BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY

GUIDED BY: [Link] MAITRA (DEPARTMENT OF

BIOLOGY)
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled “DRUG
ADDICTION” done by Sutanaya Rath, a bonafide student
of ODM Public School, Bhubaneswar bearing AISSCE Roll
No- Investigatory project is in accordance with the norms
of and the project is submitted to CBSE for partial
fulfillment of AISSCE 2024-25.

The project has been carried out under my supervision

and guidance. I certify that this project contains all the
standards and demands of CBSE rules and guidelines.

SIGNATURE OF GUIDE SIGNATURE OF EXAMINER SIGNATURE OF PRINCIPAL

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am deeply grateful to MRS RAKHI MAITRA mam for her
constant guidance and encouragement throughout the
completion of this project. Their expertise and
constructive feedback have been invaluable in shaping
my work.

I would also like to thank ODM Public School for

providing the necessary resources and facilities that
facilitated the smooth execution of this project.

Additionally, my heartfelt thanks go to my classmates and

friends for their support and assistance during this
journey. Their contributions have enriched my
understanding and improved the quality of this project.

Lastly, I extend my appreciation to my family for their

unwavering support and understanding during the
challenges faced in completing this project.
Thank you all for being an integral part of this learning
experience.
 INDEX
[Link] TITLE PAGE NO
01 COVER PAGE
CERTIFICATE
02
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
03
INTRODUCTION TO DRUG
04 ADDICTION
WHAT IS ADDICTION?
05
CLASSIFICATION OF
06 DRUGS
CAUSES OF ADDICTION
07
EFFECTS OF DRUG
08 ADDICTION
DIAGNOSIS OF
09 ADDICTION
HEALTH & SMOKING
10
TREATMENTS OF
11 ADDICTION
CONCLUSION
12
BIBLIOGRAPHY
13
 INTRODUCTION TO DRUG ADDICTION
Addiction word is made by two words:

(1) Drug
(2) Addiction.

What is meant by Drug:

Any substance, other than food, used in the prevention,
diagnosis, all aviation or treatment of a disease is called a
drug. A drug may also be defined as a chemical which,
when taken in some way after the body function. Drug is
also known as a medicine. Generally, the term drugs
applied to any stimulating or depressing substance that
can be habituating or addictive.

Meaning of Addiction:
Addiction is the habitual, psychological and physiological
dependence on a substance or practice. Which is beyond
voluntary control. A person who is habituated to a
substance or a practice, especially a harmful one, is called
an addict.
 WHAT IS DRUG ADDICTION?
Addiction is the habitual, physiological, psychological
dependence on a substance or practice which is beyond
voluntary control. A person who is habituated to a
substance or a practice, especially a harmful one, is called
an addict. Addiction is a chronic, progressive and
sometimes fatal disorder with both genetic and
environmental roots. It manifests as a compulsion that
derives an individual to continue to behave in a way that
is harmful to self and loved ones, despite an intense
desire to halt that behavior. It is a disease of "more"- an
active addict needs an increasing amount of substance to
get high and is unable to cease usage without painful
withdrawal symptoms.
This is true whether the addictive substance is a drug or
tobacco or alcohol or a behavior. Medically. addiction is
of three types: alcohol, tobacco & drug addiction.
 CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS
TYPES OF EXAMPLES EFFECTS
DRUGS
[Link] Barbiturates,Benzodiazepine
Depress
and s CNS
Transquillizers activity,
gives a
feeling of
calmness
&
drowsines
s
[Link] Opium,morphine,codeine & Suppress
narcotics heroin brain
activity
relaxed
pain
[Link] Amphetamines,caffeine,coca Make a
ine person
more
wakeful &
alert
[Link] LSQ,Mescalin,Ganja,Charas Alter
ns thoughts
 CAUSES OF ADDICTION
There are many factors that lead people to any addiction:
1. Curiosity: Frequent references to drugs by public
media create curiosity for having a personal experience
of the drugs.
2. Friend's pressure: Frequent appreciation of drug
experienced by friend allures others to start the use of
drugs.
3. Frustration and Depression: Some people start taking
drugs to get relief from frustration & depression.
4. Desire for More Work: Students sometimes take drugs
to keep awake the whole night to prepare for
examination. It is not desirable as it may cause mental
breakdown.
5. Looking for a Different World: A wrong notion that the
drugs open up a new world tempts some youngsters to
start taking drugs.
6. Relief from Pain: A prolonged use of pain- relieving
drugs with physician's advice at times leads to addiction.
 EFFECTS OF DRUG ADDICTION
[Link] the patient is tired most of the time.
[Link] loss-especially the patient's short-term
memory.
3. Eye muscles the eye muscles can become significantly
weaker.
[Link] diseases - the patient has a considerably higher
chance of developing hepatitis, and cirrhosis. Cirrhosis of
the liver is an irreversible and progressive condition.
[Link] problems regular heaving drinking can lead to
cardiomyopathy (damaged heart muscle), heart failure,
and stroke.
6. Menstruation-alcoholism will usually stop
menstruation or disrupt it.
7. Suicide rates among people who are alcohol-
dependent or who abuse alcohol are much higher than
among other people.
[Link]-alcoholics have a much higher risk of
developing several cancers, including cancer of the
mouth, lungs, liver, colon, rectum, breast, prostate
& pharynx.
ITS EFFECTS ON LUNGS:
Drug use can lead to a various of respiratory problems.
Smoking for example, has been shown to cause
bronchitis, emphysema, and lung cancer, Marijuana
smoke can also cause respiratory problems, including
chronic bronchitis. Smoking crack cocaine can also cause
lung damage and severe respiratory problems. The use of
some drugs, such as opioids, may cause breathing to
slow, block. air from entering the lungs, or make asthma
symptoms worse.

