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Class X Science Sample Question Paper

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100% found this document useful (1 vote)

9 views195 pages

Class X Science Sample Question Paper

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ankitsharma835397

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

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SCIENCE – Code no.

086
SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER*
CLASS – X (2025-26)
Max. Marks: 80 Time Allowed: 3 hours
General Instructions:
(i) This question paper consists of 39 questions in 3 sections. Section A is Biology,
Section B is Chemistry and Section C is Physics.
(ii) All questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice is provided in some
questions. A student is expected to attempt only one of these questions.

Section – A Marks

1 Select the group in which all organisms have the same mode of nutrition. 1
A. Cuscuta, yeast, legumes, leeches and tapeworm
B. Cactus, ticks, lice, leeches and cow
C. Cuscuta, ticks, lice, leeches and tapeworm
D. Cactus, grass, lice, lion and tapeworm

2 Which of the following options indicates the products formed after breakdown 1
of the glucose in our muscle cells when there is lack of oxygen?
A. Ethanol + carbon dioxide + Energy
B. Lactic acid + Energy
C. Lactic acid + carbon monoxide + Energy
D. Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy

3 Which of the following is a correct combination of function and part of the 1

brain?
A. Posture and balance: Cerebrum
B. Salivation: Medulla in midbrain
C. Hunger: Pons in hindbrain
D. Blood pressure: Medulla in hindbrain

4 The blood glucose level in a patient was very high. It may be due to 1
inadequate secretion of:
A. growth hormone from pituitary gland
B. oestrogen from ovary
C. insulin from pituitary gland
D. insulin from pancreas

5 In a cross between black furred rabbit (B) and white furred rabbit (b), all 1
offspring were found to have black fur. What can be inferred about the genetic
makeup of the parent rabbits?
A. BB X bb
B. Bb X Bb
C. Bb X bb
D. bb X bb
*Please note that the assessment scheme of the Academic Session 2024-25 will continue in the current session
i.e. 2025-26.
6 Which are the correct statements related to ozone? 1
(i) Ozone layer helps in increasing the UV radiations reaching earth.
(ii) Ozone is a deadly poison.
(iii) Ozone layer shields the earth from UV radiations.
(iv) Ozone layer prevents UV rays which cause skin cancer.
(v) Ozone is formed with the help of Chloroflurocarbons.

A. (i), (ii), (iii)

B. (ii), (iii), (iv)
C. (iii), (iv), (v)
D. (i), (iv), (v)

7 Which of the following human activities has resulted in an increase of non- 1

biodegradable substances?
A. Organic farming
B. Increase in tree plantation
C. Use of plastic as packaging material
D. Composting of kitchen waste

The following two questions consist of two statements – Assertion (A) and Reason (R).
Answer these questions by selecting the appropriate option given below:
A. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true but R is false.
D. A is false but R is true.

8 Assertion (A): Tallness of a pea plant is controlled by an enzyme. 1

Reason (R): The gene for that enzyme makes proteins which help the plant to
be tall.

9 Assertion (A): Vulture will always have the least amount of pesticides in a food 1
chain.
Reason (R): Vulture occupies the last trophic level and it gets only 10% of
energy of the previous trophic level.

10 Unlike animals, plants do not have any excretory products as they do not eat 2
food. Comment upon the statement with justification.

11 Students to attempt either option A or B. 2

A. How many chambers are there in the heart of the following organisms?
How is mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood prevented in their
body?
(i) Fishes
(ii) Humans
OR
B. Explain the mechanism by which the water is transported in plants?

12 About 100 acres of forest land was declared as Natural reserve park. The 2
following organisms were predominant in the Natural reserve park:

*Please note that the assessment scheme of the Academic Session 2024-25 will continue in the current session
i.e. 2025-26.
rabbit, frog, grass, fish, fox, water insects, zebra, peacock, snake, trees, bird,
owl, insects, tiger, vulture, duck.
Create a food web comprising two separate food chains with different
producers by using the above data.

13 Draw and explain how the nerve cells help in transmission of impulses? 3

14 In a genetic experiment, plants with pure round green seeds (RRyy) were 3
crossed with plants with wrinkled yellow seeds (rrYY).
(i) Show the gametes formed when F1 was self-pollinated.
(ii) A total of 144 seeds were produced which developed into saplings.
Show the ratio in which these traits are independently inherited in
these144 sapling.

15 Neha consumed boiled sweet potatoes and boiled eggs for breakfast. Help her 4
to understand some steps in the process of digestion of the food taken by her
by answering the questions given below.
Attempt either subpart A or B.
A. Which of these food items is rich in proteins? In which part of the
alimentary canal is the digestion of this component initiated? Name the
enzymes, conditions required and the glands associated with the
digestion here.
OR
B. Which of these food items contains fats? How is it digested?
C. Which of these food items is rich in starch? How is its digestion initiated?
D. The figure given below represents parts of the human alimentary canal.
Which of these parts will have the maximum amount of digested food as
soon as the process of digestion is completed?

*Please note that the assessment scheme of the Academic Session 2024-25 will continue in the current session
i.e. 2025-26.
For visually impaired students
D. How will the digested food be taken up by the alimentary canal?

16 Attempt either option A or B. 5

A. Puneet wanted to grow banana plants.
(i) Based on your knowledge on plant reproduction should he opt for seeds
or any alternate method of reproduction. Justify your answer.
(ii) Offsprings of a banana plant usually show very little variation. What
causes variation and are variations good or bad? Justify.
OR
B. Annie was conducting research on the number of fruits produced by
watermelon under different conditions. She grew 25 watermelon plants
each in both glass house A and B. She introduced pollinators in glass
house A only.
(i) What difference will she observe in the number of fruits produced in the
two glass houses? Explain with reason.
(ii) List 3 changes that will occur in a flower once it gets fertilized.

Section – B

17 Which of the following equations represent redox reactions and what are the
values for ‘p’ and ‘q’ in these equations? 1
Equation 1: Fe2O3(s) + 2Al(s) Al2O3 (s) + p Fe(l) + heat
Equation 2: 2C4H10(g) + 13O2(g) △ 8CO2(g)+ q H2O(g)
A. Only equation 1 is a redox reaction, p =1 and q=3
B. Both equations 1 and 2 are redox reactions, p= 2 and q=4
C. Only equation 2 is a redox reaction, p= 2 and q= 10
D. Both equations 1 and 2 are redox reactions, p= 2 and q=10

18 Four statements about the reactions of oxides with dilute hydrochloric acid and
aqueous sodium hydroxide are listed. 1
I. Aluminium oxide reacts with both dilute hydrochloric acid and aqueous
sodium hydroxide.
II. Calcium oxide reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid and aqueous sodium
hydroxide.
III. Zinc oxide reacts with both dilute hydrochloric acid and aqueous sodium
hydroxide.
IV. Sulphur dioxide does not react with either dilute hydrochloric acid or
aqueous sodium hydroxide.
Which statements are correct?
A. I and II
B. I and III
C. II and IV
D. III and IV

*Please note that the assessment scheme of the Academic Session 2024-25 will continue in the current session
i.e. 2025-26.
19 An iron nail is added to each of the two test tubes ‘P’ and ‘Q’ containing
aqueous copper (II) sulphate, and aqueous silver nitrate respectively. Which of 1
the following observation is correct?
A. In test tube ‘P’ iron nail is coated with a blue coating and in test tube ‘Q’
there is no reaction.
B. Iron nail is coated with a brown coating in test tube ‘P’ and silver coating
in test tube ‘Q’.
C. There is no reaction in either of the test tubes ‘P’ or ‘Q’.
D. There is no reaction in test tube ‘P’ but a silver coating on iron nail is
seen in test tube ‘Q’.

20 Methyl orange is added to dilute hydrochloric acid and to aqueous sodium

hydroxide. What is the colour of the methyl orange in each solution? 1

Sample colour in dilute colour in aqueous

hydrochloric acid sodium hydroxide
A Orange Red
B Red Yellow
C Red Orange
D Yellow Red

21 Which of the following substances when dissolved in equal volume of water,

will have the highest pH value? 1
A. Sulphuric acid
B. Acetic acid
C. Magnesium hydroxide
D. Sodium hydroxide

22 When excess of carbon dioxide is passed through lime water, the milkiness
disappears because 1
A. water soluble calcium carbonate converts to water soluble calcium
bicarbonate.
B. insoluble calcium carbonate converts to water soluble calcium
bicarbonate.
C. water soluble calcium carbonate converts to insoluble calcium
bicarbonate.
D. insoluble calcium carbonate converts to insoluble calcium bicarbonate.

23 In the reaction of aqueous solution of barium chloride with aqueous solution of 1

sodium sulphate, the aqueous solution formed will be:
A. BaCl2
B. BaSO4
C. Na2SO4
D. NaCl

The following question consists of two statements – Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Answer
these questions by selecting the appropriate option given below:
A. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct explanation of A.
*Please note that the assessment scheme of the Academic Session 2024-25 will continue in the current session
i.e. 2025-26.
C. A is true but R is false.
D. A is false but R is true.

24 Assertion (A): C4H8, C4H6 and C4H10 are members of the same homologous 1
series
Reason (R): C4H8, C4H6, C3H4, C3H6, C2H4, C2H2 are unsaturated
hydrocarbons.

25 The following activity is set-up in the science lab by the teacher. 2

He clamped an aluminium wire on a stand and fixed a pin to the free end of
the wire using wax. Then he heated the wire with a burner from the end where
the wire is clamped. Students observed the pin fall off.

A. If the teacher replaces aluminium wire by silver wire, will the students’
observation change? Justify your answer.
B. Will the aluminium wire melt? Give reason for your answer.

26 Attempt either option A or B.

3
A. An element ‘X’ is stored in kerosene, and cannot be extracted from its ore
using a reducing agent. ‘X’ forms an ionic compound on reaction with
chlorine.
(i) Can we store ‘X’ in water? Give reason to support your answer.
(ii) Identify element ‘X’. Name the process used and write the equation for
extraction of ‘X’ from its ore.
OR
B. The domes of many building in Europe are made of copper. These domes
now appear greenish in colour.
(i) Why do the domes appear greenish though copper is orange-red in
colour?
(ii) In your opinion, should the copper domes be replaced by iron domes to
overcome the problem of change of colour of copper domes?
(iii) Domes used to be made from thin sheets of metals. Why did the ancient
architects use copper to make domes?

27 Amrita electrolysed distilled water using the set-up shown in figure 1. She was 3
expecting two gases to be evolved at the anode and cathode respectively

*Please note that the assessment scheme of the Academic Session 2024-25 will continue in the current session
i.e. 2025-26.
Fig.1
Suddenly, she realised that the bulb in the circuit did not glow when she used
distilled water (figure 2)

Fig. 2
After this realization, she added a substance to the distilled water for
electrolysis to take place.
Answer the following questions based on the information given above:
A. Which gas was she expecting to be formed at the anode and which one
at the cathode respectively?
B. Why did the bulb not glow when Amrita passed electricity through
distilled water?
C. Which substance was added by Amrita to distilled water to get the
expected result?
-------------------
For visually impaired students
Identify the type of reaction:
A. ZnO + C Zn + CO
B. ZnCO3 heat ZnO + CO2
C. 2Mg + O2 2 MgO + heat

28 Sara took 2 mL of dilute NaOH solution in a test tube and added two drops of 4
phenolphthalein solution to it. The solution turned pink in colour. She added
dilute H2SO4 to the above solution drop by drop until the solution in the test
tube became colourless. 40 drops of dilute H2SO4 were used for the change in

*Please note that the assessment scheme of the Academic Session 2024-25 will continue in the current session
i.e. 2025-26.
colour from pink to colourless. When Sara added a drop of NaOH to the
solution, the colour changed to back to pink again.
Sara now tried the activity with different volumes of NaOH and recorded her
observation in the table given below:

S. No. Volume of dil. Drops of dil.

NaOH taken (mL) H2SO4 used
1 2 20
2 3 30
3 4 40
Answer the following questions based on the above information:
A. If Sara used concentrated H2SO4 in place of dilute H2SO4, how many drops
will be required for the change in colour to be observed?
(a) 40
(b) < 40
(c) >40
Justify your answer.
B. Sara measured 20 drops of dil. H2SO4 and found its volume to be 1 mL. If
Sara observed a change in colour of NaoH solution by using 3 mL of
H2SO4, how many mL of NaOH did she add to the test tube initially?
OR
Sara takes 10 drops of dilute H2SO4 in the test tube and adds two drops of
phenolphthalein solution to it. Then she adds NaOH dropwise. Sara
observes a change in colour after adding 20 drops of NaOH. What change
in colour would she observe and why?
C. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction taking place in the
above experiment. Which of the following is true and why? The reaction is
a
(a) neutralisation and double displacement reaction
(b) neutralisation and precipitation reaction
(c) precipitation and double displacement reaction
(d) neutralisation, double displacement as well as precipitation reaction.

