A Session On
Protection System &
Its Applications
Presented By
EXPEL PROSYS
WHAT DO WE MEAN BY PROTECTION?
PROTECTION OF VARIOUS COMPONENTS
OF POWER SYSTEM AGAINST VARIOUS
TYPES OF SYSTEM FAULTS
EXPEL PROSYS
VARIOUS TYPES OF EQUIPMENTS
z GENERATORS
z TRANSFORMERS
z MOTORS
z FEEDERS
z TRANSMISSION
LINES
z CAPACITORS
z BUS BARS
EXPEL PROSYS
VARIOUS TYPE OF FALUTS
z R-Y-B-G OR R-Y-B (Symmetrical Fault)
z R-Y
z Y-B
z B-R
z R-Y-G
z Y-B-G (Unsymmetrical Faults)
z B-R-G
z R-G
z Y-G
z B-G
EXPEL PROSYS
POWER SYSTEM - FAULTS
Current
Over Load
Over Current Voltage
Earth Fault Over Vol. Power
Current Unb. Under Vol. Over power
Dir. Over Cur. Voltage Unb. Under power
Dir. Earth Fault Neutral shift Reverse power
Computed
Over fluxing Frequency Control/Mgmt.
Loss of field Over Freq. Synchronising
Diff. O/C Under Freq. Load sharing
Restricted E/F dF/dT Islanding
Under Imp. Load shedding
EXPEL PROSYS
PURPOSE OF PROTECTIVE RELAYS
z TO DETECT ABNORMALITIES
(FAULTS)
z TO ELIMINATE SUCH
ABNORMALITIES
By isolating smallest portion of the system
In a shortest period of time.
z TO PREVENT DAMAGE TO
EQUIPMENTS
z TO PREVENT INJURIES TO
PERSONNEL
EXPEL PROSYS
PROTECTION – ANSI CODES
EXPEL PROSYS
HOW TO INTERPRET TYPE OF PROTECTION
FROM ANSI NOS?
z 14 - LOCKED ROTOR
z 21 - DISTANCE
z 24 - OVER FLUX
z 25 - CHECK SYNCHRINISING
z 27 - U/V
z 32F - LOW FORWARD POWER
z 32L - REVERSE POWER
z 40 - LOSS OF FIELD
z 46 - UNBALANCE
z 49 - THERMAL OVERLOAD
z 50/50N - INSTANTANEOUS O/C & E/F
z 51/51N - TIME DELAYED PHASE OC & E/F
z 59 - O/V
z 64 - REF
z 6767N - DIRECTIONAL O/C & E/F
z 74TC - TRIP CKT SUPERVISION
z 81 - FREQ.
z 87 - DIFFERENTIAL
EXPEL PROSYS
RELAY OPERATION WHEN A FAULT OCCURS
z Each relay should protect a
specific zone in the system
z If fault is inside its zone,
relay should operate and isolate
the zone
z If fault is outside zone,
Relay should not operate –
Some other relay should operate
and isolate
EXPEL PROSYS
INPUT & OUTPUT OF RELAYS
INPUT
CURRENT CTs
VOLTAGE PTs
FREQUENCY PTs
POWER CTs + PTs
OUTPUT
TRIP CONTACT
EXPEL PROSYS
MEDIUM VOLTAGE FEEDER PROTECTION
z COMBINATION OF TWO O/C AND ONE E/F
RELAY IS USED TO PROTECT THE U/G LINE
OR O/H LINE.
z THE CHARACTERISTIC OF THE RELAY IS
IDMTL (INVERS DEFINATE MINIMUM TIME
LAG )
z THIS RELAY PROVIDES PROTECTION
AGAINST OVERLOAD, EARTH FAULT OR
SHORT CIRCUIT ON THE LINE OR FEEDER.