ITS EFFECTS ON BRAIN:

Drugs interfere with the way neurons send, receive, and
process signals via neurotransmitters. Some drugs, such
as marijuana and heroin, can activate neurons because
their chemical structure mimics that of a natural
neurotransmitter in the body. This allows the drugs to
attach onto and activate the neurons. Although these
drugs mimic the brain's own chemicals. They don't
activate neurons in the same way as a natural
neurotransmitter, and they lead to abnormal messages
being sent through the network.
Other drugs, such as amphetamine or cocaine, can cause
the neurons to release abnormally large amounts of
natural neurotransmitters or prevent the normal
recycling of these brain chemicals by interfering with
transporters.

[Link] & SOCIAL PROBLEMS:

Drug abuse can create difficulties for families and social
relationships.
Individuals struggling with addiction may become
isolated from family and friends, and may neglect their
responsibilities at home and work. This can lead to family
conflict, social isolation, and neglect of children.
B. IMPACT ON CHILDREN:
The impact of drug abuse on children can be particularly
significant.
Children of parents with substance use disorders may
experience neglect, abuse, or other trauma, which can
have long-lasting effects on their health and well-being.
C. PUBLIC SAFETY:
Drug abuse can pose a risk to public safety, particularly
when it comes to impaired driving. Individuals who drive
under the influence of drugs can be a danger to
themselves and others on the road, increasing the risk of
accidents and injuries.
Drug-related accidents can also be a problem, particularly
in the workplace.
Individuals under the influence of drugs may be more
likely to cause accidents or injuries, which can have a
significant impact on public safety.
 DIAGNOSIS OF ADDICTION
Blood test or imaging scan can determine whether
somebody is addicted to drug or alcohol or smoking, and
to what degree.

Blood test this may be ordered to determine whether the

substance is still in the blood (whether the substance has
been taken recently). It is not used to diagnose addiction.
A GP (general practitioner, primary care physician) can
help the patient determine their degree of dependence
by asking pertinent questions, or using a specific
questionnaire.

Although there's no cure for drug addiction, treatment

options explained below can help you overcome an
addiction and stay drug-free. Your treatment depends on
the drug used and any related medical or mental health
disorders you may have. Long-term follow-up is
important to prevent relapse.
 HEALTH & SMOKING
Cigarette smoking harms nearly every organ of the body,
causes many diseases, and reduces the lifespan of the
smoker in general. Quitting smoking lowers your risk for
smoking related diseases and can add years to your life.