29 Attempt either option A or B. 5

A. A hydrocarbon with the formula CxHy undergoes complete combustion as
shown in the following equation:
2CxHy + 9O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O.
(a) What are the values of ‘x’ and ‘y’?
(b) Give the chemical (IUPAC) name of the hydrocarbon.
(c) Draw its electron dot structure.
(d) Name the alcohol which on heating with conc. H2SO4 will produce the
above hydrocarbon CxHy.

*Please note that the assessment scheme of the Academic Session 2024-25 will continue in the current session
i.e. 2025-26.
(e) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction of CxHy with
hydrogen gas in presence of Nickel.
OR
B. The electronic structures of atoms P and Q are shown below

Based on the information given above, answer the following questions:

(a) If P and Q combine to form a compound, what type of bond is formed
between them?
(b) Give the chemical formula of the compound formed.
(c) The compound so formed is dissolved in water. Is the resultant solution
acidic or basic in nature? Justify your answer.
(d) Write the chemical equation for the reaction between ‘Q’ and ethanol.
(e) What will be the formula of the compound formed when ‘P’ undergoes
bonding with carbon?
-------------------
For visually impaired students
A. A hydrocarbon with the formula CxHy undergoes complete combustion as
shown in the following equation:
2CxHy + 9O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O.
(a) What are the values of ‘x’ and ‘y’?
(b) Give the chemical (IUPAC) name of the hydrocarbon.
(c) Is CxHy a saturated or an unsaturated hydrocarbon?
(d) Name the alcohol which on heating with conc. H2SO4 will produce the
above hydrocarbon CxHy.
(e) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction of CxHy with
hydrogen gas in presence of Nickel.
OR
B. Oxygen can combine with both metals and non-metals. It combines with
Calcium to form CaO and with carbon to form CO2.
(a) What type of bond is formed between carbon and oxygen?
(b) Identify the type of bond formed between Calcium and oxygen.
(c) Which of the above compounds will be a good conductor of electricity
in molten state and why?
(d) Comment on the physical state (solid, liquid or gas) of CaO and CO2.
(e) What is the valency of carbon in CO2?

*Please note that the assessment scheme of the Academic Session 2024-25 will continue in the current session
i.e. 2025-26.
Section – C

Arnav was making notes and he wrote down the following statements from his 1
30
understanding of reflection from curved surfaces.
I. Concave mirrors can produce both real and virtual images depending on
the position of the object.
II. Convex mirrors always produce real, inverted images regardless of the
object’s position.
III. In both concave and convex mirrors, the image location can be
1 1 1
determined using the mirror formula = + where f is the focal length,
𝑓 𝑣 𝑢
v is the image distance, and u is the object distance.
Choose from the following the correct option that lists the correct statements
about reflection from curved surfaces.
A. I and II
B. I, II and III
C. II and III
D. I and III

31 Choose the correct option from the below which explains the reason for us to 1
perceive the day sky as blue.
A. As sunlight passes through the atmosphere, shorter wavelengths, such
as blue are scattered more than other colors.
B. The sky appears blue because all colors are scattered equally, but
blue light is stronger and more visible to the human eye.
C. The blue color of the sky is due to longer wavelengths like red and
orange scattering more than shorter wavelengths, making blue stand
out more.
D. The atmosphere contains blue-colored particles that give the sky its
blue appearance.

The following question consists of two statements – Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Answer
these questions by selecting the appropriate option given below:
A. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true but R is false.
D. A is false but R is true.

32 Assertion (A): A point object is placed at a distance of 26 cm from a convex 1

mirror of focal length 26 cm. The image will not form at infinity.
1 1 1
Reason (R): For above given system the equation 𝑓 = 𝑣 + 𝑢 gives v = ∞.

*Please note that the assessment scheme of the Academic Session 2024-25 will continue in the current session
i.e. 2025-26.
33 2

The above image shows the formation of an image with an optical instrument.
A. Identify the optical instrument (shown schematically as a rectangle) in
the image.
B. What type of image is formed in this case?
C. Based on the measurements given in the image, calculate the focal
length of the instrument.
--------------
For visually impaired students
A. Under what conditions can a convex lens form a virtual image?
B. Why does a piece of paper catch fire if we allow sunlight to pass
through a convex lens onto the paper?

34 Attempt either option A or B. 2

Find out the following in the electric circuit given in the figure-
(i) Effective resistance of two 8 ohm resistors in the combination.
(ii) Current flowing through the 4-ohm resistor
OR

*Please note that the assessment scheme of the Academic Session 2024-25 will continue in the current session
i.e. 2025-26.
B.

Study the circuit and find out-

(i) Current in 12 ohm resistor
(ii) Difference in the readings of ammeter A1 and A2 if any
--------------
For visually impaired students
A. You are given four resistors each having resistance of R ohm. Find the
maximum and minimum resistance that can be made with these four
resistors.
OR
B. A copper wire has a length L=2 m, a cross-sectional area A=0.5 mm2, and
resistivity ρ=1.7×10−8 Ω-m. Calculate the resistance of another wire made
of the same material whose length is twice the length of the wire but has
the same cross-sectional area.

35 3

The above image shows a corrective measure for a particular defect of vision.
(i) Identify the defect of vision and state what kind of lens is used to correct
this deficiency.
(ii) Draw and label a ray diagram that shows the defect of vision in the above
case before correction.
--------------
For visually impaired students
(i) What is dispersion of light?
*Please note that the assessment scheme of the Academic Session 2024-25 will continue in the current session
i.e. 2025-26.
(ii) Explain the condition under which dispersion happens?
(iii) Give one reason that causes presbyopia.

36 A student needs to make a 0.12 Ω resistor. She has some copper wire of 0.80 3
mm diameter. Resistivity of copper is 1.8 × 10–8 Ωm
(i) Determine the cross-sectional area of the wire.
(ii) Calculate the length of wire required for the 0.12 Ω resistor.

37 Magnetic field lines are shown in the given diagram. A student makes a 3
statement that the magnetic field at X is stronger than at Y.
(i) Explain with reason if the student’s claim is correct.
(ii) Also redraw the diagram and mark the direction of magnetic field lines.

38 4

The above image is that of a Digital Single Lense Reflector (DSLR) Camera
which are used to take high resolution photographs by professional
photographers. The second image of the above two is a schematic diagram of
how an image is formed on the sensor of the camera. Based on your
understanding of the lenses, answer the following questions.
A. What type of lens is used in the DSLR camera shown in the image?
B. What type of image is formed on the sensor?
Attempt either subpart C or D.
C. A photographer is using a DSLR camera with a lens of focal length
f=50 mm to take a close-up photograph of a small object. The lens
projects an image onto the camera sensor that is located 60 mm behind
the lens. Calculate the object distance (i.e., the distance between the
object and the lens).

*Please note that the assessment scheme of the Academic Session 2024-25 will continue in the current session
i.e. 2025-26.
OR
D. A photographer is using a DSLR camera to take a picture of a flower.
The flower is positioned 150 mm away from the camera lens. The actual
height of the flower is 80 mm, and the image height formed on the
camera’s sensor is measured to be 20 mm. Calculate the focal length of
the camera lens.
For visually impaired students
Zarina worked as an apprentice in a factory where flashlights and solar cookers
are made. She learnt to make the circuits, the design of the light-box and light
concentrators of the solar cookers as well. She learnt the uses of lenses in
making all those tools. Based on your understanding of lenses, answer the
following questions.
A. What kind of lenses are used in the flashlight and light concentrator of the
solar-cooker?
B. Give reasons for your choices in your answer for part A.
Attempt either subpart C or D.
C. An object is placed 40 cm away from a lens which is normally used in a
solar-cooker. The image formed is twice the size of the object. Calculate
the focal length of the lens.
OR
D. An object is placed 20 cm in front of a lens which is used in a flashlight,
and the image is formed 10 cm away from the lens on the same side as
the object. Calculate the focal length of the lens.

39 Attempt either option A or B. 5

The arrangement of resistors shown in the above figure is connected to a

battery.;
The power dissipation in the 100 Ω resistor is 81 W. Calculate
(i) the current in the circuit
(ii) the reading in the voltmeter V2
(iii) the reading in the voltmeter V1

*Please note that the assessment scheme of the Academic Session 2024-25 will continue in the current session
i.e. 2025-26.
OR
B.

An electric heater consists of three similar heating elements A, B and C,

connected as shown in the figure above. Each heating element is rated as 1.2
kW, 240 V and has constant resistance. S1, S2 and S3 are respective
switches.
The circuit is connected to a 240 V supply.
(i) Calculate the resistance of one heating element.
(ii) Calculate the current in each resistor when only S1 and S3 are
closed.
(iii) Calculate the power dissipated across A when S1, S2 and S3 are
closed.
--------------
For visually impaired students
A.
(i) Explain why in household circuits only the fuse is connected in series
with all the rest of the appliances but all appliances are connected in
parallel to each other.
(ii) In a household circuit, an electric heater of power 1500 Wand a fan of
power 500 W are connected in parallel to a 220 V supply. A fuse rated
for 10 A is connected to the circuit to protect it from excessive current.
(a) Calculate the total current drawn by the heater and the fan.
(b) Determine whether the 10 A fuse is appropriate for this circuit or
if it will blow.
OR
B. Two resistors, R1=6 Ω and R2=12 Ω, are connected in parallel to a 24V
battery. The circuit operates for 5 minutes.
(i) Calculate the total heat generated in both resistors.
(ii) If each resistor has a power rating of 100 W, determine whether it is safe
to use these resistors in the circuit.

***********

*Please note that the assessment scheme of the Academic Session 2024-25 will continue in the current session
i.e. 2025-26.
CLASS 10
SCIENCE MOST
IMPORTANT
QUESTIONS
CHAPTERWISE
PRASHANT KIRAD
PRASHANT KIRAD

SCIENCE
TOP 5 QUESTIONS
Chemical Reactions and Equations
1. Solid calcium oxide was taken in a container and water was added
slowly to it. (CBSE 2013, 2019)
(a) Write the observations.
(b) Write the chemical formula of the product formed.

10
[Link] change in color is observed when white silver chloride is
left exposed to sunlight? State the type of chemical reaction in
&
this change. (CBSE 2014, 2019, 2023)
9
B

[Link] the chemical equation of the reaction in which the following

U
PH

changes take place with an example of each. (CBSE 2023, 2015)

(a) Change in color (b) Change in temperature
EX

4. In the electrolysis of water, (CBSE 2020, 2013, SP-2018)

A. Name of the gases liberated at anode & cathode.
B. Why is it that the volume of gas collected on one electrode is
two times that on the other electrode?
C. What would happen if dilute H2 S04 is not added to water?

5. A shining metal ‘M’ on burning gives a dazzling white flame &

changes to a white powder ‘N’. (CBSE 2020, 2022)
A. Identify ‘M’ & ‘N’.
B. Represent the above reaction in the form of a balanced chemical
equation.
C. Does ‘M’ undergo oxidation or reduction in this reaction? Justify.
PRASHANT KIRAD

SCIENCE
Acids, Bases and Salts

1. List the important products of the chlor-alkali process. Write one

important use of each. (CBSE 2020, 2023)

2. (a) Identify the acid and the base whose combination forms the
common salt that you use in your food. Write its chemical
formula and chemical name of the salt.
(b) What is rock salt?
(c) Mention its color and the reason due to which it has this colour.
(CBSE 2019, 2013)

[Link] the chemical equations when zinc granules react with:

(a) Sulphuric acid (b) Hydrochloric acid10
&
(CBSE 2014, 2020)
9
B

4. How is sodium hydroxide produced? Write the balanced chemical

equation also. Why is this process called the chlor-alkali process?

In this process name the products given off at:

(a) anode
EX

(b) cathode. (CBSE 2022, 2015)

5. Give the reasons for the following:

(i) Only one half of water molecule is shown in the formula of
plaster of Paris. (CBSE 2020, CBSE SP - 2017)
2 4
PRASHANT KIRAD

SCIENCE
Metals and Non-Metals

1. Why do ionic compounds conduct electricity in molten state and not

in solid state? (CBSE 2014, 2023)

2. The reaction of metal X with Fe 2O3 is highly exothermic and is used

to join railway tracks. Identify metal X. Write the chemical
equation for the reaction. (CBSE 2016, 2023)

3. Zinc is a metal found in the middle of the activity series of metals.

In nature, it is found as a carbonate ore, ZnCO 3 . Mention the steps
carried out for extraction from the ore. (CBSE 2023, 2013)

10
4. Differentiate between roasting and calcination giving chemical
equations for each. (CBSE 2013, 2023)
&
9

5. Why are copper vessels corroded with a green coating in the rainy
B

season? (CBSE 2015, 2016, 2019)

U
PH
EX

2 4
PRASHANT KIRAD

SCIENCE
Carbon and its Compounds

[Link] the electron dot structure of Nitrogen. (CBSE 2023, 2021)

[Link] the chemical formula of benzene and draw its structure.

