Multiplexin
g
Many to one/one to many
Types of multiplexing
Multiplexin
gIt is the set of techniques that allows the
simultaneous transmission of multiple signals
across a single data link.
Multiplexing is done using a device called
Multiplexer (MUX) that combine n input lines
to generate one output line i.e. (many to one).
At the receiving end a device called
Demultiplexer (DEMUX) is used that separate
signal into its component signals i.e. one input
and several outputs (one to many).
Multiplexing…
Advantages of
Multiplexing
More than one signals can be sent over single
medium or link
Effective use of the bandwidth of medium
Multiplexing vs. No Multiplexing
Types of Multiplexing
Synchronous TDM Asynchronous TDM
Frequency Division
Multiplexing
It is an analog technique.
Signals of different frequencies are combined
into a composite signal and is transmitted on
the single link.
Bandwidth of a link should be greater than the
combined bandwidths of the various channels.
Each signal is having different frequency.
Channels are separated by the strips of unused
bandwidth called Guard Bands (to prevent
overlapping).
FDM
Applications of
FDM
FDM is used for FM & AM radio broadcasting.
AM frequency = 530 to 1700 kHz.
FM frequency = 88 to 108 MHz.
FDM is used in television broadcasting.
First generation cellular telephone also usesFDM.
Example 6.1
Assume that a voice channel occupies a bandwidth of 4
kHz. We need to combine three voice channels into a link
with a bandwidth of 12 kHz, from 20 to 32 kHz. Show the
configuration, using the frequency domain. Assume there
are no guard bands.
Solution
We shift (modulate) each of the three voice channels to a
different bandwidth, as shown in Figure 6.6. We use the 20-
to 24-kHz bandwidth for the first channel, the 24- to 28-
kHz bandwidth for the second channel, and the 28- to 32-
kHz bandwidth for the third one. Then we combine them as
shown in Figure 6.6.
6.10
Figure 6.6 Example 6.1
6.11
Example 6.2
Five channels, each with a 100-kHz bandwidth, are to be
multiplexed together. What is the minimum bandwidth of
the link if there is a need for a guard band of 10 kHz
between the channels to prevent interference?
Solution
For five channels, we need at least four guard bands. This
means that the required bandwidth is at least
5 × 100 + 4 × 10 = 540 kHz,
as shown in Figure 6.7.
6.12
Figure 6.7 Example 6.2
6.13
Wave Division
Multiplexing
WDM is an analog multiplexing technique.
Working is same as FDM.
In WDM different signals are optical or light signals that
are transmitted through optical fiber.
Various light waves from different sources are combined to
form a composite light signal that is transmitted across the
channel to the receiver.
At the receiver side, this composite light signal is broken
into different light waves by Demultiplexer.
This Combining and the Splitting of light waves is done by
using a PRISM. Prism bends beam of light based on the
angle of incidence and the frequency of light wave.
Wave Division Multiplexing…
Time Division
Multiplexing
It is the digital multiplexing technique.
Channel/Link is not divided on the basis of
frequency but on the basis of time.
Total time available in the channel is divided
between several users.
Each user is allotted a particular time interval
called time slot or slice.
In TDM the data rate capacity of the
transmission medium should be greater than
the data rate required by sending of receiving
devices.
TDM
Types of
TDM
Synchronous TDM
Asynchronous TDM
Synchronous
TDM
Each device is given same Time Slot to transmit
the data over the link, whether the device has
any data to transmit or not.
Each device places its data onto the link when
its Time Slot arrives, each device is given the
possession of line turn by turn.
If any device does not have data to send then its
time slot remains empty.
Time slots are organized into Frames and each
frame consists of one or more time slots.
If there are n sending devices there will be n
slots in frame.
Synchronous TDM
Multiplexing Process in
STDM
In STDM every device is given opportunity to
transmit a specific amount of data onto thelink.
Each device gets its turn in fixed order and for
fixed amount of time = INTERLEAVING.
Interleaving is done by a character (one byte).
Each frame consist of four slots as there are four
input devices.
Slots of some devices go empty if they do not have
any data to send.
TDM, Multiplexing
TDM, Demultiplexing
Disadvantages of
STDM
The channel capacity cannot be fully utilized. Some
of the slots go empty in certainframes.
Asynchronous TDM
Asynchronous
Also known as Statistical Time Division
TDM
multiplexing.
In this time slots are not Fixed i.e. slots are
Flexible.
Total speed of the input lines can be greater
than the capacity of the path.
In ASTDM we have n input lines and m slots i.e.
m less than n (m<n).
Slots are not predefined rather slots are
allocated to any of the device that has data to
send.
Frames and Addresses
a. Only three lines sending data
Frames and Addresses
b. Only four lines sending data
Frames and Addresses
c. All five lines sending data