Cigarette smoking causes more than 4,80,000 deaths

each year in the United States. Smoking can make it
harder for a woman to become pregnant. It can also
affect her baby's health before and after birth. Smoking
increases risks for: Preterm (early) delivery, Stillbirth
(death of the baby before birth), Low birth weight.
Following are the diseases caused by smoking:
[Link] Cancer
[Link] Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
[Link] Diseases
[Link]
5. Aortic Aneurysm
[Link] Cancer
7. Esophageal Cancer
[Link]
9. Weaker bones
[Link] Cancer & many more diseases.
 TREATMENTS OF DRUG ADDICTION:
Although there's no cure for drug addiction, treatment
options can help you overcome an addiction and stay
drug-free. Your treatment depends on the drug used and
any related medical or mental health disorders you may
have. Long-term follow-ups are important to prevent
relapse.

Treatment programs-
Treatment programs for substance use disorder usually
offer:
* Individual, group or family therapy sessions.
* A focus on understanding the nature of addiction,
becoming drug-free and preventing relapse.
* Levels of care and settings that vary depending on your
needs, such as outpatient, residential and inpatient
programs.

Withdrawal therapy-
The goal of detoxification, also called "detox" or
withdrawal therapy, is to enable you to stop taking the
addicting drug as quickly and safely as possible. For some
people, it may be safe to undergo withdrawal therapy on
an outpatient basis.
Others may need admission to a hospital or a residential
treatment center.

Withdrawal from different categories of drugs - such as

depressants, stimulants or opioids - produces different
side effects and requires different approaches. Detox may
involve gradually reducing the dose of the drug or
temporarily substituting other substances, such as
methadone, buprenorphine, or a combination of
buprenorphine and naloxone.

Behavior therapy-

As part of a drug treatment program, behavior therapy a

form of psychotherapy can be done by a psychologist or
psychiatrist, or you may receive counseling from a
licensed alcohol and drug counselor. Therapy and
counseling may be done with an individual, a family or a
group.
The therapist or counselor can:
* Help you develop ways to cope with your drug cravings.
* Suggest strategies to avoid drugs and prevent relapse.
* Offer suggestions on how to deal with a relapse if it
occurs.
* Talk about issues regarding your job, legal problems,
and relationships with family and friends.

Ongoing treatment-

Even after you've completed initial treatment, ongoing

treatment and support can help prevent a relapse.
Follow-up care can include periodic appointments with
your counselor, continuing in a self-help program or
attending a regular group session.
Seek help right away if you relapse.
 CONCLUSION
Substance addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder.
Individuals abuse substances for different reasons. There
may be personal and mitigating circumstances that lead
people to substance abuse (e.g. stress or unhappiness).
People may also be at increased risk of initiating
substance abuse due to their age. The children and
adults, adolescent functional development of brain limbic
period of adolescence may confer a commencement of
adolescence, for example,
unique period of neurobiological development.
Compared exhibit a number of psychological traits, such
as such as risky and reward-seeking behavior. The
emergence of these traits may reflect the relatively early
functional development of brain limbic affective and
reward systems compared to the prefrontal cortex. As
such, the period of adolescence may confer a
vulnerability to the onset of drug misuse and addiction
due to developmental changes in neurobiology, which
seem to encourage reward-centered and risky decision-
making behavior. Additionally, there are genetic risks for
substance abuse. Twin registry and adoption studies, for
example, have shown that the heritability of alcoholism
may be as high as 50-60%. Whatever the cause,
substance abuse and dependence confer significant
social, mental, and medical impairment in those
individuals afflicted, together with huge economic costs
to society.

Drug abuse is a complex problem thought to result from

a combination of psychological, and environmental
factors. Infants of abusers may suffer from neglect or the
effects of parental drug use. As they grow into childhood,
they may demonstrate antisocial behavior, and signs of
malnutrition, poor self-esteem, depression, or attention
deficit disorder. Identification of drug abuse is a difficult
first step on the road to recovery because of the methods
many abuses use to hide their addiction, the inability of
family members to recognize or accept the problem, and
the relatives' enabling behavior.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

For successfully completing my project, I have taken help

from the following website links:

* [Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

Books: Textbook of Biology Class 12- NCERT