoding for convolutional codes. (6)
8i) Compare Linear and Convolution codes. (4)
ii) Analyse the conditions which hamming codes has to satisfy. (4)
iii) Explain the following terms Code efficiency, Channel data rate and code rate. (5)

9. A rate 1/3 convolution encoder has generating vectors as g1=(1 0 0) , g2=(1 1 1) and g3 = (1 0 1)
i) Sketch the encoder configuration. (7)
ii) Draw the code tree, state diagram and trellis diagram. (6)

PART – C (15 Marks)

[Link] source of information A generates the symbols {A0, A1, A2, A3 & A4} with the corresponding
probabilities {0.4, 0.3, 0.15, 0.1 and 0.05}. Encoding the source symbols using binary encoder and
Shannon-Fano encoder and compare its efficiency. (15)

2. i) Predict the main idea of Source Coding Theorem with suitable examples. (8)
ii) The binary erasure channel has two inputs and three outputs. The inputs are labeled 0
and 1, and the outputs are labeled 0, 1 and e. A fraction α of the incoming bits are erased
by the channel. Measure the capacity of the channel. (7)
The generator polynomial of a (15, 11) Hamming code is given by (𝑋)=1+𝑋+ 𝑋2. Design encoder and
syndrome calculator for this code using systematic form.
(15)

UNIT V SPREAD SPECTRUM AND MULTIPLE ACCESS 9

PN sequences – properties – m-sequence – DSSS – Processing gain, Jamming – FHSS –

Synchronisation and tracking – Multiple Access – FDMA, TDMA, CDMA,

PART A (2 Marks)

1. List the primary applications of FDMA.

[Link] about DSSS technique
[Link] Pseudo noise sequence.
[Link] out the merits of TDMA system.
[Link] CDMA technique.
[Link] out the merits of FDMA system.
[Link] about FHSS technique.
[Link] the applications of multiple access techniques in wired communication.
[Link] SS techniques based on modulation employed.
[Link] about the working principle of TDMA.
[Link] briefly about FDMA.
12. Summarize the application of spread spectrum modulation
13. Compare TDMA and FDMA.
14. Difference between multiple access and multiplexing.
15. Give the advantage of CDMA system.

PART –B (13 Marks)

1. (i) Distinguish between FDMA and TDMA technique. (8)

(ii) Explain the application of CDMA in wireless communication. (5)

2. State the need for spread spectrum modulation and explain its operation with neat block diagram.
(13)
3. List out various multiple access techniques and explain any two in detail. (13)
4. Explain the principle of operation of direct sequence spread spectrum with its noise performance
parameters. How pseudo noise is generated? (13)
 5. With neat block diagram explain the frequency division multiple access technique. Discuss its
application in communication. (13)
6. What is Code Division Multiple Access technique in detail and mention its merits and demerits.
(13)
7. Explain the principle of operation of FHSS with necessary diagrams. (13)
8. How is interference avoided by using code division multiplexing? Explain. (7)
9. (i) Compare the performance of TDMA, FDMA and CDMA. (8)
(ii)Describe briefly about the applications of SS modulation. (5)

10. Illustrate the operation of a typical TDMA system with neat block diagram. And compare it with
FDMA. (13)

11. Demonstrate how TDMA is used in mobile communication. (13)

12. Draw the block diagram and explain in detail the model of spread spectrum digital
communication system. (13)

13. Classify SS modulation technique based upon the operating concept and explain in detail DSSS
and FHSS. (13)

PART – C (15 Marks)

1. i) Validate the properties of Pseudo noise sequences. (5)
ii) Summarize the direct sequence spread spectrum techniques with neat block diagram. (10)

2. i) A spread spectrum communication system is characterised by the following parameters Tb=4.09ms,

Tc=1μs. Propose the processing gain and jamming margin if Eb/N0=20 and the average probability of
error Pe=0.5×10-5. (5)
ii) A PN sequence generator using a feedback shift register of length 4. If the chip rate is 108
chips/sec. Calculate the chip and PN sequence duration. (5)
iii) A slow FH/MFSK system has the following paramters: The number of bits/MFSK symbol=4, The
number of MFSK symbol per hop =10. Estimate the processing gain in dB. (5)

3. i) In the AMPS system, the system bandwidth is 12.5mHz, the channel spacing is 30KHz, and the edge
guard spacing is 10KHz. The number of channel allocated for control signalling is 21. Evaluate
a) The number of channels available for message transmission.
b) Spectral efficiency of FDMA. (8)
ii) If a normal GSM time slot consists of six trailing bits, 8.25 guard bits 26 training bits, and two traffic
bursts of 58 bits of data, find the frame efficiency? (7)

4. Discuss in detail the multiple access techniques that are used in wireless communications. What
difference is taken into account here as the channel is now wireless? (15)