(CBSE 2017, 2021, 2023)

3. What will you observe on adding a 5% alkaline KMnO4 solution drop

by drop to some warm ethanol taken in a test tube? Write the
name of the compound formed during the above chemical reaction.
(CBSE 2013, 2020)

[Link] do covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points?

10 (CBSE 2020, 2021)
&
[Link] is meant by a homologous series of carbon compounds? Write
9

the general formula of (CBSE 2015, 2014, 2016,2019)

B
U

(a) alkenes
PH

(b) alkynes
EX

2 4
PRASHANT KIRAD

Life Process:

1. (a) What is double circulation?

(b) Why is the separation of the right side and the left side of
the heartful useful ? How does it help birds and mammals?
(CBSE 2023, 2022, 2019)

[Link] the ways in which glucose is broken down in the absence or

storage of oxygen? (CBSE 2017, 2018, 2019)

3. (a) Write two water-conducting tissues present in plants. How

does water enter continuously into the root xylem?
(b) Explain why plants have low energy needs as compared to
animals. 10 (CBSE 2017, 2019, 2021)
&
4. In single-celled organisms, diffusion is sufficient to meet all
9

their requirements for food, gas exchange, or removal of waste,

but it is not in the case of multicellular organisms. Explain the

reason for the difference. (CBSE 2015, 2019, 2022)

PH
EX

5. Draw a diagram of the human alimentary canal and label the

following: (CBSE 2016, 2019, 2020)
(1) part in which starch digestion is initiated
(2) organ in which bile is stored
(3) the gland that secretes digestive enzymes as well as hormones.
(4) Part of the alimentary canal where water is reabsorbed.
2 4
(5) Parts of the gut where finger-like projections are present to
facilitate absorption of digested food.
PRASHANT KIRAD

Control and coordination

1. Name a plant hormone responsible for bending of a shoot of a

plant when it is exposed to unidirectional light. How does it
promote phototropism ? (CBSE 2019, 2023)

2. With the help of suitable examples explain the terms

phototropism, geotropism and chemotropism, (CBSE 2016, 2020)

3. Draw a diagram of the cross-sectional view of the human brain

label the parts of the brain with the functions. (CBSE 2017, 2020)

4. How does the feedback mechanism regulate hormone

10
secretion? Explain with the help of an example ? (CBSE 2017, 2019)
&
9

5. Name the part of human brain which control the voluntary and
B

involuntary actions. (CBSE 2017, 2018)

U
PH
EX

2 4
PRASHANT KIRAD

How do organisms reproduce?

1. Difference between the asexual and sexual reproduction ? Also,

give one example of each. (CBSE 2016, 2018, 2021, 2022)

2. Describe reproduction by spores in Rhizopus.

(CBSE 2017, 2015, 2020, 2022)

3. List three techniques that have been developed to prevent

pregnancy. Which one of these techniques is not meant for males ?
How does the use of these techniques have a direct impact on the
health and prosperity of a family ? (CBSE 2017, 2018, 2020)
10
4. a. Draw a diagram of human female reproductive system and
&
label the parts:
9

Which produce an egg, Where fertilization takes place

B. List two bacterial diseases which are transmitted sexually.

C. What are contraceptive devices? Give two reasons for

adopting contraceptive devices in humans.

(CBSE 2019, 2017, 2016)

5. Define pollination. Explain the different types of pollination. List

two agents of pollination. How does suitable pollination lead to
fertilization ? (CBSE 2019, 2016, 2021)
2 4
PRASHANT KIRAD

Heredity and Evolution:

1. Mention any two points of difference between acquired and

inherited traits. If the tail of a mouse is cut for twenty one
generations, will the tail occur in the twenty second generation of
that mouse? Give reason to support your answer.
(CBSE 2013, 2016, 2017, 2022, 2021)

2. Two pea plants- one with round yellow seeds (RRYY) and another
with wrinkled green (rryy) seeds produce F1 progeny that have
round, yellow (RrYy) seeds. When F1 plants are self-pollinated,
which new combination of characters is expected in F2 progeny?
How many seeds with these new combinations of characters will be
produced when a total 160 seeds are produced in F2 generation?
Explain with reason. 10 (CBSE 2018, 2020, 2022)
&
9

3. List difference between dominant traits and recessive traits. What

percentage of the plants in the F2 generation were round, in

Mendel’s dihybrid cross between round yellow and wrinkled green

pea plants ? (CBSE 2016, 2015, 2019)

4. Sahil performed an experiment to study the inheritance pattern of

genes. He crossed tall pea plants (TT) with short pea plants (tt) and
obtained all tall plants in F1 generation.
a. What will be the set of genes present in the F1 generation?
b. Give reason why only tall plants are observed in F1 progeny.
2 4
(CBSE 2016, 2021, 2022)

5. In an asexually reproducing species, if a trait X exists in 5% of a

population and trait Y exists in 70% of the same population, which
of the two traits is likely to have arisen earlier? Give reason.
(CBSE 2019, 2021)
PRASHANT KIRAD

Light
[Link] the two laws of reflection of light.
(CBSE 2011, 2013 2014)

[Link] absolute refractive indices of glass and water are 1.5 and 1.33
respectively. In which medium does light travel faster? Calculate
the ratio of speeds of light in the two media.
(CBSE 2013, 2019, 2020)

[Link] image of a candle flame placed at a distance of 30 cm from a

mirror is formed on a screen placed in front of the mirror at a
distance of 60 cm from it pole. What is the nature of the mirror?
Find its focal length. If the height of the flame is 2.4 cm, find the
10
height of its image. State whether the image formed is erect or
&
inverted. (CBSE 2014, 2015, 2017)
9
B

4. Draw ray diagram to show the path of the refracted ray in each of
U

the following cases. A ray of light incident on a concave lens (i) is

parallel to its principal axis, (ii) is passing through its optical centre
and (iii) is directed towards its principal focus.
EX

(Delhi 2013, CBSE 2015, 2016)

[Link] object is placed at a distance of 50 cm from a concave lens of

focal length 30 cm.
(i) Use lens formula to find the distance of the image from the
lens. 2 4

(ii) List four characteristics of the image(nature, position, size,

erect/inverted) formed by the lens in this case.
(iii) Draw a ray diagram to justify your answer of pair (ii).
(CBSE 2016, 2019)
PRASHANT KIRAD

Human eye & colorful world

1. What is ‘dispersion of white light’? State its cause. Draw a ray

diagram to show the dispersion of white light by a glass prism.
(CBSE 2011, 2013, 2016, 2017)

2. How will you use two identical glass prisms so that a narrow beam of
white light incident on one prism emerges out of the second prism as
white light? Draw and label the ray diagram.
(CBSE 2016, 2017, 2019, 2020)

[Link] a ray diagram to show the refraction of light through a

glass prism. Mark on it (a) the incident ray, (b) the emergent ray
and (c) the angle of deviation. 10
(CBSE 2011, 2013, 2017)
&
9

4. State the function of each of the following parts of human eye:

(i) Cornea
U
PH

(ii) Iris
iii) Pupil
EX

(CBSE 2013, 2016, 2018)

5.A student is unable to see clearly the words written on the black
board placed at a distance of approximately 3 m from him. Name the
defect of vision the boy is suffering from. State the possible causes
of this defect and explain the method
2 4 of correcting it.

(CBSE 2017, 2018)

PRASHANT KIRAD

Electricity

1. (a) Prove that the equivalent resistance of three resistors R1, R2

and R3 in series is R1 + R2 + R3.
(b) You have four resistors of 8 each. Show how would you connect
these resistors to have effective resistance of 8Ω ?
(2013, 2015, 2016)

2. State Ohm's law. Draw a labelled circuit diagram to verify this law
in the laboratory. If you draw a graph between the potential
difference and current flowing through a metallic conductor, what
kind of curve will you get? Explain how would you use this graph to
determine the resistance of the conductor.10 (2014, 2015, 2016)
&
3.(i)State one difference between kilowatt and kilowatt hour. Express
9

1 kWh in joules.
B

(ii) A bulb is rated 5V; 500 mA. Calculate the rated power and
U
PH

resistance of the bulb when it glows.

(2013, 2016)
EX

4. Two lamps, one rated 100 W; 220 V, and the other 60 W; 220 V, are
connected in parallel to electric mains supply. Find the current drawn
by two bulbs from the line, if the supply voltage is 220 V.
(2018. 2014)
2 4

[Link] a schematic diagram of a circuit consisting of a battery of 3

cells of 2 V each, a combination of three resistors of 10Ω, 20Ω and
30Ω connected in parallel, a plug key and an ammeter, all connected in
series. Use this circuit to find the value of the following:
(a) Current through each resistor
(b) Total current in the circuit
(c) Total effective resistance of the circuit. (2020)
PRASHANT KIRAD

Magnetic effects of current

1. State whether an alpha particle will experience any force in a

magnetic field if (alpha particles are positively charged particles) (i) it
is placed in the field at rest.
(ii) it moves in the magnetic field parallel to field lines.
(iii) it moves in the magnetic field perpendicular to field lines. Justify
your your answer in each case.
(CBSE 2016, 2022, 2023)

2. Mention and explain the function of an earth wire. Why it is

necessary to earth metallic appliances? (CBSE 2014, 2016, 2020)

10
3. Name and state the rule which is used to determine the
direction of force on a current carrying conductor placed in a
&
magnetic field. (CBSE 2020, 2022, 2023)
9
B

4. What are magnetic field lines? Justify the following statements:

(a) Two magnetic field lines never intersect each other.

(b) Magnetic field are closed curves. (CBSE 2013, 2015, 2016)
EX

5. What is solenoid? Draw the pattern of magnetic field lines of

(i) a current carrying solenoid and
(ii) a bar magnet.
List two distinguishing features between the two fields.
(Delhi 2019, 2020)
2 4
PRASHANT KIRAD

Our Environment

1. How is ozone formed in the higher levels of the atmosphere? “

Damage to the ozone layer is a cause of concern”. Justify this
statement. (CBSE 2015, 2017, 2020, 2023)

2. We do not clean ponds or lakes, but an aquarium needs to be

cleaned regularly. Explain. (CBSE 2023, 2017)

3. Why are green plants called the producers ?

(CBSE 2019, 2015)

4. (a) How can we help in reducing the problem of waste disposal?

Suggest any three methods.
10
(b) Distinguish between biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes.
&
(CBSE 2013, 2015, 2019)
9
B

5. Define an ecosystem. Draw a block diagram to show the flow of

energy on an ecosystem. (CBSE 2015, 2017, 2019)

PH
EX

2 4
PRASHANT KIRAD

Solutions
Chemical Reactions and Equations
1. (i) Following are the two observations:
Calcium oxide reacts vigorously with water to form slaked lime.
The container becomes hot because a large amount of heat is
released during this reaction.
(ii) The product formed is slaked lime for which the chemical
formula is Ca(OH) .

2. When white silver chloride exposed to sunlight it produces to black

metallic coloured silver along with liberation of chlorine gas
2AgCl 2Ag + Cl
it is photodecomposition reaction. 10
&
9

3. (i) Change in colour:

The reaction between lead nitrate solution and potassium iodide

solution.
→ PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)
PH

Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI
In this reaction colour changes from colourless to yellow.
EX

(ii) Change in temperature:

The action of dilute sulphuric acid on zinc.

Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(s) + H2(g)

In this reaction, heat is evolved.
2 4

4. (a) At cathode, H2 is evolved and at anode O2 is evolved.

(b) At cathode, H+ ion takes two electron to convert itself into H2

gas. 2 moles of H+ gives 1 mole of H2.
→
2H+(aq)+2e− H2(g)
PRASHANT KIRAD

At anode, OH− ion releases two electrons to convert into water and
O2. 2 mole OH− gives 0.5 mole O2, i.e why volume of one gas collected
at one electron is double of another.

c) Acid is added to make the water conduct electricity as the distilled

water is a non-conductor of electricity.

5. A. Reaction of Magnesium metal:

1. As, it is given that the metal ‘M’ on burning gives the dazzling
white flame and also changes to the white powder ‘N’.
2. So, the metal ‘M’ would be Magnesium metal as on the reaction of
burning in the air, Magnesium reacts with the Oxygen present in
the air and gives the white powder on burning.
3. This Magnesium metal is basically the chemically active one.
10
4. Hence, the metal ‘M’ : Magnesium burns in the presence of
Oxygen to form ‘N’ Magnesium oxide.
&
9

B. The balanced chemical equation for the above reaction would be:
B
U
PH

C. Oxidation of Magnesium:
EX

1. Oxidation is basically the loss of electrons or the increase in the

oxidation state of an atom, ion or the molecule.
2. So previously when solid Magnesium was present it's oxidation
state was 0 as the element Magnesium was present with not any
bond.
2 4
3. But, as soon as it burns in the presence of Oxygen forming the
Magnesium oxide, it will lose two electrons for getting stable
4. So, the Oxidation state of Mg in MgO is +2
5. Hence, Oxidation of Magnesium will take place.
PRASHANT KIRAD

Acids, Bases and Salts

1. Sodium hydroxide - It is used in the manufacturing of paper.
Chlorine - It is used to make plastics (PVC), chlorofluorocarbon
(CFC), chloroform, carbon tetrachloride etc.
Hydrogen - It is used in the hydrogenation of oils to obtain
vegetable ghee.