EXPEL PROSYS
TYPE OF O/C AND E/F RELAY
z CHARACTERISTIC - INVERSE
- VERY INVERSE
- EXT. INVERSE
z CURRENT - 1 AMPS RELAY
- 5 AMPS RELAY
z AUX. SUPPLY - 24,110,220 V D.C
- SELF POWER RELAY
z ADD FEATURE - INST. ELEMENT OR
HIGH SET ELEMENT
EXPEL PROSYS
BASIC SETTING OF PROTECTIVE RELAY
PICK UP SETTING PS (PLUG SETTING
LOW SET/HIGH SET
% of CT RATING
TIME DELAY SETTING TMS (TIME
DEFINITE TIME/INVERSE MULTIPLIER
TIME SETTING)
EXPEL PROSYS
TYPICAL IDMT CHARACTERISTICS
AS PER IEC
AT TMS=1
I/Is=2 I/Is=4 I/Is=6 I/Is=8 I/Is=10 I/Is=15
Normal Inv 3 sec 10.0 5.03 3.87 3.33 3.0 2.54 2.29
Normal Inv 1.3 sec 4.39 2.18 1.68 1.44 1.3 1.1 0.99
Very Inverse 13.5 4.5 2.7 1.93 1.5 0.96 0.71
Extremely Inverse 26.66 5.33 2.28 1.27 0.81 0.36 0.20
EXPEL PROSYS
CONNECTION DIA OF O/C & E/F RELAY
R Y B C.T
C.B P1 P2
S1 S2
BUSBAR B O/C
R O/C
E/F
EXPEL PROSYS
CONNECTION DIA OF O/C & E/F RELAY
R Y B
C.B C.T
FAULT
BUSBAR R O/C B O/C
B PHASE TO
E/F
EARTH FAULT
EXPEL PROSYS
CONNECTION DIA OF O/C & E/F RELAY
R Y B C.T
C.B
FAULT
BUSBAR R O/C B O/C
PHASE TO
PHASE FAULT E/F
EXPEL PROSYS
PARALLEL FEEDER PROTECTION
z DIRECTIONAL RELAY IS PROVIDED
WHERE MORE THAN ONE FEEDER ARE
IN PARALLEL
z AT SENDING END SIDE ONLY IDMTL
RELAY IS PROVIDED WHILE AT
RECEIVING END SIDE IDMTL WITH
DIRECTIONAL FEATURES IS PROVIDED
EXPEL PROSYS
PARALLEL FEEDER PROTECTION
SOURCE
SENDING END
BREAKER
DIRECTION FOR R R
OPERATION
O/C & E/F IDMTL RELAY
NORMAL LOAD FLOW
DIRECTION FOR R
OPERATION R DIR. O/C & E/F IDMTL
RELAY
RECEIVING END
LOAD
EXPEL PROSYS
PARALLEL FEEDER PROTECTION
SOURCE
SENDING END
BREAKER
DIRECTION FOR R R O/C & E/F IDMTL RELAY
OPERATION
NORMAL LOAD FLOW
DIRECTION FOR R DIR. O/C & E/F IDMTL
OPERATION R
RELAY
RECEIVING END
FAULT
LOAD
EXPEL PROSYS
PARALLEL FEEDER PROTECTION
SOURCE
SENDING END
BREAKER
O/C & E/F IDMTL RELAY
DIRECTION FOR R C.T R
OPERATION
FAULT
DIRECTION FOR R DIR. O/C & E/F IDMTL
OPERATION R
RELAY
RECEIVING END
LOAD
EXPEL PROSYS
DEVELOPMENT OF PROTECTIVE RELAYS
ELECTROMECHANICAL RELAYS : EXISTING FROM 1900
- RUGGED AND RELIABLE
- ATTRACTED ARMATURE / DISC TYPE / CUP TYPE
- SLOW AND SLUGGISH OPERATION
- HIGH ERROR (UPTO ±10%) OF MEASUREMENT
- HIGH BURDEN ON CT AND PT
- DRIFT IN CHARACTERISTICS DUE TO AGEING
- NO FLEXIBILITY IN USE SO BECOME REDUNDANT
WHEN SYSTEM GROWS
- BIGGER DIMENSIONS & FREQUENT MAINTENANCE
EXPEL PROSYS
DEVELOPMENT OF PROTECTIVE RELAYS
STATIC RELAYS : EXISTING FROM 1970
- FASTER OPERATION
- MORE ACCURATE
- LOW BURDEN ON CT/PT
- COMPACT SIZE
- LESS MAINTENANCE
- NOT MUCH FLEXIBILITY IN APPLICATION
- NO MEMORY FEATURES OF PREVIOUS FAULTS
- NO SELF SUPERVISION
- FREQUENCY DEPENDENT OPERATION
EXPEL PROSYS
DEVELOPMENT OF PROTECTIVE RELAYS
MICROPROCESSOR RELAYS : EXISTING FROM 1980
- SMALLER SIZE RESULTING INTO SPACE SAVING AND
ECONOMY.
- DIGITAL DISPLAY OF ALL VALUES.
- AMPLE PROGRAMMING FACILITIES LIKE:
SELECTION OF REQUIRED CHARTERTISICS
EXACT SETTING FROM A WIDE RANGE
OUTPUT RELAY PROGRAMMING
BLOCKING OF SELECTED FUNCTIONS
SELF SUPERVISION OF RELAY FUNCTIONALITY
USER PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC FUNCTIONS
- VERY HIGH ACCURACY OF MEASUREMENT.
- LOW BURDEN OF CT/ PT RESULTING INTO:
ECONOMICAL DESIGN OF CT AND PT
ALLOW CABLING OF THINNER CROSS SECTION.
OVER ALL COST SAVING
- NO VARIATION IN RELAY CHARACTERISTICS
- HISTORY OF PREVIOUS FAULT
- MAINTENANCE FREE DESIGN
- SIMPLER ENGINEERING. EXPEL PROSYS
DEVELOPMENT OF PROTECTIVE RELAYS
COMMUNICATION CAPABILITIES:
CONNECTED TO A HIGHER LEVEL SYSTEM LIKE:
- A MONITORING SYSTEM
- DATA ACQUISITION/ EVENT REPORTING
SYSTEM
- SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA
ACQUISITION
(SCADA) SYSTEM
- ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
COMMUNICATION CAPABILITY IS A VERY
POWERFUL
FEATURE WHICH ALLOWS USER TO BUILD IN
“ DISTRIBUTION -AUTOMATION SYSTEM”
EXPEL PROSYS
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QUESTIONS ?
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EXPEL PROSYS
THANK YOU
EXPEL PROSYS