Modulation = the process of varying a carrier signal (high-frequency wave) according to a
message signal (information).
It is used to transmit signals over long distances efficiently.
1. Analog Modulation
Used for analog signals (like voice, radio).
Amplitude Modulation (AM): Carrier amplitude varies with message signal.
Frequency Modulation (FM): Carrier frequency varies with message signal.
Phase Modulation (PM): Carrier phase varies with message signal.
2. Digital Modulation
Used for digital data (0s and 1s).
ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying): Carrier amplitude changes with data.
FSK (Frequency Shift Keying): Carrier frequency changes with data.
PSK (Phase Shift Keying): Carrier phase changes with data.
o BPSK (Binary PSK), QPSK (Quadrature PSK), etc.
QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation): Combines both amplitude and phase
variations for higher data rates.
3. Pulse Modulation (used in digital transmission of sampled signals)
PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation)
PWM (Pulse Width Modulation)
PPM (Pulse Position Modulation)
PCM (Pulse Code Modulation – fully digital)
Analog modulation = varies amplitude, frequency, or phase continuously.
Digital modulation = uses discrete changes in amplitude, frequency, or phase.
Pulse modulation = uses pulses to represent information