2. (a) HCl is an acid and NaOH is a base whose combination forms the
common salt. Its formula is NaCl Sodium chloride. It is obtained
from seawater.
(b) Deposits of solid salt which are large crystals and brown due to
impurities is called rock salt.
(c) This brown color is due to all the impurities present in the salt
10
along with sodium chloride. When the impurities are removed and
pure sodium chloride is obtained, it turns into white crystals.
&
9

3.
B

When zinc granules are added to the solution of sulphuric acid

then
PH

zinc sulfate and hydrogen gas are formed as the product.

The chemical reaction is as follows:

When zinc granules are added to the solution of hydrochloric acid

then zinc chloride and hydrogen gas are formed as the product.
The chemical reaction is as follows:
2 4
4. When electricity is made to pass through an aqueous solution of
NaCl, it decomposes to form NaOH. This process is called chlor-
alkali process because of two products - chlor for Chlorine and
alkali for Sodium hydroxide.

(a) Anode - Cl 2 Gas

(b) Cathode - H 2 Gas
PRASHANT KIRAD

5. The Formula actually means that two molecules (or two formula
units) of CaSO4 share one molecule of water so that the effective
water of crystallization for one CaSO4 unit comes to half a molecule of
water.

10
&
9
B
U
PH
EX

2 4
PRASHANT KIRAD

Metals and Non-Metals

1. Ionic compounds do not conduct electricity in solid state because
ions are not free to move. In molten state, ions are free to move.
2. X is Aluminium.
2Al + Fe 02 3 Al O
2 3 + 2Fe

3. Conversion of the carbonate ore into metal oxide: This is done by

calcination (for carbonate ores). Calcination is the process of
heating the ore strongly in the absence or limited supply of air. The
zinc carbonate on heating decomposes to form zinc oxide as shown:

Reduction of the metal oxide to metal :As zinc is moderately

reactive, zinc oxide cannot be reduced by heating alone. Hence, it is
10
reduced to zinc by using a reducing agent such as carbon.
&
9
B
U
PH
EX

2 4

5. Solder is an alloy which is made up of lead and tin.

Solder has a low melting point so it is used for welding electrical
wires.
PRASHANT KIRAD

Carbon and its Compounds

2. The molecular formula of

benzene :

10
3. The purple color of KMnO4 decolourises and ethanoic acid will be
formed.
&
9
B
U
PH
EX

4. The molecules of covalent compounds are held by weak

intramolecular forces. Thus, a very small amount of energy is
required to break the bonds between two or more molecules. That
is why they have low melting and boiling points.

5. The series of organic compounds having the same functional group

2 4

and similar chemical properties is called the homologous series.

PRASHANT KIRAD

Life Process:
1. (a) Double circulation is the circulation of blood through the heart
twice during one complete cycle of the body. It is a type of
circulation in which the blood passes through two different circuits
of the body, namely, pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation.
(b) The separation of the right side and the left side of the heart
is useful as it allows the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to
remain separate, which helps in maintaining the oxygen
concentration in the body. In mammals and birds, the separation of
the heart into four chambers helps 3 to increase the efficiency of
oxygen delivery to the body tissues. The right side of the heart
receives the deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the
lungs for oxygenation. The left side of the heart receives the
oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the rest of the
10
body. This separation ensures that the oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor
&
blood do not mix, and the oxygenated blood is delivered efficiently
9

to the body tissues

B
U

2. The anaerobic breakdown of glucose occurs in two different ways.

The first stage in both processes is the cytoplasmic breakdown of

the glucose molecule into pyruvate. Fermentation is the term for
EX

the anaerobic breakdown process in bacteria. Pyruvate is converted

to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol during fermentation. Pyruvate is
converted to lactic acid in our muscle cells when there is a shortage
of oxygen. Note: In the two scenarios mentioned above, very little
energy is emitted.
2 4

3. (a) Xylem tracheids and xylem vessels are water-conducting tissues

(vascular tissue) as part of the xylem present in plants. Xylem is
responsible for the conduction of water from the roots to other
parts of the plant. Due to transpiration and the resulting pressure
gradient, water is absorbed into the root xylem of plants. The
transpirational pull formed causes the roots to absorb water from
the soil and resulting in the transportation of water.
PRASHANT KIRAD

(b) Plants have low energy needs as compared to animals due to the
following reasons:
(i) Plants are autotrophic organisms, preparing their own food
absorbing solar energy during the process of photosynthesis.
(ii) Plants don't move from one place to another like animals so they
consume less energy.
(iii) Also, plants possess many dead cells in terms of sclerenchyma
cells that do not require much energy for maintenance.

4. The surface area to volume ratio in unicellular organisms is ideal for

material exchange or diffusion between the cell and its external
environment, and this rate of exchange meets the needs of the
unicellular organism. However, the surface area to volume ratio is
low in multicellular organisms, and the only way for an organism to
exchange with the outside world is through its surface, assisted by
10
a particular structure or organ, such as the skin. Nevertheless, this
&
exchange is insufficient to make up for the millions of cells that
9

make up a multicellular organism, each of which has unique needs

depending on its function.

U
PH

5. (1) Mouth
(2) Gall bladder
EX

(3) Pancreas
(4) Large intestine
(5) Small intestine.

2 4
PRASHANT KIRAD

Control and coordination

1. Phototropism is the term for a plant's bending towards
light. The hormone auxins found in plants is to blame. Auxins,
which are produced at the tips of the shoots of phototropic
plants, aid in the extension of the cells when the growing
sections of the plant sense sunlight.

2. a. Phototropism: It is the direction of growth of a plant in

response to the direction of the light. Eg - Movement of
shoots of plants upwards towards light.
b. Geotropism: It is the term used to describe the directional
movement of growth that plants display in response to
gravity. Geotropism is the growth of roots in the direction of gravity.
10
c. Chemotropism: The directed movement of growth in response to a
chemical stimulation is known as chemotropism.
&
When the pollen tube expands in the direction of the substance
9

released by the ovary during pollen tube germination, this is

known as chemotropism.
U
PH

3. The following are the functions of several brain regions:

The medulla oblongata is responsible for regulating reflex

responses and involuntary actions. Moreover, it regulates
vomiting, salivation, and blood pressure.
Cerebellum: It directs and synchronizes various muscle
movements. It is in charge of voluntary movements and keeps
the body balanced whether one is 2walking,
4
drinking, catching,
etc.
Parts of the forebrain include the following:
1. Cerebrum: Responsible for thinking, speaking, reasoning,
intelligence, and information utilization.
2. Olfactory: Lobes in this area are in charge of identifying odors
from various receptors.
3. Diencephalon: Regulates body temperature, appetite, thirst,
and other impulses.
PRASHANT KIRAD

4. The system that keeps the body's and blood's hormone

balance stable is known as the hormone feedback mechanism.
That specific hormone's concentration can either increase or
decrease, which will either encourage or hinder the hormone's
secretion. We refer to this as feedback. 10
There are two different kinds of feedback. Positive feedback is
&
referred to as such, but negative input is not. The hormone is
9

secreted or produced more when there is a positive feedback

B
U

loop. On the other hand, the hormone's release is suppressed

by the negative feedback.

For instance, eating food high in carbohydrates raises blood

glucose levels. The pancreas secretes insulin when blood
glucose levels rise. The cells will be signaled by this insulin to
start absorbing blood glucose. Therefore The blood's glucose
content drops. There would be a shortage of glucose in the
circulation if insulin was still present
2 because
4 more and more
glucose would be carried inside the cell. In order to stop this,
low blood glucose levels provide negative feedback, which in
turn stops the blood's production of insulin.

5. The medulla controls the involuntary actions whereas the forebrain

is responsible for controlling the voluntary actions in the body.
PRASHANT KIRAD

How do organisms reproduce?

2. They reproduce asexually by the formation of the spores.

10
The body of the fungus is composed of hyphae which develop the
sporangium. The sporangium is a swollen structure at the tip of the
&
filaments bearing the spores. The spores are tough and resistant
9

structures which are dispersed by the breaking of the sporangium.

B
U
PH
EX

2 4

3. Barrier method: Use of condoms.

Surgical methods: vasectomy (in male), tubectomy (in female).
Intrauterine devices: copper T.
Oral contraception: oral hormonal pills.
These methods help to take care of mother and child. It also helps in
maintaining a gap between the children so that they can use resources
properly.
PRASHANT KIRAD

B. Bacterial infections include chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis. Viral

infections include human papillomavirus (HPV), herpes (HSV or herpes
simplex virus), human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune
deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and Hepatitis B.
10
C. Contraceptive methods are mainly adopted because of the
following reasons:
&
To prevent unwanted pregnancies.
9

To control population rise or birth rate.

To prevent the transfer of sexually transmitted diseases.

U
PH

5. Pollination: Is defined as the deposition of pollen grains on

the stigma of a flower from anthers belonging to the same

flower, same plant or a different plant.
Pollination is of two types
Self pollination - Stigma receives pollen grains from the same
flower
Cross pollination - Stigma receives2 pollen
4
grains from a flower
on the same plant or a different plant
Wind and insects are two agents of pollination, called as
Anemophily and Entomophily respectively.
Example of wind pollination - Grasses, Gymnosperms, etc.
Example of insect pollination - Rose, Euphorbia sps, etc.
Pollination and fertilization - Suitable pollination leads to compatible
pollen grains being deposited on the stigma, leading to pollen tube
development and fertilization.
PRASHANT KIRAD

Heredity and Evolution:

1. Inherited trait: Inherited traits are those that are passed down
from parents to children. An individual's inherited traits are
determined by their genes.
[Link] are passed down from generation to generation.
2. These characteristics are caused by changes in genes or DNA.
3. Human inherited traits include hair, skin, eye color, body type,
height, and susceptibility to certain diseases.
Acquired trait: An acquired trait is a personality trait that
develops in a person as a result of environmental influences.
1. Characters are not passed down from generation to generation
2. These characteristics emerge in response to their surroundings
or lifestyle.
3. These characteristics are not encoded by a living organism's
10
DNA and thus cannot be passed down to future generations. The
&
mouse will continue to have information for presence of tail in its
9

DNA. So, it will- continue to have a tail because absence of tail is an

acquired trait
U
PH

2. Two pea plants, one with round green seeds (RRyy) and another with
wrinkled yellow (rrYY) seeds produce F1 progeny that has round,
EX

yellow (RrYy) seeds. When F1 plants are selfed, the F2 progeny will
have a new combination of characters, the combination will be
round, yellow and wrinkled green.

3. Dominant traits are always expressed when the connected allele is

dominant, even if only one copy of2
the
4
dominant trait exists.
Recessive traits are expressed only if both the connected alleles
are recessive. If one of the alleles is dominant, then the associated
characteristic is less likely to manifest.

4. (a) Dominant trait is tallness which is represented by TT and

recessive trait is dwarfness which is represented by it . Thus, on
crossing the dominant trait with dwarf trait , Tt will be obtained
Hence , Tt will be the set of genes present in the F1 Generation .
PRASHANT KIRAD

(b) According to Mendel's law of monohybrid inheritance and law of

segregation , if a single pair of contrasting characteristics were
cross-bred by self-pollination , then , in F1 progeny , plants with
dominant traits are produced . Thus only tall plants are observed in
the F1 Progeny because T are called dominant traits and they
express themselves.

5. In asexual reproduction, DNA is copied as it is from one generation

to another, there is no mating or mixing of genes. Asexual
reproduction results in offspring with identical genetic information.
There is very little genetic variation between parent and offspring
It takes large amount of time for different trait to develop in case
of asexual reproduction Hence, if a trait exist in 70% of population,
it would have arisen earlier as it would have been replicated over
more number of generations. 10
&
9
B
U
PH
EX

2 4
PRASHANT KIRAD

Light
1. Laws of reflection of light states that:
(i) The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
(ii) The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal to the mirror
at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane.

2. Refractive index (RI) if glass is 1.5

Refractive index (RI) of water is 1.33

Now, RI of glass with respect to water = RI of glass/RI of water

= 1.5/1.33 = 1.127

RI of water with respect to glass = RI of water/RI of glass

10
= 1.33/1.5 = 0.89
&
Since velocity of light in medium is inversely proportional to its
9

refractive index, the light will travel faster in optically rarer

medium i.e. water.

