Section (2) Chapter Two

One Variable
Type
Numerical Variable Categorical Variable

Histogram Bar Chart

Polygon Pie chart
Cumulative Percentage polygon (ogive) Pareto Chart
Stem and Leaf Diagram (ordered array)

Two Variable
Type
Numerical Variable Categorical Variable

Scatter plot Side-by-side chart

Time-series plot

Definitions Chapter two

Term Definition
Organize the data for single categorical variable. Summary tables tally the values as
Summary Table
frequencies and percentage for each category.
Contingency Table Organize the data from two or more categorical variable.
An interval that includes all the values in a (quantitative) data set that fall within two
Class
numbers, the lower and upper limits of the class.
Class frequency The number of values in a data set that belong to a certain class.
Class boundaries To ensure that each value can appear in only one class
Class interval 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 − 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡
width
Class midpoint The values that are halfway between the lower and upper boundaries of each class.
Is the number of values in each class or category divided by the total number of values.

Relative frequency 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑦
=
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠
The percentage for a class or category is obtained by multiplying the relative frequency
of that class or category by 100.
Percentage
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = (𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 × 100%)
Visualizes a categorical variable as a series of bars, with each bar representing the
Bar chart tallies for a single category. The length of each bar represents either the frequency or
percentage of values for each category.
Uses parts of a circle to represent the tallies of each category, the size of each pie slice
Pie chart
varies according to the percentage of each category.
The tallies for each category are plotted as vertical bars in descending order, according
Pareto chart to their frequencies, and are combined with a cumulative percentage line on the same
chart.
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Side-by-side bar
Uses sets of bars to show the joint responses from two categorical variables.
chart
Visualizes data as a vertical bar chart in which each bar represents a class interval from
a frequency or percentage distribution, the numerical values are displayed along the
Histogram
horizontal axis (X) and the frequency or percentage are represented by vertical axis
(Y). There are never any gaps between adjacent bars.
This chart uses the mid-point of each class interval to represent that data of each class
Percentage
and then plots the midpoints at their respective class percentages as points on a line
Polygon
along the X axis.
Uses the cumulative percentage distribution to plot the cumulative percentages along
Cumulative
the Y axis. Unlike the percentage polygon, the lower boundary of the class interval for
Percentage
the numerical variable are plotted at their respective class percentages as points on a
Polygon (Ogive)
line along the X axis.
Visualize data by presenting the data as one or more row-wise stems that represent a
Stem-and-leaf range of values, each stem has one or more leaves that branch out to the right of their
Display stem and present the values found in that stem, the leaves are arranged in ascending
order.
Explores the possible relationship between two numerical variables by plotting the
Scatter plot values of one variable on the X axis and the values of a second numerical variable on
Y axis
Plots the values of a numerical variable on the Y axis and plots the time period
Time-series plot associated with each numerical value on the X axis. A time-series plot can help in
visualizing trends in data that occur over time.

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 Questions Chapter Two
1) The frequency distribution below represents the rents of 250 randomly selected federally
subsidized apartments in a small town.

a) ________ apartments rented for at least $1,200 but less than $1,400. ans. 117
b) ________ percent of the apartments rented for $1,400 or more. ans. 20/250 or 8%
c) ________ percent of the apartments rented for at least $1,300. ans. 52/250 or 20.8%
d) the class midpoint of the second class is ________. ans. 1250
e) the relative frequency of the second class is ________. ans. 0.34
f) the percentage of apartments renting for less than $1,400 is ________. ans. 92%

2) The following are the duration in minutes of a sample of long-distance phone calls made within
the continental United States reported by one long-distance carrier.

a) What is the width of each class? ans. {5 minutes}

b) If 1,000 calls were randomly sampled, how many calls lasted under 10 minutes? ans. {590}
c) If 100 calls were randomly sampled, how many calls lasted 15 minutes or longer? ans. {26}
d) If 10 calls lasted 30 minutes or more, how many calls lasted less than 5 ans. {185}
minutes?
e) what is the cumulative relative frequency for the percentage of calls that lasted ans. {0.84}
under 20 minutes?
f) what is the cumulative relative frequency for the percentage of calls that lasted 10 ans. {0.41}
minutes or more?
g) if 100 calls were randomly sampled, _______ of them would have lasted at least ans. {10}
15 minutes but less than 20 minutes
h) if 100 calls were sampled, _______ of them would have lasted less than 15 ans. {74}
minutes.
i) if 100 calls were sampled, _______ of them would have lasted less than 5 ans. {39}
minutes or at least 30 minutes or more.

