Session 1 – Basic Computer Operations (Detailed Notes)
1. What is ICT?
• ICT = Information and Communication Technology.
• Refers to technologies used for collecting, storing, processing, and sharing digital
information.
• Includes computers, smartphones, the internet, and other devices/software.
Importance of ICT:
– Helps in communication (emails, video calls).
– Useful in education (online classes, e-learning platforms).
– Used in businesses for storing data, making presentations, financial transactions,
etc.
2. Computer Hardware and Software
A computer system has two main parts: Hardware and Software.
a. Hardware:
– Physical parts of a computer that can be touched.
– Examples: Monitor, Keyboard, Mouse, CPU, Printer, Scanner.
b. Software:
– Programs/instructions that tell hardware what to do.
– Cannot be touched but can be seen/used.
– Examples: Windows, MS Word, Paint, Chrome, Games.
c. Operating System (OS):
– Most important software in a computer.
– Controls hardware and allows user interaction.
– Examples: Windows, Ubuntu, macOS.
Functions:
• Provides user interface (desktop, icons).
• Manages memory and files.
• Controls input/output devices.
3. Starting and Shutting Down a Computer
a. Starting a Computer:
1. 1. Press the Power Button on CPU/laptop.
2. 2. BIOS runs a self-test (POST) to check hardware.
3. 3. If OK, BIOS loads the Operating System.
4. 4. Desktop appears and computer is ready to use.
b. Login and Logout:
– Login: Enter username and password to access the system.
– Logout: Ends session, prevents misuse.
c. Shutting Down a Computer:
– Use Shut down option in OS.
– Safely closes applications before turning off.
– Prevents data loss and protects hardware.
4. Protecting Your Data
To avoid theft, hacking, or virus attacks, follow these measures:
a. Use Strong Passwords:
– Mix uppercase, lowercase, numbers, and symbols.
– Example: Abh@Y2025*
b. Install Antivirus and Firewall:
– Antivirus protects against malware/viruses.
– Firewall blocks suspicious traffic.
c. Encrypt Data:
– Converts data into unreadable code unless correct key/password is given.
– Example: BitLocker in Windows.
d. Use Secure Sites (HTTPS):
– Look for https:// and padlock icon before entering details online.
e. Regular Updates:
– Keep OS/apps updated to fix security loopholes.
f. Be Alert to Internet Scams:
– Fake emails/messages offering lottery or prizes.
– Do not click unknown links or share personal info.
5. Internet Scams (Detailed Note)
Definition: Fraudulent schemes on the internet that trick people into giving money or
personal data.
Examples:
– Fake emails claiming 'You won a lottery'.
– Fake job offers asking for fees.
– Phishing sites copying bank websites to steal passwords.
Safety Tips:
– Do not click unknown links.
– Verify website addresses.
– Never share OTP, ATM PIN, or bank password.