U
PH

3. Here, u = 30, v = -60

As 1/f = 1/u + 1/v = 1/(-60) + 1/(-30) = -1/20

f = 20, The mirror is concave.
As the image is formed on the screen, it is real and inverted.
From h2/h1 = -v/u = +60/-30 = -2
h2 = -2xh1 = -2 x 2.4 = -4.8 cm
This is the size of inverted image.
2 4

4. (i) A ray of light incident on a concave lens is parallel to its

principal axis, the diagram can be drawn as follows:
PRASHANT KIRAD

4. The refracted ray appears to pass through focus on the same side
of the lens.
(ii) If a ray of light incident on a concave lens is passing through its
optical centre then the refracted ray will go without deviation.

(iii) If a ray of light incident on a concave lens is directed towards

its principal axis then it will go parallel to principal axis.

10
&
9
B

5. Object distance, u = -60 cm

Focal length of the lens, f = -30 cm

Step 2: Finding the image distance using the lens formula:

Using the lens formula, we get
EX

1/f = 1/v -1/u

1/v = 1/f + 1/u
1/v = 1/(-30) + 11/(-60)
1/v = 1/-20
v = -20cm
Thus, the distance of the image2 from
4
the lens is 20 cm.

(ii) The four characteristics of the image formed by the lens in this
case are:
1. The image formed is virtual as the given lens is a concave lens.
2. The image is erect as it formed above the principal axis.
PRASHANT KIRAD

3. Image is diminished (smaller than the object).

4. Image is formed at a distance of 20 cm from the optical centre of
the concave lens on the same side of the object.

10
&
9
B
U
PH
EX

2 4
PRASHANT KIRAD

Human eye & colorful world

1. Splitting of white light into its seven constituent colors due to
refraction is known as dispersion of white light.
Cause of dispersion: When a beam of white light enters a prism, it gets
refracted and splits into seven constituent colors. The splitting of the
light ray occurs due to the different bending angle for each color.
Thus, each color ray when passing through the prism bends at
different angles with respect to the incident beam, thus giving rise to
a spectrum.

10
&
9
B
U

2. Newton was the first to use a glass prism to obtain the spectrum of
PH

a white light. He then placed a second identical prism in an inverted

position with respect to the first prism. This allowed all the colors of
the white light to pass through the second prism combining to form a
white light emerging from the other side of the second prism. This
made him believe that white light was composed of different colors.

2 4
PRASHANT KIRAD

4. (i) Cornea: It is a transparent bulge on the front surface of eyeball

10
which refracts most of the light rays entering the eye.
(ii) Iris : A thin, pigmented structure found in the eye that can
&
regulate the amount of light that can enter the retina.
9

(iii) Pupil: Black hole in the centre of the iris of the eye which permits
B

light towards retina.

U
PH

5. The student is suffering from myopia.

The two possible reasons due to which the defect of vision arises are:
excessive curvature of the eye lens and elongation of the eye ball.
A student with myopia has the far point nearer than infinity, thus, the
image of a distant object is formed in front of the retina.
Correction of myopia: This defect can be corrected by using a
concave lens of suitable power as it2 brings
4
the image back on to the
retina, thus the defect is corrected.
PRASHANT KIRAD

Electricity
1. The total potential difference across a combination of resistors in
series is equal to the sum of a potential difference across the
individual resistors. V=V1+V2+V3
Let I be the current in the circuit. The current through each resistor
is also I. It is possible to replace the three resistors joined in series
by an equivalent resistor of resistance R.
Applying Ohm's law, V=IR
V1= IR1
V2= IR2
V3= IR3
V=V1+V2 + V3
IR= IR1+ IR2 + IR3
R=R1+ R2+R3 10
&
9
B
U

Two parallel combinations must be connected in series with each other

to get the effective resistance of 8Ω. The effective resistance of

each of the parallel combination is 4Ω resistors are added together

to get 8Ω effective resistance.

2. It states that the potential difference V, across the ends of a

given metallic wire in an electric circuit is directly proportional to the
current flowing through it, provided2
its
4
temperature remains the
same. Mathematically,
V ∝ I
V = RI
where R is resistance of the conductor.
or R = V/I
So the slope of V-I graph at any point represents
the resistance of the given conductor.
PRASHANT KIRAD

3. Kilowatt (kW) - a large unit of electric power Kilowatt hour (kWh) -

a commercial unit of energy.
1 kWh = -3.6 x 10^6 Joules.
Potential difference = 5V, Current = 500 mA = 500 x 10^(-3) A
P = VI
= 5V x 500 x 10^(-3) = 2.5W
R = V/I
= 5/500 x 10^(-3) x 10Ω
= 100Ω

4. Since both the bulbs are connected in parallel and to a 220 V

supply, the voltage across each bulb is 220 V. Then
Current drawn by 100 W bulb,
I1 = power/voltage = 100W/220V = 0.454A
Current drawn by 60 W bulb,
I2 = 60W/220V = 0.273 A
10
&
Total current drawn from the supply line,
9

I = I1 + I2 = 0.454 A + 0.273 A = 0.727 A = 0.73 A

B
U

5. (a) Given, voltage = 2V + 2V + 2V = 6V

Current through 10Ω resistance,

I(10) = V/R=6/10 = 0.6 A

Current through 20Ω resistance,
I(20) = V/R =6/20 = 0.3 A
Current through 30Ω resistance,
I(30) = V/R=6/30 = 0.2 A

2 4
(b) Total current in the circuit, I = I(10) + I(20) + I(30)
= 0.6+0.3 +0.2 = 1.1 A

(c) Total resistance of the circuit,

1/Rp=1/10+1/20+1/30=11/60
PRASHANT KIRAD

Magnetic effects of current

1. (i) No, alpha particle will not experience any force if it is at rest,
because only moving charge particle can experience force when placed
in a magnetic field.
(ii) No, alpha particle will not experience any force if it moves in the
magnetic field parallel to field lines because charge particle
experiences force only when it moves at an angle other than 0° with
magnetic field.
(iii) Alpha particle will experience a force in the direction
perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field and direction of
motion of alpha particle.

2. Many electric appliances of daily use like electric press, heater,

10
toaster, refrigerator, table fan etc. have a metallic body. If the
insulation of any of these appliances melts and makes contact with the
&
metallic casing, the person touching it is likely to receive a severe
9

electric shock. This is due to the reason that the metallic casing will
B

be at the same potential as the applied one. Obviously, the electric

current will flow through the body of the person who touches the
PH

appliance. To avoid such serious accidents, the metal casing of the

electric appliance is earthed. Since the earth does not offer any
resistance, the current flows to the earth through the earth wire
instead of flowing through the body of the person.

[Link]’s left hand rule: Stretch the forefinger, middle finger and
the thumb of your left hand mutually
2
perpendicular to each
4

other. If the forefinger indicates the direction of magnetic field

and the middle finger indicates the direction of current, then the
thumb will indicate the direction of motion of conductor
PRASHANT KIRAD

4. Imaginary continuous closed curves used to represent the

magnetic field in a region is known as magnetic field lines. It is
directed from north pole to south pole outside the magnet and
south pole to north pole inside the magnet.

(a) The direction of magnetic field (B) at any point is obtained by

drawing a tangent to the magnetic field line at that point. In case, two
magnetic field lines intersect each other at the point P as shown in
figure, magnetic field at P will have two directions, shown by two
10
arrows, one drawn to each magnetic field line at P, which is not
&
possible.
9

(b) It is taken by convention that the field lines emerges from

north pole and merge at the south pole. Inside the magnet, the
U

direction of field lines is from its south pole to its north pole.
PH

Thus, the magnetic field lines are closed curves.

5. Solenoid: A coil of many circular turns of insulated copper

wire wrapped in the shape of cylinder is called solenoid.

2 4
PRASHANT KIRAD

(ii) Magnetic field lines around a bar magnet.

Following are the distinguishing features between the two fields.
(a) A bar magnet is a permanent magnet whereas solenoid is
an electromagnet, therefore field produced by solenoid is
temporary and stay till current flows through it.
(b) Magnetic field produced by solenoid is more stronger than
magnetic field of a bar magnet.

10
&
9
B
U
PH
EX

2 4
PRASHANT KIRAD

Our Environment
1. When UV rays interact with oxygen molecules, they release
a free oxygen atom, which then joins with another oxygen
molecule to generate ozone. O + O2 →
O3 (Ozone) Because
ozone absorbs and shields us from the Sun's harmful UV rays,
its decrease is a reason for concern.

2. Ponds and lakes being natural ecosystems have natural

decomposers and cleaners embedded as an integral part of the
ecosystem, hence we do not have to clean them. Aquariums
are artificially built ecosystems which generally do not contain
every aspect of a natural ecosystem.

3. Because they rely only on simple inorganic compounds like carbon

10
and water to manufacture their own food, green plants are considered
&
producers because they not only sustain all other species but also
9

produce their own food.

B
U

4. By encouraging the use of recycled materials and reducing the

use of throwaway things, we can lessen the issue of garbage disposal.

Separating garbage that is biodegradable from that that is not
EX

before disposing of it.

Recycling the garbage that isn't biodegradable.

2 4
PRASHANT KIRAD

5. Ecosystem can be defined as a system composed of biotic

and abiotic components and the interactions between them
The energy flow in an ecosystem is always from producers to
consumers moving in the upward direction, that is from

10
&
9
B
U
PH
EX

2 4
SCIENCE – Code no. 086
SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER*
CLASS – X (2025-26)
Max. Marks: 80 Time Allowed: 3 hours
General Instructions:
(i) This question paper consists of 39 questions in 3 sections. Section A is Biology,
Section B is Chemistry and Section C is Physics.
(ii) All questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice is provided in some
questions. A student is expected to attempt only one of these questions.

Section – A Marks

3 Which of the following is a correct combination of function and part of the 1

brain?
A. Posture and balance: Cerebrum
B. Salivation: Medulla in midbrain
C. Hunger: Pons in hindbrain
D. Blood pressure: Medulla in hindbrain

A. (i), (ii), (iii)

B. (ii), (iii), (iv)
C. (iii), (iv), (v)
D. (i), (iv), (v)

7 Which of the following human activities has resulted in an increase of non- 1

biodegradable substances?
A. Organic farming
B. Increase in tree plantation
C. Use of plastic as packaging material
D. Composting of kitchen waste

8 Assertion (A): Tallness of a pea plant is controlled by an enzyme. 1

Reason (R): The gene for that enzyme makes proteins which help the plant to
be tall.

10 Unlike animals, plants do not have any excretory products as they do not eat 2
food. Comment upon the statement with justification.

11 Students to attempt either option A or B. 2

12 About 100 acres of forest land was declared as Natural reserve park. The 2
following organisms were predominant in the Natural reserve park:

13 Draw and explain how the nerve cells help in transmission of impulses? 3

16 Attempt either option A or B. 5

Section – B

20 Methyl orange is added to dilute hydrochloric acid and to aqueous sodium

hydroxide. What is the colour of the methyl orange in each solution? 1

Sample colour in dilute colour in aqueous

hydrochloric acid sodium hydroxide
A Orange Red
B Red Yellow
C Red Orange
D Yellow Red

21 Which of the following substances when dissolved in equal volume of water,

will have the highest pH value? 1
A. Sulphuric acid
B. Acetic acid
C. Magnesium hydroxide
D. Sodium hydroxide

23 In the reaction of aqueous solution of barium chloride with aqueous solution of 1

sodium sulphate, the aqueous solution formed will be:
A. BaCl2
B. BaSO4
C. Na2SO4
D. NaCl

24 Assertion (A): C4H8, C4H6 and C4H10 are members of the same homologous 1
series
Reason (R): C4H8, C4H6, C3H4, C3H6, C2H4, C2H2 are unsaturated
hydrocarbons.

25 The following activity is set-up in the science lab by the teacher. 2

A. If the teacher replaces aluminium wire by silver wire, will the students’
observation change? Justify your answer.
B. Will the aluminium wire melt? Give reason for your answer.

26 Attempt either option A or B.

27 Amrita electrolysed distilled water using the set-up shown in figure 1. She was 3
expecting two gases to be evolved at the anode and cathode respectively

S. No. Volume of dil. Drops of dil.

29 Attempt either option A or B. 5

Based on the information given above, answer the following questions:

*Please note that the assessment scheme of the Academic Session 2024-25 will continue in the current session
i.e. 2025-26.
Section – C

The following question consists of two statements – Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Answer
these questions by selecting the appropriate option given below:
A. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true but R is false.
D. A is false but R is true.

32 Assertion (A): A point object is placed at a distance of 26 cm from a convex 1

mirror of focal length 26 cm. The image will not form at infinity.
1 1 1
Reason (R): For above given system the equation 𝑓 = 𝑣 + 𝑢 gives v = ∞.

