History Notes – The French Revolution (1789)
The French Revolution was a major turning point in European history, beginning in 1789 and
lasting until 1799. It marked the rise of democratic ideals, the fall of absolute monarchy, and the
birth of modern political thought.
Causes
1. Social Inequality: France’s population was divided into three estates. The First Estate
(clergy) and Second Estate (nobility) enjoyed privileges, while the Third Estate
(commoners) carried heavy taxes.
2. Economic Crisis: France faced debt from wars, including the American Revolution, and
lavish spending by the monarchy.
3. Enlightenment Ideas: Philosophers like Rousseau and Voltaire encouraged liberty,
equality, and fraternity.
4. Weak Monarchy: King Louis XVI’s indecisiveness and extravagance worsened the
situation.
Key Events
1789: The Estates-General met; the Third Estate declared itself the National Assembly.
Storming of the Bastille (14 July 1789): A symbol of royal tyranny was destroyed.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen: Asserted equality and natural
rights.
Reign of Terror (1793–1794): Led by Robespierre, thousands were executed.
Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte: In 1799, Napoleon seized power, ending the revolution.
Outcomes
The monarchy was abolished.
Feudal privileges ended.
Revolutionary ideals spread across Europe.
Inspired future revolutions, including in Latin America.
Conclusion
The French Revolution reshaped France and influenced the entire world. Its ideals of liberty,
equality, and fraternity continue to inspire movements for freedom and justice today.