Periodic Table
Transition Block Elements/ Metals Group VIII/0/Noble Gases
Typical metals Self-satisfied
Exist as variable oxidation states Complete octet or duplet
1+¿ ¿ 2+¿ ¿
Cu Cu Uses:
Fe
2 +¿¿
Fe
3 +¿¿ He is used in weather balloons
Form colored compounds Ne is used in advertising lights, neon signs
Cu
1+¿ ¿
Red Ar provides inert atmosphere in light bulbs
2+¿ ¿
Cu Blue
2 +¿¿
Fe Dirty green
3 +¿¿
Fe Red brown
Used as catalysts
V 2 O5 is used in Contact process
Fe2 O3 is used in Haber’s process
¿ is used in industrial preparation of margarine
Group I: Alkali metals (form alkalis in water)
Li
Monoatomic
Shielding effect increases
Melting point decreases
Na
Soft metals can be cut with knife
Reactivity increases
K
Density increases
Rb Form unipositive ions; electropositive
Cs Most reactive metals stored in oils else react with air/oxygen
Fr
Chemical properties:
Reaction with Hydrogen, oxygen and water
i- Reaction with hydrogen
General reaction 2 M (s) + H 2 (g) →2 MH (g )(Metal hydride)
ii- Reaction with oxygen
General reaction 4 M (s) +O 2 (g) →2 M 2 O (s)(Metal oxide)
iii- Reaction with hydrogen
General reaction 2 M (s) +2 H 2 O(l) →2 MOH (aq )+ H 2(g)
a) Reaction of lithium with water
Observation: Solid floats on water; quickly disappears; fumes of colorless gas seen
b) Reaction of sodium with water
Observation: off-white solid darts around; swells; becomes red hot; disappears; fumes of colorless gas seen
c) Reaction of potassium with water
Observation: Silver metal sinks; quickly disappears; effervescence of colorless gas seen
Group VII: Halogens (Salt formers)
F 2(g) Pale yellow Diatomic
Shielding effect increases
Melting point increase
Cl 2(g) Greenish yellow Form uni-negative ions called halide ions
Reactivity decreases
Density increases
Br 2(l) Red Brown Most reactive non metals
Electronegative
I 2(s) Violet / Black
At 2(s ) Grey (Metalloid)
Chemical properties:
Reaction with Hydrogen, metals and displacement reaction
iv- Reaction with hydrogen
General reaction X 2 (g) + H 2 (g) →2 H X (g)(Hydrogen halide)
v- Reaction with metal
General reaction 2 M (s) + X 2(g ) → 2 MX (s )(Salt-Metal halide)
vi- Displacement Reaction
A more reactive halogen will displace/replace a less reactive halide from its solution.
All halide solutions are colorless.
F 2(g) +2 NaCl(aq) → 2 Na F(aq) +Cl 2(g )
Observation: When a pale-yellow gas is added to a colorless solution, the solution turns greenish yellow.
Reduction to ionic equation:
F 2(g) +2 NaCl(aq) → 2 NaF (aq )+ Cl2 (g)
−¿
−¿ +¿ .2F (aq )+ Cl 2( g)¿
+¿. 2Cl( aq) →2 Na ¿¿
F 2(g) +2 Na ¿
−¿ −¿
F 2(g) +2 Cl(aq) → 2 F(aq) +Cl 2(g ) ¿ ¿