*Please note that the assessment scheme of the Academic Session 2024-25 will continue in the current session
i.e. 2025-26.
33 2

34 Attempt either option A or B. 2

Find out the following in the electric circuit given in the figure-
(i) Effective resistance of two 8 ohm resistors in the combination.
(ii) Current flowing through the 4-ohm resistor
OR

*Please note that the assessment scheme of the Academic Session 2024-25 will continue in the current session
i.e. 2025-26.
B.

Study the circuit and find out-

35 3

38 4

39 Attempt either option A or B. 5

The arrangement of resistors shown in the above figure is connected to a

battery.;
The power dissipation in the 100 Ω resistor is 81 W. Calculate
(i) the current in the circuit
(ii) the reading in the voltmeter V2
(iii) the reading in the voltmeter V1

*Please note that the assessment scheme of the Academic Session 2024-25 will continue in the current session
i.e. 2025-26.
OR
B.

An electric heater consists of three similar heating elements A, B and C,

***********

*Please note that the assessment scheme of the Academic Session 2024-25 will continue in the current session
i.e. 2025-26.
- Chlor 373k
SCIENCE – Code no. 086
SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER*
CLASS – X (2025-26)
Max. Marks: 80 Time Allowed: 3 hours
General Instructions:
(i) This question paper consists of 39 questions in 3 sections. Section A is Biology,
Section B is Chemistry and Section C is Physics.
(ii) All questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice is provided in some
questions. A student is expected to attempt only one of these questions.

Section – A Marks

3 Which of the following is a correct combination of function and part of the 1

brain?
A. Posture and balance: Cerebrum
B. Salivation: Medulla in midbrain
C. Hunger: Pons in hindbrain
D. Blood pressure: Medulla in hindbrain

A. (i), (ii), (iii)

B. (ii), (iii), (iv)
C. (iii), (iv), (v)
D. (i), (iv), (v)

7 Which of the following human activities has resulted in an increase of non- 1

biodegradable substances?
A. Organic farming
B. Increase in tree plantation
C. Use of plastic as packaging material
D. Composting of kitchen waste

8 Assertion (A): Tallness of a pea plant is controlled by an enzyme. 1

Reason (R): The gene for that enzyme makes proteins which help the plant to
be tall.

10 Unlike animals, plants do not have any excretory products as they do not eat 2
food. Comment upon the statement with justification.

11 Students to attempt either option A or B. 2

12 About 100 acres of forest land was declared as Natural reserve park. The 2
following organisms were predominant in the Natural reserve park:

13 Draw and explain how the nerve cells help in transmission of impulses? 3

16 Attempt either option A or B. 5

Section – B

20 Methyl orange is added to dilute hydrochloric acid and to aqueous sodium

hydroxide. What is the colour of the methyl orange in each solution? 1

Sample colour in dilute colour in aqueous

hydrochloric acid sodium hydroxide
A Orange Red
B Red Yellow
C Red Orange
D Yellow Red

21 Which of the following substances when dissolved in equal volume of water,

will have the highest pH value? 1
A. Sulphuric acid
B. Acetic acid
C. Magnesium hydroxide
D. Sodium hydroxide

23 In the reaction of aqueous solution of barium chloride with aqueous solution of 1

sodium sulphate, the aqueous solution formed will be:
A. BaCl2
B. BaSO4
C. Na2SO4
D. NaCl

24 Assertion (A): C4H8, C4H6 and C4H10 are members of the same homologous 1
series
Reason (R): C4H8, C4H6, C3H4, C3H6, C2H4, C2H2 are unsaturated
hydrocarbons.

25 The following activity is set-up in the science lab by the teacher. 2

A. If the teacher replaces aluminium wire by silver wire, will the students’
observation change? Justify your answer.
B. Will the aluminium wire melt? Give reason for your answer.

26 Attempt either option A or B.

27 Amrita electrolysed distilled water using the set-up shown in figure 1. She was 3
expecting two gases to be evolved at the anode and cathode respectively

S. No. Volume of dil. Drops of dil.

29 Attempt either option A or B. 5

Based on the information given above, answer the following questions:

*Please note that the assessment scheme of the Academic Session 2024-25 will continue in the current session
i.e. 2025-26.
Section – C

The following question consists of two statements – Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Answer
these questions by selecting the appropriate option given below:
A. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true but R is false.
D. A is false but R is true.

32 Assertion (A): A point object is placed at a distance of 26 cm from a convex 1

mirror of focal length 26 cm. The image will not form at infinity.
1 1 1
Reason (R): For above given system the equation 𝑓 = 𝑣 + 𝑢 gives v = ∞.

*Please note that the assessment scheme of the Academic Session 2024-25 will continue in the current session
i.e. 2025-26.
33 2

34 Attempt either option A or B. 2

Find out the following in the electric circuit given in the figure-
(i) Effective resistance of two 8 ohm resistors in the combination.
(ii) Current flowing through the 4-ohm resistor
OR

*Please note that the assessment scheme of the Academic Session 2024-25 will continue in the current session
i.e. 2025-26.
B.

Study the circuit and find out-

35 3

38 4

39 Attempt either option A or B. 5

The arrangement of resistors shown in the above figure is connected to a

battery.;
The power dissipation in the 100 Ω resistor is 81 W. Calculate
(i) the current in the circuit
(ii) the reading in the voltmeter V2
(iii) the reading in the voltmeter V1

*Please note that the assessment scheme of the Academic Session 2024-25 will continue in the current session
i.e. 2025-26.
OR
B.

An electric heater consists of three similar heating elements A, B and C,

***********

*Please note that the assessment scheme of the Academic Session 2024-25 will continue in the current session
i.e. 2025-26.
CLASS 10TH (SCIENCE)

TOP 25
QUESTIONS
CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND
EQUATIONS
Important Topics
Balancing chemical equations (always there, 1–2 marks)

Types of reactions – specially Displacement & Double

Displacement (precipitate, colour change examples)

Activities, Especially Reactions Involving Color Change and

Precipitate Formation (Rapid Revision Table)

Oxidation and Reduction (Redox)

Question 1

In the given reactions,

(i) Write the balanced chemical equation.
(ii) Identify the type of reaction.
(a) Zinc reacts with dilute sulphuric acid to form zinc sulphate and hydrogen gas.

(b) Ferrous sulphate crystals on heating decompose to form ferric oxide, sulphur dioxide, and
sulphur trioxide.

(c) Sodium sulphate solution reacts with barium chloride solution to form barium sulphate
(white precipitate) and sodium chloride solution.

(d) Copper oxide reacts with hydrogen to form copper and water.

(e) Lead nitrate crystals on heating decompose to form lead oxide, nitrogen dioxide, and
oxygen.
Answer

(a) (i) Zn + H₂SO₄ → ZnSO₄ + H₂

(ii) Displacement reaction

(b) (i) 2FeSO₄ → Fe₂O₃ + SO₂ + SO₃ (Δ)

(ii) Thermal decomposition reaction

(c) (i) Na₂SO₄ + BaCl₂ → BaSO₄ + 2NaCl

(ii) Double displacement reaction (precipitation)

(d) (i) CuO + H₂ → Cu + H₂O

(ii) Redox reaction

(e) (i) 2Pb(NO₃)₂ → 2PbO + 4NO₂ + O₂ (Δ)

(ii) Thermal decomposition reaction
Question 2

Observe the following reactions and answer the questions that follow:
(A) 2Mg + O₂ → 2MgO

(B) CuO + H₂ → Cu + H₂O

(C) Zn + CuO → ZnO + Cu

(D) H₂ + Cl₂ → 2HCl

Answer the following for each reaction:

(i) Which substance is oxidized?
(ii) Which substance is reduced?
(iii) Name the oxidising agent.
(iv) Name the reducing agent.
Answer

(A) 2Mg + O₂ → 2MgO

Oxidized: Mg, Reduced: O₂
Oxidising agent: O₂, Reducing agent: Mg

(B) CuO + H₂ → Cu + H₂O

Oxidized: H₂, Reduced: CuO (Cu²⁺ → Cu)
Oxidising agent: CuO, Reducing agent: H₂

(C) Zn + CuO → ZnO + Cu

Oxidized: Zn, Reduced: CuO
Oxidising agent: CuO, Reducing agent: Zn

(D) H₂ + Cl₂ → 2HCl

Oxidized: H₂, Reduced: Cl₂
Oxidising agent: Cl₂, Reducing agent: H₂
Question 3

Identify the unknowns and complete the reaction for each case.
For each part, (i) identify X, Y, Z (and W if present), (ii) write the balanced chemical equation(s), and
(iii) state the type of reaction.

(A) A shiny metal X burns in air with a dazzling white flame to form a white powder Y.

(B) A white solid X reacts vigorously with water producing a slurry Y. When carbon dioxide gas Z is
passed through the clear solution of Y, it turns milky.

(C) A white solid X kept in sunlight slowly turns grey, forming a grey solid Y and releasing a pale
green gas Z. (X is used in photographic materials.)

(D) A grey metal X is placed in a blue solution of Y. The blue colour fades and a reddish-brown
deposit Z appears.
Reaction Important Information / Observation

2Mg + O₂ → 2MgO Magnesium ribbon burns with dazzling white flame → forms white powder (MgO)

Pb(NO₃)₂ + 2KI → PbI₂ + 2KNO₃ Yellow precipitate of lead iodide forms; solution turns yellow

Zn + H₂SO₄ → ZnSO₄ + H₂ Bubbles of hydrogen gas evolve; reaction is exothermic

CaO + H₂O → Ca(OH)₂ Vigorous reaction; slaked lime formed; large amount of heat released

2FeSO₄ → Fe₂O₃ + SO₂ + SO₃ (Δ) Green crystals → white → brown (Fe₂O₃); smell of burning sulfur gases

2Pb(NO₃)₂ → 2PbO + 4NO₂ + O₂ (Δ) Brown fumes of NO₂ released; O₂ present; yellow PbO remains (reddish-brown hot, yellow cold)

2AgCl → 2Ag + Cl₂ (sunlight) White AgCl turns grey due to decomposition into silver

Fe + CuSO₄ → FeSO₄ + Cu Blue solution fades to green; iron nail coated with reddish-brown copper

Na₂SO₄ + BaCl₂ → BaSO₄ + 2NaCl White precipitate of barium sulphate forms

CuO + H₂ → Cu + H₂O Black CuO reduced to reddish-brown copper; water formed

Zn + CuSO₄ → ZnSO₄ + Cu Zinc displaces copper; blue colour fades; reddish-brown copper deposited

2H₂O → 2H₂ + O₂ (electricity) Electrolysis of water; hydrogen at cathode, oxygen at anode (2:1 ratio)

CaCO₃ → CaO + CO₂ (Δ) Endothermic decomposition; limestone (CaCO₃) breaks into quicklime (CaO) and CO₂
Answer

(A) X: Mg, Y: MgO, Type: Combination / Oxidation

2Mg + O₂ → 2MgO

(B) X: CaO, Y: Ca(OH)₂, Z: CO₂, Type: Combination (first), Precipitation (second)

CaO + H₂O → Ca(OH)₂
Ca(OH)₂ + CO₂ → CaCO₃ + H₂O

(C) X: AgCl, Y: Ag (grey), Z: Cl₂, Type: Photochemical decomposition

2AgCl ⟶(sunlight) 2Ag + Cl₂

(D) X: Fe, Y: CuSO₄, Z: Cu, Type: Displacement / Redox

Fe + CuSO₄ → FeSO₄ + Cu
Question 4

When lead nitrate crystals are heated:

(i) Write observations.

(ii) Give the balanced equation with state symbols.

(iii) Name the type of reaction.

Answer

Observations:
White crystalline lead nitrate turns yellow (PbO).
Brown fumes of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are released.
A colourless gas (O2) is evolved.

(ii) Balanced equation with state symbols:

2Pb(NO3)2 (s) → 2PbO (s) + 4NO2 (g) + O2 (g)

(iii) Type of reaction:

Thermal decomposition reaction (also a redox reaction).
Question 5

Observe the following diagram and answer the following Questions:

(i) Identify the gases evolved at anode and cathode.

(ii) Why are the amount of gases collected in the test tubes
are of not the same volume?

(iii) What type of reaction is this?

(iv) Why should we use salt water?

Answer

(i) Gases evolved:

At anode → Oxygen (O₂)
At cathode → Hydrogen (H₂)

(ii) In electrolysis, the ratio of H₂ : O₂ formed is 2 : 1 (because water has 2 atoms of hydrogen
and 1 atom of oxygen).

(iii) Type of reaction: Decomposition reaction (electrolytic decomposition).

(iv) Pure water is a poor conductor of electricity. Adding a small amount of acid/salt makes it
a good conductor, enabling electrolysis.
ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS
Important Topics
Indicators

Chemical properties of acids bases and salts (Chlor- Alkali process, Zn

granule reaction)

Important salts & compounds

Question 6

(a) You are given two solutions, A (pH = 3) and B (pH = 9). Which is acidic and which is basic?

(b) Why does tooth decay start when the pH of the mouth is below 5.5?

(c) Why is an ant sting painful? How can it be treated?

