DSP-Module-I
Signals:
Systems:
Classification of Signals
Above signal referred as multidimensional signal.
a). Even and odd signals:
Even signals are symmetric about the vertical (y) axis, meaning they are identical to their
time-reversed counterpart, expressed as x(t) = x(-t) or x[n] = x[-n]. Odd signals, conversely,
are anti-symmetric about the origin, meaning x(t) = -x(-t) or x[n] = -x[-n]. Odd signals also
have a specific property: their amplitude at time zero must be zero (i.e., x(0) = 0).
Even Signals
• Symmetry: Symmetric about the y-axis.
• Mathematical Definition: x(t) = x(-t) for continuous-time signals, or x[n] = x[-n] for
discrete-time signals.
• Example: A cosine function is an even signal, as cos(t) = cos(-t).
• Decomposition: A general signal can be expressed as the sum of its even and odd
components. The even component of a signal x(t) is given by xₑ(t) = 1/2[x(t) + x(-t)].
Odd Signals
• Symmetry: Anti-symmetric about the origin.
• Mathematical Definition: x(t) = -x(-t) for continuous-time signals, or x[n] = -x[-n] for
discrete-time signals.
• Zero at Origin: Must have an amplitude of zero at t=0, meaning x(0) = 0.
• Example: A sine function is an odd signal, as sin(-t) = -sin(t).
• Decomposition: The odd component of a signal x(t) is given by xₒ(t) = 1/2[x(t) - x(-t)].
b) Periodic and Non periodic signals:
A signal is said to be periodic signal if it has a definite pattern and repeats itself at a
regular interval of time. Whereas, the signal which does not at the regular interval of
time is known as an aperiodic signal or non-periodic signal.
C ). Energy and Power Signals:
Discrete time signal x(n) is called energy signal if its energy is finite.
Discrete time signal x(n) is said to be power signal if its power is finite
0<P<∞
Average power of the discrete time signal x(n)
d). Deterministic and Random signals:
A deterministic signal is a type of signal that follows a predictable pattern over
time. This means that if you were to observe the signal at different points in
time, you would be able to predict its future values based on its past values.
Deterministic signals are often used in engineering and scientific applications,
as they can be accurately modeled and analyzed using mathematical
techniques.
A random signal, on the other hand, is a type of signal that exhibits random or
unpredictable behavior. This means that it is not possible to accurately predict
the future values of the signal based on its past values. Random signals are
often used in statistical analysis and communication systems, as they can be
used to model real-world phenomena that exhibit unpredictable behavior.
Discrete Time Systems:
y(n) = T[x(n)]
ANALYSIS OF DISCRETE-TIME LINEAR TIME-INVARIANT SYSTEMS
Steps for Convolution Sum:
Similarly
For n= ………-5, -4, -3 ,-2 ,-1, 0,1, 2, 3 ………
Properties of Convolution and the Interconnection of LTI Systems
Causal Linear Time-Invariant Systems:
Stability of Linear Time-Invariant Systems:
Summable.