“SAMRAKSHANA”
The Total Protection With Affection
ADITYA VIDYASHRAM RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL
Poraiyur,Villianur,Puducherry–605110
CBSE SSCE:XII–2025-2026
SENIOR SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION
PHYSICS (042)
INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT CERTIFICATE
Name : [Link] Std & Sec: XII-F
Registration number
Title of the Project: AC GENERATOR
Certified that this is a bonafide project work done by the above-mentioned student in our school
during Senior Secondary course, in the year 2025– 2026
SUBJECT TEACHER PRINCIPAL
Project Submitted for the CBSE–SSCE Practical Examination held on / /2026.
INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER
Acknowledgement
I would like to extend my sincere and heartfelt obligation towards all those who
have helped me in making this project. Without their active guidance, help,
cooperation and encouragement, I would not have been able to present the
project on time.
I am extremely thankful and pay my sincere gratitude to my teacher Mr.
Vijaya Kumar for his valuable guidance and support for completion of this
project. I extend my sincere gratitude to my Principal Dr. Nadesan
Kangueyan for the moral support extended during tenure of this project.
I also acknowledge with a deep sense of reverence, my gratitude towards my
parents, other faculty members of the school and friends for their valuable
suggestions given to me in completing the project.
Date:
Place: Signature of the Student
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work on
based on the curriculum of CBSE has
been completed by of Class-XII
of Aditya Vidyashram Residential School, Puducherry.
The above mentioned project worksheet completed under my guidance during
the academic year 2025-26.
Signature of the guide teacher
AC GENERATOR
INDEX
INTRODUCTION
THEORY
CONSTRUCTION
WORKING
EFFICIENCY
USES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
An electric generator is a device that
converts mechanical energy to electrical energy.
A generator forces electric current to flow
through an external circuit. The source of
mechanical energy may be a reciprocating or
turbine steam engine, water falling through a
turbine or waterwheel, an internal combustion
engine, a wind turbine, a hand crank,
compressed air, or any other source of
mechanical energy. Generators provide nearly
all of the power for electric power grids.
THEORY
1. The strong magnetic field is produced by a current
flow through the field coil of the rotor.
2. The field coil in the rotor receives excitation through
the use of slip rings and brushes.
3. Two brushes are spring-held in contact with the slip
rings to provide the continuous connection between the
field coil and the external excitation circuit.
4. The armature is contained within the windings of the
stator and is connected to the output.
5. Each time the rotor makes one complete revolution,
one complete cycle of AC is developed.
6. A generator has many turns of wire wound into the
slots of the rotor.
7. The magnitude of AC voltage generated by an AC
generator is dependent on the field strength and speed of
the rotor.
8. Most generators are operated at a constant speed;
therefore, the generated voltage depends on field
excitation, or strength.
CONSTRUCTION
First make the hollow-ended box. Score the
cardboard strip like so: Fold it like this and tape it
securely. Use the nail to poke a hole perfectly straight
through the center of the box, going through both sides
and all (hole) three layers of cardboard. Then pull the
nail out and use it to widen all the holes slightly, so
when you put the nail back through, it will be a bit loose
and able to spin. At this point you should clamp four
magnets around the nail and give it a spin.
This makes sure the box is large enough. The nail and
magnets should spin freely. The corners of the magnets
should NOT bump the inside of the box as they spin. If
the box is a bit too small, start over and make it a little
bigger. Either that, or try a thinner nail. Pick the spool
of number-30 magnet wire From the kit of spools. This
is the thinnest.
Tape one end of the number-30 magnet wire to the side
of the box, then wind all of the wire onto the box as
shown.
It's OK to cover up the nail hole. Pull the taped end of
the wire out, then tape down both of the wires so the
coil doesn't unwind. You should have about 10cm of
wire left sticking out. Use sandpaper or the edge of a
knife to scrape the thin plastic coating off 2cm of the
wire ends. Remove every bit of red coating, so the wire
ends are coppery. Spread the wire away from the nail
hole and tape it in place. Stick the nail back through
the holes and make sure it can spin. Take your four
magnets, stick them face to face in two pairs, Then
stick the two pairs inside the box and on either side of
the nail so they grab the nail. Push them around until
they are somewhat balanced and even, then spin the
nail and see if they turn freely. If you wish, you can
stick 2cm squares of cardboard between the magnets
to straighten them, and tape the magnets so they don't
move around on the nail Make sure that each end of
the generator's wires are totally cleared of red plastic
coating. If there is a bit of plastic left, it can act as an
insulator which turns off your light bulb circuit.
Twist the scraped end of each generator wire securely
around the silver tip of each wire from the small light
bulb. (If necessary, use a knife to strip more plastic
from the ends of the light bulb wires.) One generator
wire goes to one light bulb wire, the other generator
wire goes to the other light bulb wire, and the two
twisted wire connections should not touch together. In
the twisted wires, metal must touch metal with no
plastic in between.
WORKING
The working of the transformer is explained All
metals contain a movable substance called "electric
charge". Even uncharged wires are full of charge!
After all, the atoms of the metal are made half of
positive protons and half of negative electrons.
Metals are special because their electrons don't stay
connected to the metal atoms, instead they fly
around inside the metal and form a type of electric
"liquid" inside the wires. All wires are full of electric
fluid. Modern scientists call this the "electron sea" or
"electron gas." It is not invisible, it actually gives
metals their silvery shine. The electron gas is like a
silvery fluid. When a circle of wire surrounds a
magnetic field, and the magnetic field then changes,
a circular "pressure" called Voltage appears. This
circular voltage tries to force the movable charges in
the wire to rotate around the circle. In other words,
moving magnets create electric currents in closed
circles of wire. A moving magnet causes a pumping
action. If the circuit is not complete, if there is a
break, then the pumping force will cause no charge
flow. But if the circuit is "complete" or "closed", then
the magnet's pumping action can force the electrons
of the coil to begin flowing.
This is a basic law of physics, and it is used by all
coil/magnet electric generators. When the circuit is
closed and the magnet is moving, charges in the
metal are forced to flow. The charges of the light
bulb's filament are pushed along. When the
charges within the copper wire pass into the thin
light bulb filament, their speed greatly increases.
USES OF AC GENERATOR
1. Aircraft auxiliary power generation, wind
generators, high speed gas turbine generators.
2. Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) drive systems,
automotive starter generators.
3. An ac generator, or 'alternator', is used to
produce ac voltages for transmission via the grid
system or, locally, as portable generators.
4. All of our household appliances runs on ac
current. Ex: Refrigerator, washing machines, oven,
lights, fan etc.
EFFICIENCY
Expression for Instantaneous e.m.f. Produced: Let
position of the coil at any time t. It make angle q with
vertical. If w is uniform angular speed of the coil.
Then g = wt
B be the strength of magnetic field n be the number
of turns in the coil and A area of the coil then
magnetic flux with the coil in this position is given by:
f = nBA Cos q = nBA Cos wt.
Differentiate w.r.t. time
= nBA (-Sin wt) W
= -nBA w Sin wt
e =- (-nBA w Sin wt)
maximum value of e.m.f. say E0
e = EO Sin Wt.
1) Efficiency of an AC generator is the ratio of the
useful power output to the total power input.
2) Because any mechanical process experiences some
losses, no AC generators can be 100 percent efficient.
3) Efficiency of an AC generator can be calculated
using Equation.
4) Efficiency =(Output /Input )x 100
BIBLIOGRAPHY
I. [Link]
II. [Link]
III. [Link]
IV. [Link]
V. [Link]
VI. [Link]
VII. [Link]
VIII. [Link]
IX. [Link]
X. [Link]
THANK YOU!