(d) Why does dry HCl gas not change the colour of dry litmus paper, while aqueous HCl does?
Answer

(a) Solution A (pH = 3) → Acidic

Solution B (pH = 9) → Basic

(b) Tooth enamel is made of calcium phosphate, which dissolves when the pH of the mouth
falls below 5.5 due to acids produced by bacteria. This causes tooth decay.

(c) Ant sting contains formic acid, which causes pain and irritation.
It can be treated by applying a mild base such as baking soda (NaHCO₃) paste.

(d) Dry HCl gas does not change dry litmus paper because ionisation of HCl does not occur in
the absence of water.
Aqueous HCl produces H⁺ ions, which turn blue litmus red.
Question 7

(a) Write the balanced chemical equation for the chlor-alkali process.

(b) Name the products formed and mention one use of each.

(d) Why is the solution formed during this process slippery in nature?
Answer

(a) Balanced chemical equation (Chlor-alkali process):

2NaCl(aq) + 2H₂O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + Cl₂(g) + H₂(g)

(b) Products formed and uses:

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) → used in making soaps and detergents
Chlorine (Cl₂) → used in water purification
Hydrogen (H₂) → used in making ammonia for fertilizers

(c) Chlorine is collected at the anode because Cl⁻ ions are oxidised to Cl₂.
Hydrogen is collected at the cathode because H⁺ ions are reduced to H₂.

(d) The solution formed is sodium hydroxide (NaOH), which is alkaline.

Alkaline solutions are soapy/slippery in nature.
Question 8

(a) Write the chemical name, formula, and one important use of:
(i) Baking soda
(ii) Washing soda
(iii) Bleaching powder
(iv) Plaster of Paris

(b) Write the equation for the preparation of plaster of Paris from gypsum.

(c) Why should POP be stored in a moisture-proof container?

Salt pH Reaction Origin Uses

Used in food
common salt
Found in seawater seasoning, raw
Sodium
Neutral HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O and rock salt material for chemicals
Chloride (NaCl)
deposits like NaOH, baking
soda, and more.

Sodium Used in soap making,

2NaCl + 2H₂O → 2NaOH + Cl₂ + H₂ (Chlor-alkali Produced by
Hydroxide Basic paper industry, and as
process) electrolysis of brine
(NaOH) a cleaning agent.

Sodium baking soda Produced using Used in baking

Hydrogen sodium chloride, powder, antacids,
Basic NaCl + H₂O + CO₂ + NH₃ → NH₄Cl + NaHCO₃
Carbonate water, and carbon soda-acid fire
(NaHCO₃) dioxide extinguishers.

Copper(II) Sulphate
Acidic CuSO₄·5H₂O (blue) → CuSO₄ (white) + 5H₂O
(CuSO₄·5H₂O)
Salt pH Reaction Origin Uses

Obtained by heating
Used in glass, soap, and
Sodium Carbonate sodium hydrogen
Basic 2NaHCO₃ → Na₂CO₃ + CO₂ + H₂O paper industries, and to
(Na₂CO₃) carbonate and
remove water hardness.
recrystallization

bleaching powder
Used for bleaching in textile
Calcium
Produced by reacting and paper industries,
Oxychloride Basic Ca(OH)₂ + Cl₂ → CaOCl₂ + H₂O
chlorine with slaked lime disinfecting water, and as
(CaOCl₂)
an oxidizing agent.

plaster of paris Used in plaster for

Calcium Sulphate supporting fractured bones,
CaSO₄·2H₂O (gypsum) → CaSO₄·½H₂O Found as gypsum in
Hemihydrate Neutral making toys, decorations,
(Plaster of Paris) + 1½H₂O natural deposits
(CaSO₄·½H₂O) and for making surfaces
smooth.

Used as washing soda, in

Sodium Carbonate washing soda Produced by glass, soap, and paper
Decahydrate Basic Na₂CO₃ + 10H₂O → Na₂CO₃·10H₂O recrystallization of industries, and for removing
(Na₂CO₃·10H₂O) sodium carbonate permanent hardness of
water.
Question 9

(a) What is Aqua Regia? Write its composition.

(b) Why is it used to dissolve gold and platinum?

Answer

(a) Aqua Regia is a freshly prepared mixture of concentrated hydrochloric acid and
concentrated nitric acid in the ratio 3 : 1.

(b) It is used to dissolve gold and platinum because it is a very powerful oxidising mixture; it
produces nascent chlorine (Cl) which reacts with these noble metals to form soluble
chlorides.
LIFE PROCESSES
Important Topics
Photosynthesis (remember equation)

EXPLAIN DIGESTION IN HUMAN (enzymes).

Double circulation

QUESTION RELATED TO FUNCTION OF VILLI,

ALVEOLI, Nephrons

Breakdown of glucose, types of respiration

Question 10

(a) In human alimentary canal, the specific enzyme/ juice secreted in

locations (i), (ii) and (iii) are

(b) Where does complete digestion of food take place in the human
body?

(d) Complete the following flow chart as per the given instructions.

(e) Explain the process of nutrition in Amoeba with a neat diagram.

(f) Write the balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis. State

the role of stomata and guard cells in this process.
Nutrition in Humans:
Alimentary canal: A long hollow tube which contains organs through which the
food actually passes (Oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, etc.)

Salivary gland Saliva

swallowing, mixing and pushing the Ingestion Salivary amylase

food, secretes saliva (wets the food) Starch (complex sugar)
and mucus Maltose (Simple sugar)

TEETH - chewing and grinding of food

Receives secretion from liver
(bile) and pancreas (pancreatic
juice). Bile emulsifies fat. Movement of food from mouth to stomach
through peristaltic movementsv
Pancreatic juice contains trypsin
(breaks down proteins) , lipase J-shaped organ which expand when food
(breaks down fats) and enters and muscular walls help in mixing
Pancreatic amylase - helps in the food thoroughly with digestive juices
digestion of carbohydrates. Gastric glands secrete gastric juice -
pepsin (breaks down proteins), HCl (makes
medium acidic), and mucus (protects
5-7 meters long, Site of final ingestion ,
stomach lining)
secretes Intestinal enzymes. . Food in the
small intestine is absorbed by finger-like unabsorbed food is sent into
structures called villi. These projections the large intestine also
increase the surface area for absorption and
Absorbs excess water
are rich in blood vessels, which transport the
absorbed nutrients to all body cells for
Egestion
energy, tissue building, and repair.
Answer

(a) (i) Amylase (ii) Bile (iii) Trypsin

(b) small intestine

(c) Bile juice: Emulsifies fats, makes them easy for enzymes to act on
Pancreas: Secretes enzymes (trypsin, amylase, lipase) to digest proteins, starch, and fats
Liver: Produces bile, regulates nutrients
Hydrochloric acid (HCl): Creates acidic medium for pepsin, kills germs in food
Villi: Increase surface area for absorption of digested food

(d) a - Hydrochloric acid (HCI) b - Pepsin c - Mucus d - HCI makes medium acidic for the
activation of an enzyme pepsin. e - Pepsin acts in an acidic medium, which breaks down
proteins into peptones. f - The mucus protects the inner lining of the stomach from the
corroding action of HCI.
Answer

(e) Amoeba engulfs food using pseudopodia (phagocytosis).

Food vacuole forms → enzymes digest food.
Digested food diffuses into cytoplasm.
Undigested material is expelled outside.

(f) Photosynthesis:
Equation:
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ (in presence of sunlight and chlorophyll)
Role of stomata: Allow entry of CO₂ and release of O₂.
Role of guard cells: Control opening and closing of stomata.
Question 11

(a) Differentiate between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

(b) Explain the structure and function of alveoli. Why does their large surface area help in
gas exchange?
Absence of Ethanol + Carbon dioxide + Energy
oxygen (in yeast) (2-carbon molecule)
Pyruvate
Glucose (6- In cytoplasm (3-carbon Lack of oxygen Lactic acid + Energy
Carbon molecule) molecule) (in our muscle (3-carbon molecule)
cells)
+ Energy
Presence of oxygen
(in mitochodria)
Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
Answer

Feature Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration

Oxygen requirement Takes place in presence of O₂ Takes place in absence of O₂

End products CO₂ + H₂O + Energy (ATP) In animals: Lactic acid + EnergyIn yeast: Ethanol + CO₂ +
Energy

Energy released Large amount of energy Small amount of energy

Site in cell Mitochondria Cytoplasm

(b) Alveoli are tiny balloon-like sacs at the end of bronchioles in the lungs.
Walls are extremely thin and surrounded by a dense network of capillaries.
Function: Provide surface for exchange of O₂ and CO₂ between lungs and blood.
Why large surface area helps:
Alveoli are numerous (millions in each lung), giving a very large surface area.
Large surface area allows maximum diffusion of gases efficiently, fulfilling the body’s oxygen needs
and removing CO₂ rapidly.
Question 12

(a) The blood vessels A and B are marked in the diagram.

(i) Identify A and B.
(ii) State the type of blood they carry.

(b) Identify chambers C and D marked in the diagram, also which

chamber (C or D) has thicker walls and why? c

(c) Describe the flow of blood through the heart. D

(d) Explain double circulation in humans. Why is it necessary?

(e) State the function of valves in the heart.

Answer

(a) (i) A → Pulmonary artery, B → Pulmonary vein

(ii) Pulmonary artery (A) carries deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs.
Pulmonary vein (B) carries oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium.

(b) C → Left atrium (receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary vein)

D → Left ventricle (pumps oxygenated blood to the body through the aorta)
Left ventricle (D) has thicker walls because it has to pump blood with high pressure to the
entire body, while the atrium only receives blood.

(c) Deoxygenated blood from body → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery →
lungs (oxygenation).
Oxygenated blood from lungs → pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta →
rest of the body.
Answer

(d) Blood passes through the heart twice during one complete cycle → once for oxygenation,
once for supply to body.
Path: Right side → lungs → left side → body → back to right side.
Necessary to maintain complete separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood →
ensures efficient supply of O₂ to meet high energy needs of warm-blooded animals.

(e) Valves prevent backflow of blood and ensure blood flows in only one direction (atria →
ventricles → arteries).
Question 13

(a) Draw a neat diagram of the human excretory system. Label the following parts and state
their functions:
(i) Urethra
(ii) Kidney
(iii) Ureter
(b) Explain the structure and function of nephron.
(c) Describe the process of urine formation in humans.
Excretion in Human Beings
Location: Abdomen, one on either side of the backbone.
Function: Filter waste products from the blood to produce urine. The basic filtration
units in the kidneys are nephrons, which consist of a cluster of thin-walled blood
capillaries associated with a cup-shaped end of a tube that collects the filtered urine.
Nephrons selectively reabsorb useful substances like glucose, amino acids, salts, and
water as the urine flows along the tube.

Location: Tubes connecting the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

Function: Transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

Location: Pelvic region.

Function: Stores urine until it is ready to be expelled from the body. The
bladder is muscular and under nervous control, allowing us to control the urge to
urinate.

Location: Tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.
Function: Allows urine to be excreted from the body
Excretion in Human Beings
Structural & functional unit of kidney/excretion system. Responsible for filtration of blood. There are millions of nephron in each kidney.
Glomerular Filtration: Blood enters the kidneys, and in the nephrons, nitrogenous
wastes, glucose, water, amino acids, and excess salts are filtered out. This initial
filtrate enters the Bowman’s capsule of each nephron.

Selective Reabsorption: As the filtrate moves through the nephron, useful substances
such as glucose, amino acids, salts, and a significant amount of water are reabsorbed
back into the blood by the capillaries surrounding the nephron.

Tubular Secretion: Urea, additional water, and excess salts are secreted into the
tubule, which then opens into the collecting duct. The urine then flows from the
collecting ducts into the ureters.

Urine Formation: After filtration and reabsorption, the remaining fluid is urine,
containing waste products and extra water.
Transport: Urine travels from the kidneys through the ureters to the urinary
bladder.
Storage: Urine is stored in the urinary bladder until it becomes full.
Excretion: When the bladder is full, the nervous system triggers the urge to
urinate, and urine is released from the bladder through the urethra and out of
the body.
Question 14

(a) Explain how water is transported in plants through xylem.

(b) What is transpiration? State its importance.
(c) Explain the role of phloem in translocation of food.
(d) Write two differences between xylem and phloem.
Answer

(a) Roots absorb water from soil by osmosis.

Water enters root xylem and moves upward through stem xylem into leaves.
Movement is aided by root pressure, capillary action, and mainly transpiration pull.

(b) Transpiration: Loss of water vapour from aerial parts of plant (mainly leaves) through stomata.
Importance:
[Link] transpiration pull → helps in upward movement of water.
[Link] plant surfaces.
[Link] flow of minerals and water in plant.

(c) Phloem transports prepared food (mainly sucrose) from leaves (source) to other parts of the plant (sink).
Process requires energy (ATP).
Transport occurs in both upward and downward directions.

