GPIO
Input Device:
1. Dip Switch
2. Push-Button Switch
3. Matrix/Hex Keyboard
4. Analog Input (Sensors)
Output devices:
1. 7 Segment display
2. LED Display
3. LCD Display
• To read (receive) binary data from an input peripheral
– MPU places the address of an input port on the address bus,
enables the input port by asserting the RD signal, and reads
data using the data bus.
• To write (send) binary data to an output peripheral
– MPU places the address of an output port on the address
bus, places data on data bus, and asserts the WR signal to
enable the output port.
Input Devices
1. Dip switch:
One side of the switch is
tied high (to a power supply
through a resistor called a
pull-up resistor), and the
other side is grounded. The
logic level changes when
the position is switched.
Interfacing Dip Switches and
Interfacing LEDs follow the same
rules.
2. Push-Button switch
The connection is the same as in the
DIP switch except that contact is
momentary.
When a key is pressed (or released),
mechanical metal contact bounces
momentarily and can be read.
Note: Push-Button switches has a problem called Key-debouncing problem
Key debouncing problem: Once a key is pressed, after releasing that key we might get some
distorted signals rather than complete 1 or 0. It can cause the reading of one contact as multiple
inputs
Solution of key debouncing problem:
Software key debouncing solution: Hardware key debouncing solution:
● Wait for 20 ms. ● Using a S-R latch along with the
● Read the port again. switch
Output Devices
1. 7 Segment display:
● First need to know LED interfacing
● 7 segment display:
● BCD to 7-Segment Display table: [Common Cathode]
● 2 ways to interface a 7-segment display: Common Anode & Common cathode
Common cathode mode Common Anode mode
For 1 7-segment display For 1 7-segment display
For multiple 7-segment display (Use transistor For multiple 7-segment display (Use transistor
for controlling displays) for controlling displays):
2. LED Matrix Display:
- Has 16 pins [Row 8 & column 8]
- Row pins serves as a sourcing/sinking point and actual data is sent through the column
pins
- If a row pin is grounded [0] and from a column data [1] is sent only that specific LED
will lit up. - [common cathode]
- If a row pin is powered [1] and from a column data [0] is sent only that specific LED will
lit up. - [common anode]
-
Note: 16 pins are too computationally heavy therefore we can use Johnson counters to
reduce the pins needed.
● With the Johnson counter only 10 pins are needed.
● Columns will send data as usually [Through 8 pins]
● In the rows we will connect a Johnson counter [Which is basically an array-like
structure of 8 transistors]. JC has 2 pins: 1 enable pin and 1 data pin to change
clock pulse
● With each clock pulse the data sent [1/0] from the data pin will shift 1 bit and
light up the LEDs according to the data sent through the columns.
3. LCD display:
1. Microcontroller will activate the LCD first [en = 0]
2. Microcontroller will send 0 through D0-D7 which will work to activate the register select pin
[RS = 0] to configure the LCD
3. Microcontroller will send 1 through D0-D7 which will work to activate the register select pin
[RS = 1] to activate data register
4. Now microcontroller will send the data through D0-D7
5. The data will go to the data RAM through data register
6. Finally the data will be displayed on the LCD from data RAM
Matrix/ HEX Keyboard
How does it work?
1. Column identification:
a. Initially the column values remain 1 since connected to VCC. Meaning, D3-D2-D1-D0 = 1-1-1-1
b. Once any key is pressed the column value is changed to 0. E.g. for pressing “9” the value of
D3-D2-D1-D0 = 1-1-0-1
c. The column is identified since the value has changed and it's not 1111 anymore
d. Now this value 1101 (D3-D2-D1-D0 = 1-1-0-1) gets saved in a register for later use (Key press
identification)
MOV AL, 0
OUT PA, AL
KEYPRESS: IN AL, PB
CMP AL, 0FH
JZ KEYPRESS
CALL DELAY
2. Row identification:
a. Initially the row values remain 0 from the end of the microprocessor
b. With each pulse microprocessor sends 0 from one pin (at first D0 = 0) and 1 from others
(D3-D3-D1 = 1-1-1)
c. With each clock pulse and each change the system searches for the intersecting point which
completes the circuit. Once the intersecting point is found the row value has also been identified.
For example D2 in this case.
R0:
MOV AL, 1110
OUT PA, AL
IN AL, PB
CMP AL, 0FH
JZ R1
LEA SI, R0
JMP COL
3. Key press identification:
a. We got the value of column in step 1 (1101 from Row 2 (R2))
b. Now we have to find the 0 by shift right (SHR) operation to find out the corresponding value and
store that into the KEYPRESS variable.