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3) The Stem-and-Leaf display below contains data on the number of months between the date a
civil suit is filed and when the case is actually adjudicated for 50 cases heard in superior court.

a) The lowest valued leaf with the lowest valued stem. This represents a wait of ans. {12}
________ months.
b) The civil suit with the longest wait between when the suit was filed and when ans. {68}
it was adjudicated had a wait of ________ months.
c) The civil suit with the fourth shortest waiting time between when the suit was ans. {14}
filed and when it was adjudicated had a wait of ________ months.
d) ________ percent of the cases were adjudicated within the first 2 years. ans. {30}
e) ________ percent of the cases were not adjudicated within the first 4 years. ans. {20}
f) If a frequency distribution with equal sized classes was made from this data, ans. {9}
and the first class was "10 but less than 20," the frequency of that class would
be ________.
g) If a frequency distribution with equal sized classes was made from this data, ans. {0.20 or
and the first class was "10 but less than 20," the relative frequency of the third 10/50}
class would be ________.
h) If a frequency distribution with equal sized classes was made from this data, ans. {46% or
and the first class was "10 but less than 20," the cumulative percentage of the 23/50}
second class would be________.

4) The ordered array below resulted from selecting a sample of 25 batches of 500 computer chips
and determining how many in each batch were defective.
Defects

a) If a frequency distribution for the defects data is constructed, using "0 but less than 5" as the first
class, the frequency of the “20 but less than 25” class would be ________.
b) If a frequency distribution for the defects data is constructed, using "0 but less than 5" as the first
class, the relative frequency of the “15 but less than 20” class would be ________.
Sol.

Relative Cumulative
Defects Frequency Percentage
Frequency Percentage
0 but less than 5 4 0.16 16 16
5 but less than 10 6 0.24 24 40
10 but less than 15 2 0.08 8 48
15 but less than 20 2 0.08 8 56
20 but less than 25 4 0.16 16 72
25 but less than 30 7 0.28 28 100

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 5) A large Midwestern city has been chronically plagued by false fire alarms. The following data
set gives the number of false alarms set off each week for a 24-week period in the city.
10 4 8 7 3 7 10 2 6 12 11 8
1 6 5 13 9 7 5 1 14 5 15 3
a. Construct a frequency distribution table. Take 1 as the lower limit of the first class and 3 as
the width of each class.
b. Calculate the relative frequencies and percentages for all classes.
c. What percentages of these weeks had 9 or fewer false alarms?
d. Draw the frequency polygon.
e. Prepare the cumulative percentage distribution using that table.
f. Draw an o give for the cumulative percentage distribution.

Sol.
a&b

Class limit Tally Frequency Relative Percentage

frequency
1-4 //// 5 0.208 20.8%
4-7 //// / 6 0.250 25%
7-10 //// / 6 0.250 25%
10-13 //// 4 0.167 16.7%
13-16 /// 3 0.125 12.5%
Total 24 1 100%

c. 71% of these weeks has 9 or fewer false alarms.

Frequency polygon
8
6
4
Frequency
2
0
1-4 4-7 7-10 10-13 13-16
d.

e.

Class Percentage Cumulative

limit percentage cumulative percentage polygon
1-4 20.8% 20.8% 150.0%
1-7 25% 45.8%
1-10 25% 70.8% 100.0%
1-13 16.7% 87.5% cumulative
1-16 12.5% 100% percentage 50.0%
Total 100%
0.0%
1-4 4-7 7-10 10-13 13-16

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6) The table below contains the number of people who own a portable Blu-ray player in a sample
of 600 broken down by gender.
Own a Portable
Male Female
Blu-ray player
Yes 96 40
No 224 240

