REVIEW CLASS:

Radiologic Pathology
Presented by:
Ma. Isabelle S. Ramirez, RRT
What is
PATHOLOGY?
From the Greek word pathos
which means “suffering” and
–logia which means “study”

It is the study of disease process.

 It is any abnormal
change in the
function or structure
within the body.
 It is a morbid process.
 It can affect one or
more organs.
 PATHOGENESIS
BASIC DEFINITIONS:
Sequence of events that leads from the cause of a
disease to abnormalities and finally to the manifestations.

[Link]
A sign is an A symptom is a A syndrome is a set
objective subjective of the signs and
evidence of evidence of a symptoms that
disease such as a disease, such as occur together as
fever. pain or a part of a specific
headache. disease process.
 Diagnosis vs. Differential Diagnosis
vs. Prognosis
BASIC DEFINITIONS:

A diagnosis (DX) is
the identification of
a disease. A differential diagnosis A prognosis is a prediction of
(D/DX) is an attempt to the probable course and
determine which one outcome of a disorder
of several diseases can
be causing the signs
and symptoms that are
present.
 Acute vs. Chronic vs. Remission
BASIC DEFINITIONS:

An acute condition A chronic A remission is the

has a rapid onset, a condition is of long temporary, partial,
severe course, and a duration. Although or complete disappearance
relatively short such diseases can of the symptoms of a
duration. be controlled, disease without having
they are rarely achieved a cure.
cured.
BASIC DEFINITIONS:

Study of the
Etiology cause of the
disease

Cause is
Idiopathic unknown

Cause is a result
of the treatment
Iatrogenic given to the
patient
 Classification of
Disease

Structural Functional
Disease Disease

Acquired
Genetic and
injuries and Hyperplasia
Developmental
inflammatory and neoplasms
Disease
disease
 Genetic and
Developmental
CLASSIFICATION:

Disease

Congenital Hereditary
Disease Disease
DISEASE

Deformities A developmental disorder

present at birth genetically transmitted from
either parent to the child and
are derived from ancestors
 Inflammatory
Disease
CLASSIFICATION:

Infective Allergic Toxic

An infective Toxic diseases Allergic diseases
disease results are caused by are an
from invasion by poisoning by overreaction of
DISEASE

microorganisms biologic the body’s own

such as viruses, substances defenses
bacteria, or
fungi.

*Cardinal signs of acute inflammation

 Disease
Classification
CLASSIFICATION:

Degenerative Metabolic Traumatic Neoplastic

Caused by Caused by a Results from Results in new,

deterioration disturbance of mechanical abnormal
of the body. the normal forces. tissue growth.
physiologic
function of the
body.
DISEASE

Impalement injury to
femur and superficial
[Link]
nk/tag/osteoporosis-x-ray-vs-normal femoral artery.
 Acne Vulgaris Xanthoma
INTEGUMENTARY:

 Inflammation of the hair  A mass of tissue cells filled

follicle and associated with fat found in the
sebaceous gland subcutaneous tissue
 Usually characterized by

[Link]
comedones, papules and
pustules.

[Link]
content/uploads/2015/08/[Link]
 Elephantiasis/ Burns
INTEGUMENTARY:

 Described as an  An epithelial injury caused

abnormal thickening of by contact with a thermal,
subcutaneous and radioactive, chemical or
cutaneous tissues electrical agent.

[Link]
elephants-leg-of-human/
 Alopecia Psoriasis
INTEGUMENTARY:

 Aka baldness  Chronic, inflammatory autoimmune

 It is the loss of hair skin disorder characterized by
reddish, cutaneous edema and
raised, scaly plaques.

[Link]
ALOPECIA AREATA ALOPECIA TOTALIS

ALOPECIA UNIVERSALIS
Picture of scalp psoriasis
 Basal Cell Carcinoma Squamous Cell
INTEGUMENTARY:

 Cancer caused by Carcinoma

malignant stem cells in  Most common type of
the stratum germinativum skin cancer
or basal layer.  Develops in the skin’s
epidermal layer

[Link]
amous-cell_carcinoma
SCC of the skin tends to arise from pre-malignant
[Link]
lesions, actinic keratoses; surface is usually scaly
and-basal-cell-carcinoma
and often ulcerates (as shown here).
 Malignant Melanoma
INTEGUMENTARY:

 It can be described as a rapidly

spreading cancer of melanocytes Benign Melanoma
 It is generally detected by
observing mole changes

s/images/media/20_ABCN_Figure2_large_1_0.png
[Link]
[Link]
cancer/abcds-of-melanoma-skin-cancer

ABCDE of Malignant Melanoma

Malignant Melanoma
 Furuncle/Boil Carbuncle
INTEGUMENTARY:

 It is a localized infection  Is a large furuncle or

originating in or near a multiple furuncles that
hair follicle that develops form an interconnected
into an abscess mass

[Link]
[Link]
/new/[Link]?g2_itemId=2528
 Decubitus Ulcers/  Prevention: Frequent
INTEGUMENTARY:

 Caused by a chronic change of position,

deficiency of blood to doing range of motion
tissues subjected to exercises and using
prolonged pressure specially designed air
mattress
 Treatment: Topical
agents, gelatin
sponges, antibiotics,
antiseptic irrigations
and debridement.

