🔬 SCIENCE BULLET NOTES
🌱 Biology
Cell is the basic unit of life.
Nucleus = control center; Mitochondria = powerhouse; Ribosomes = protein synthesis.
Photosynthesis: process in plants using sunlight, CO₂, and water → produces glucose +
O₂.
Circulatory system: Heart pumps blood through arteries (away from heart) and veins (to
the heart).
White blood cells = defense; Red blood cells = oxygen transport; Platelets = clotting.
Genetics: Gregor Mendel = Father of Genetics; DNA carries genetic information.
⚗️Chemistry
Matter: anything that has mass and occupies space.
3 States of Matter: Solid (fixed shape/volume), Liquid (fixed volume, no fixed shape),
Gas (no fixed shape/volume).
Atom: smallest unit of matter; made of protons (+), neutrons (0), electrons (–).
Element = pure substance with one type of atom (e.g., O, H, Na).
Compound = made of 2 or more elements chemically combined (e.g., H₂O, CO₂).
Law of Conservation of Mass: Matter cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
⚡ Physics
Force: a push or pull; SI unit = Newton (N).
Newton’s 3 Laws of Motion:
1. Inertia – object at rest stays at rest, object in motion stays in motion.
2. F = m × a (force = mass × acceleration).
3. Action–reaction: every action has an equal and opposite reaction.
Energy: capacity to do work; forms include kinetic (motion) and potential (stored).
Work = Force × Distance.
Speed = Distance ÷ Time; Velocity = Speed with direction.
🌍 Earth Science
Layers of the Earth: Crust, Mantle, Outer Core, Inner Core.
Rocks: Igneous (from cooled magma/lava), Sedimentary (compressed sediments),
Metamorphic (heat/pressure).
Water Cycle: Evaporation → Condensation → Precipitation → Collection.
Weather vs. Climate: Weather = short-term; Climate = long-term average.
Planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.
Renewable resources = solar, wind, water; Nonrenewable = fossil fuels, minerals.