Xylem Phloem

Transports water & minerals Transports food (sucrose, nutrients)

Transport is unidirectional (roots → leaves) Transport is bidirectional (leaves ↔ other parts)

CONTROL AND
COORDINATION
Important Topics
QUESTIONS ABOUT REFLEX ARC/REFLEX ACTION

QUESTIONS RELATED TO NAME, FUNCTION OF

HORMONES RELEASED BY DIFFERENT GLANDS.

(specially animal)

Neuron parts and diagram

Human brain part function

Question 15

(a) Draw a neat labelled diagram of a neuron and mark: dendrite, cell body, axon.

(b) Define reflex action. With a flow chart, trace the path of reflex action such as touching a
hot object.
(a)
Answer

spontaneous automatic and involuntary response.

Monitored through the spinal cord.

the pathway taken by nerve impulses in a

reflex action is called reflex arc.

Stimulus
Receptors
Spinal cord
Effector
Response
Motor neuron
Question 16

(a) Name the three main parts of the brain. State one function of each.

(b) Which part of the brain controls (i) posture and balance, (ii) thinking, (iii) heartbeat, (iv)
vomiting?

(c) How are the brain and spinal cord protected from mechanical injury?
Human brain: Brain is the main coordinating centre of the body.
1. Fore brain 2. Mid brain 3. Hind brain

Most complex or specialized part of

brain (largest also). Consists of
cerebrum, Thalamus, Hypothalamus.
Functions: Thinking part of the brain
Control the voluntary actions.
Store information.
Receives sensory impulse
Centre associated with hunger.

Controls involuntary actions such as:

controls voluntary act. Changing pupil size.
Eg: blood pressure, reflex movement of head, neck and trunk.
salivation, vomiting.

Control involuntary actions, regulation

of respiration

controls posture and balance.

Precision of voluntary act.
Answer

(a) Three main parts of the brain and their functions:

Cerebrum → Controls thinking, memory, intelligence, voluntary actions, sense organs.
Cerebellum → Maintains posture, balance, coordination of muscular activities.
Medulla oblongata → Controls involuntary activities like heartbeat, breathing, vomiting.

(b) Specific controls:

(i) Posture and balance → Cerebellum
(ii) Thinking → Cerebrum
(iii) Heartbeat → Medulla oblongata
(iv) Vomiting → Medulla oblongata

(c) Protection of brain and spinal cord:

Both are enclosed in bony structures (skull protects brain, vertebral column protects spinal
cord).
Surrounded by three protective membranes (meninges).
Cushioned by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) which absorbs shocks.
Question 17

(a) Name the following hormones and write one function of each:

(i) Thyroxine (ii) Insulin (iii) Adrenaline (iv) Growth hormone

(b) Explain the feedback mechanism of regulating blood sugar with insulin and glucagon.

(c) Why is iodised salt important in our diet?

(d) Differentiate between tropic and nastic movements with examples. Explain phototropism
with a diagram.
Gland Location Hormone Function Related Condition

Controls growth of body (bones & muscles); Dwarfism /

Pituitary gland Base of the brain Growth hormone
“master gland” Gigantism

Neck (around Regulates metabolism of carbohydrates, Goitre (iodine

Thyroid gland Thyroxine
windpipe) proteins and fats deficiency)

Below the Regulate blood sugar levels (insulin ↓ sugar,

Pancreas Insulin & Glucagon Diabetes
stomach glucagon ↑ sugar)

Adrenal Prepares body for “fight or flight” (↑ heart rate,

Above the kidneys Adrenaline —
glands breathing, energy)

Male reproductive Controls male puberty (voice change, hair

Testes Testosterone —
organs growth, sperm production)

Female
Estrogen & Control female puberty (voice, skin, breasts);
Ovaries reproductive —
Progesterone regulate menstrual cycle, pregnancy
organs
Answer

(b) When blood sugar level rises, insulin is secreted → stimulates uptake of glucose by cells and
storage as glycogen → lowers blood sugar.
When blood sugar level falls, glucagon is secreted → breaks down glycogen into glucose → raises
blood sugar.
Thus, insulin and glucagon work in a feedback mechanism to maintain normal blood sugar levels.

(c) Iodine is essential for synthesis of thyroxine hormone.

Deficiency causes goitre (swelling of thyroid gland in neck).
Iodised salt provides adequate iodine in diet.

(d)

Tropic movement Nastic movement

Directional response to stimulus Non-directional response to stimulus

Depends on direction of stimulus Independent of direction of stimulus

Example: Phototropism (shoot bends towards light) Example: Touch-me-not (Mimosa) leaves fold on touch
Answer

Phototropism:
Bending of plant shoots towards light.
Auxin hormone accumulates on the shaded side, causing faster cell elongation there,
making the shoot bend towards light.
LIGHT : REFLECTION AND
REFRACTION
Important Topics
RAY DIAGRAMS (Concave mirror/ Convex lens)

Numerical from mirror formula,

refractive index, power and magnification.

Lens formula (specially from convex lens)

Question 18

(a) A 6 cm tall object is placed perpendicular to the perpendicular axis of a concave mirror of
focal length 30 cm. The distance of the object from the mirror is 45 cm. Use mirror formula to
determine the position, nature and size of the image formed. Also draw labelled ray diagram
to show the image formation in this case.

(b) Draw ray diagrams for the following cases :

(i) object is placed on centre of curvature of concave mirror
(ii) an object is placed between infinity and the pole of a convex mirror.
(iii) object is placed between focus and pole of concave mirror
Question 19

(a) An object is placed at a distance of 10 cm from a convex lens of focal length 15 cm.
(i) Use the lens formula to find the image distance.
(ii) State the nature of the image formed (real/virtual, erect/inverted, magnified/diminished).
(iii) Will this image be obtained on a screen? Give reason.
(iv) Draw a ray diagram to show this case.

(b) A lens has focal length –20 cm. State its nature and power.

(c) One half of a convex lens is blackened. What happens to the brightness and size of the
image (qualitative)?
Question 20

(a) State Snell’s law and define absolute refractive index.

(b) Light enters glass from air. If the absolute refractive index of glass is 1.5, calculate the
speed of light in glass (take c=3×108 m s⁻¹).

(c) Draw a neat ray diagram for a rectangular glass slab showing lateral displacement and
state how the emergent ray is related to the incident ray.

(d) A ray goes air → medium A (n=1.50) → medium B (n=1.33) → medium C (n=2.42) → air.
Between which pair is bending least? Justify.
Answer

(a) Snell’s law: n₁ sin i = n₂ sin r, where i = angle of incidence, r = angle of refraction.
Absolute refractive index (n): n = c/v, the ratio of speed of light in vacuum (c) to that in the medium (v).
(b) Light enters glass from air. If the absolute refractive index of glass is 1.5, calculate the speed of light in
glass. Given: n = 1.5, c = 3 × 10⁸ m/s
v = c/n = (3 × 10⁸) / 1.5 = 2.0 × 10⁸ m/s

(c) The emergent ray is parallel to the incident ray but laterally displaced.
(d) A ray goes air → medium A (n = 1.50) → medium B (n = 1.33) → medium C
(n = 2.42) → air.

Bending is least when the refractive indices of two media are closest.
Air to A: difference = 0.50
A to B: difference = 0.17
B to C: difference = 1.09
C to air: difference = 1.42
Therefore, bending is least at the A–B interface.
Question 21

The variation of image distance (v) with object distance (u) for a convex lens is given in the
following observation table. Analyse it and answer the questions that follow:
(i) Without calculation, find the focal length of the convex lens. Justify your answer.
(ii) Which observation is not correct ? Why? Draw ray diagram to find the position of the
image formed for this position of the object.
(iii) Find the approximate value of magnification for u = - 30 cm.
HUMAN EYE
Important Topics
Human eye and its parts

QUESTIONS RELATED TO DEFECTS OF VISION

AND THEIR CORRECTION

Rainbow formation, atmospheric refraction causes

Question 22

(a) Name the light-sensitive screen of the eye. State its function.

(b) Define power of accommodation.

(d) Explain how ciliary muscles help the eye to focus on (i) a nearby object and (ii) a distant
object. What happens to the curvature and focal length of the eye lens in each case?
Answer

(a) Light-sensitive screen of the eye → Retina

Function → It has photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) that convert light into electrical
signals which are sent to the brain through the optic nerve.

(b) Power of accommodation: The ability of the eye lens to adjust its focal length so that it can
focus clearly on both near and distant objects.

(c) Part controlling pupil size → Iris

In bright light → Pupil contracts (smaller) to reduce light entry.
In dim light → Pupil dilates (larger) to allow more light entry.

(d) Role of ciliary muscles:

(i) Nearby object: Ciliary muscles contract → eye lens becomes thicker (more curved).
Focal length decreases → can focus diverging rays from near object.
(ii) Distant object: Ciliary muscles relax → eye lens becomes thinner (less curved).
Focal length increases → can focus parallel rays from distant object.
Question 23

A student is unable to read the letters written on the blackboard placed 3 m away, though he
can easily read a book kept at the normal reading distance.

(a) Name the defect of vision the student is suffering from.

(b) State two possible causes of this defect.

(d) The far point of the student is 3 m. Calculate the focal length and the power of the lens
required to correct this defect of vision.
Answer
Question 24

(a) Define dispersion of white light. State its cause.

(b) Through a glass prism, which colour deviates most and which least?

(c) Draw a labelled diagram showing dispersion by a prism.

(d) Rainbow: Name the phenomena involved in its formation and mark on a neat sketch the
regions of dispersion (A), internal reflection (B) and refraction (C).
Answer

(a) Dispersion of white light: The splitting of white

light into its component colours (spectrum) on
passing through a prism.
Cause: Different colours (wavelengths) of light
refract through different angles because
refractive index of glass is different for each
colour.

(b) Most deviation: Violet (shortest wavelength,

highest refractive index).
Least deviation: Red (longest wavelength, lowest
refractive index).

(d) Phenomena involved: Dispersion, Refraction, and

Internal Reflection of sunlight by raindrops.
Question 25

(a) Name and explain the phenomenon that makes the path of a beam visible in a dusty room.
Give one daily-life instance.

(b) Why is the sky blue on a clear day but appears black from space?

(c) Why are danger signals red? Answer in terms of scattering.

(d) Explain twinkling of stars and advanced sunrise/delayed sunset using atmospheric
refraction.

(e) MCQ: In air, the colour least scattered is:

(A) Violet
(B) Blue
(C) Green
(D) Red.
Answer

(a) Phenomenon: Tyndall effect – scattering of light by colloidal particles in its path.
In a dusty room, dust particles scatter light, making the beam visible. Daily life instance: Sun
rays entering a room through a small hole or gaps between trees in a forest.

(b) Sky is blue: Molecules in the atmosphere scatter short wavelengths (blue) more than long
wavelengths. From space: No atmosphere → no scattering → sky appears black.

(c) Red light has the longest wavelength, so it is scattered the least.
This allows red light to travel long distances without much scattering.
Hence, danger signals are red to be seen clearly from far.

(d) Twinkling of stars: Caused by atmospheric refraction. Starlight bends while passing through
layers of air of different densities, making apparent position change continuously → star seems to
twinkle.
Answer

Advanced sunrise & delayed sunset: Sun is seen about 2 minutes before actual sunrise and 2
minutes after actual sunset due to atmospheric refraction bending the sun’s rays.

(e) (D) Red.

ELECTRICITY
Question 31

Q. A conductor has 5 × 10¹⁸ electrons passing through it in 2 seconds. The resistance of the
conductor is 10 Ω. Find:
(a) The total charge flowing through the conductor.

(b) The current passing through the conductor.

(c) The voltage across the conductor using Ohm’s law.

(d) Verify the voltage using V = W/Q.

(e) State Ohm's Law.

Question 33

In a house, 2 bulbs of 50 W each are used for 6 hours daily and an electric geyser of 1 kW is
used for 1 hour daily. Calculate:

(a) The total energy consumed in a month of 30 days.

(b) The total cost if the rate is ₹8.00 per kWh.

Question 34

A metal wire has length L = 3.0 m, cross-sectional area A = 4.0 × 10⁻⁷ m² and resistance R = 60 Ω
at room temperature.
(a) Calculate the resistivity ρ of the metal.

(b) The wire is stretched uniformly so that its length becomes 2L (assume volume remains
constant). Find the new resistance. Does resistivity change?

(d) MCQ: For minimum resistance of a wire (same material), choose:

A. Large area, small length B. Small area, large length
C. Large area, large length D. Small area, small length
Question 35

Study the following electric circuit in which the resistors are arranged in three arms A, B, and
C:
(a) State the resistance of arm A.
(b) Calculate the equivalent resistance of the parallel combination of arms B and C.
(c) Determine the total current supplied by the battery and the current through the ammeter.
(d) Determine the current in arm B when it is removed (i.e., disconnected) from the circuit.

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