a) Of those who owned a portable Blu-ray player in the sample, ________ ans. {29.41%}
percent were females.
b) Of those who did not own a portable Blu-ray player in the sample, ________ ans. {48.28%}
percent were males.
c) Of the males in the sample, ________ percent owned a portable Blu-ray ans. {30%}
player.
d) Of the females in the sample, ________ percent did not own a portable ans. {85.71%}
Blu-ray player.
e) Of the females in the sample, ________ percent owned a portable Blu-ray ans. {14.29%}
player.
f) ________ percent of the 600 were females who owned a portable Blu-ray ans. {6.67%}
player.
g) ________ percent of the 600 were males who owned a portable Blu-ray ans. {16%}
player.
h) ________ percent of the 600 were females who either owned or did not ans. {46.67% }
own a portable Blu-ray player.
i) _______ percent of the 600 were males who did not own a portable Blu- ans. {37.33% }
ray player.
j) _______ percent of the 600 owned a portable Blu-ray player. ans. {22.67%}
k) _______ percent of the 600 did not own a portable Blu-ray player. ans. {77.33% }
l) ________ percent of the 600 were females. ans. {46.67%}
m) If the sample is a good representation of the population, we can expect ans. {22.67% }
_______ percent of the population will own a portable Blu-ray player.
n) If the sample is a good representation of the population, we can expect ans. {53.33% }
_______ percent of the population will be males.
o) If the sample is a good representation of the population, we can expect ans. {70.59% }
_______ percent of those who own a portable Blu-ray player in the
population will be males.
p) If the sample is a good representation of the population, we can expect ans. {30%}
_______ percent of the males in the population will own a portable Blu-
ray player.
q) If the sample is a good representation of the population, we can expect ans. {85.71%}
_______ percent of the females in the population will not own a
portable Blu-ray player.

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 7) the following is a set of data from a sample of n = 11 items:
X: 7 5 8 3 6 0 2 4 9 5 8
Y: 1 5 4 9 8 0 6 2 7 5 4
a) Construct a scatter plot.
b) Is there a relationship between X and Y? Explain.
Sol.
Scatter Plot
10
9
8
7
6
Y 5
4
3
2
1
0
0 2 4 6 8 10

X
a)
b) There is no relationship between X and Y.

8) The following is a series of annual sales (in $millions) over an 11-year period (2002 to 2012):
Year: 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Sales: 13.0 17.0 19.0 20.0 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.0 19.0 17.0 13.0
a) Construct a time-series plot.
b) Does there appear to be any change in annual sales over time? Explain.
Sol.

a)

b) Annual sales appear to be increasing in the earlier years before 2006 but start to decline after
2008.

9) Choose the correct answer:

1. Which of the following is appropriate for displaying data collected on the different brands of cars
students at a major university drive?

a) A Pareto chart b) A two-way classification table c) A histogram d) A scatter plot

2. One of the developing countries is experiencing a baby boom, with the number of births rising for
the fifth year in a row, according to a BBC News report. Which of the following is best for
displaying this data?
a) A Pareto chart b) A two-way classification table c) A histogram d) A time-series plot

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3. Data on 1,500 students’ height were collected at a larger university in the East Coast. Which of the
following is the best chart for presenting the information?
a) A pie chart. b) A Pareto chart. c) A side-by-side bar chart. d) A histogram.

4. A survey of 150 executives were asked what they think is the most common mistake candidates
make during job interviews. Six different mistakes were given. Which of the following is the best
for presenting the information?
a) A bar chart. b) A histogram c) A stem-and-leaf display. d) A contingency table.

5. You have collected information on the market share of 5 different search engines used by U.S.
Internet users in a particular quarter. Which of the following is the best for presenting the
information?
a) A pie chart. b) A histogram c) A stem-and-leaf display. d) A contingency table.

6. You have collected data on the approximate retail price (in $) and the energy cost per year (in $) of
15 refrigerators. Which of the following is the best for presenting the data?
a) A pie chart. b) A scatter plot c) A side-by-side bar chart. d) A contingency table.

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 Exercise
Refer to the following distribution of commissions:

1) What is the relative frequency for those salespersons that earn from $1,600 up to $1,800?
A) .02 B) .024 C) .20 D) .24
2) What is the relative frequency of those salespersons that earn $1,600 or more?
A) 25.5% B) 27.5% C) 29.5% D) 30.8%
3) For the distribution above, what is the midpoint of the class with the greatest frequency?
A) 1400 B) 1500 C) 1700 D) The midpoint cannot be determined.
4) What is the class interval?
A) 200 B) 300 C) 3.500 D) 400

Refer to the following information from a frequency distribution for "heights of college women"
recorded to the nearest inch:
The first two class midpoints are 62.5" and 65.5".

5) What is the class interval?

A) 1" B) 2" C) 2.5" D) 3"
6) What are the class limits for the lowest class limit?
A) 61 and less than 64 B) 62 and less than 64
C) 62 and 65 D) 62 and 63
7) What are the class limits for the third class?
A) 64 and less than 67 B) 66 and 68
C) 67 and less than 70 D) Cannot be determined

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