[Link]
 Hirsutism Hypertrichosis
INTEGUMENTARY:

 It is a condition of  Excessive growth of normal hair

excessive body hair,  It is the condition responsible for
particularly in women. the “wolfman” syndrome.
[Link]
[Link]#sgal_0

[Link]
syndrome-sangli-sisters-india/

Sangli Sisters - Werewolf Syndrome

 Herpes varicella/ Herpes zoster/
INTEGUMENTARY:

 Is a highly contagious,  A disease caused by the

acute, viral infection. varicella-zoster virus - the
 It can be spread directly same virus that causes
or indirectly by droplet chickenpox.
nuclei from an infected
person.

[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
 Hemangioma Keloid
INTEGUMENTARY:

 A benign, reddish purple  An elevated, firm, fibrous

tumor composed of a hyperplasia that develops
mass of blood vessels at the site of a scar
[Link]
conditions/hemangioma/multimedia/he
[Link]

mangioma/img-20005862
 Onychia Paronychia
INTEGUMENTARY:

 Inflammation of the nail  A suppurative (pus-

matrix forming) inflammation
occurring around the nail
margins caused by
infection of the nail bed

[Link]
[Link] /2009-2010/3041-/Fingers-and-toes
 Onychocryptosis Clubbing
INTEGUMENTARY:

 The edges of a toenail,  Abnormal curving of the nails

usually on the big toe, that is often accompanied
curve inward and cut by enlargement of the
into the skin fingertips.
 Leukoderma Leukoplakia
INTEGUMENTARY:

 Lost of skin melanin due  An abnormal thickening,

to a primary disease accompanied by
abnormal whitening of
the epithelium

[Link]/images/search?q=Leukoplakia&FOR
[Link]
[Link]
derma/

M=RESTAB
 Ecchymosis Vitiligo
INTEGUMENTARY:

 Skin discoloration as a  Characterized by areas of

result of ruptured blood achromia, or regions of
vessel into the no pigmentation
subcutaneous space

posts1/2014/06/will-my-childrenfamily-get-vitiligo/
[Link]
[Link]
 Osteogenesis Achondroplasia
SKELETAL SYSTEM:

Imperfecta (OI)/  Results in bone deformity

and dwarfism

[Link]
 Deficient and imperfect
formation of osseous
tissue, skin, sclera, inner
ear, and teeth is noted in
individuals with this
disease
Two main clinical groups of OI based
on the age of onset and the severity
of disease:

Osteogenesis imperfecta congenita

Osteogenesis imperfecta tarda

 Osteopetrosis/

[Link]
SKELETAL SYSTEM:

 Used to characterize a variety

of disorders involving an
increase in bone density and
defective bone contour

In osteopetrosis, bones are abnormally

heavy and compact but nevertheless
brittle.

.160&vmode=PUBREADER
1 Albers-Schönberg disease

2 Craniotubular dysplasias
 Syndactyly Clubfoot (talipes)
SKELETAL SYSTEM:

 Failure of the fingers or  A congenital

toes to separate and malformation of the foot
causes the physical that prevents normal
appearance of webbed weight bearing.
digits
Polydactyly Developmental
 Refers to the presence of Dysplasia of the Hip
extra digits, & treatment  The acetabulum wherein it
includes surgical does not form completely
intervention and therapy. with the head of the femur
is displaced superiorly and
posteriorly
 Scoliosis Transitional Vertebra
SKELETAL SYSTEM:

 Refers to an abnormal  It is one that takes on the

lateral curvature of the characteristics of both
spine vertebrae on each side of
a major division of the
spine.

[Link]

Anteroposterior
lumbar spine
radiograph
demonstrating
bilateral lumbar ribs.
 Spina bifida Anencephaly
SKELETAL SYSTEM:

 An incomplete closure of  A congenital abnormality in

the vertebral canal that is which the brain and cranial
particularly common in vault do not form
the lumbosacral area

[Link]
anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/human-development-and-
[Link] pregnancy-28/pregnancy-related-disorders-and-clinical-cases-
270/anencephaly-1314-7831/
 Osteomyelitis Tuberculosis
SKELETAL SYSTEM:

 An infection of the bone  Tuberculosis of the bone is a

and bone marrow chronic inflammatory d.
caused by a pathogenic  Displays a “worm-eaten”
microorganism appearance
Hip
radiograph of
[Link]

a 47-year-old
man with
extensive
destruction of
the femoral
head and
neck caused
0&sort=Case%20Reports

by tuberculosis
of the hip with
a cold
abscess.
 Ankylosing Spondylitis/ Osteoarthritis
SKELETAL SYSTEM:

 In this disease, joints and  The most common type of

articulations become arthritis is osteoarthritis, also
ankylosed known as degenerative
Ankylosing joint disease.
spondylitis.
Arrows
point to
marginal
osteophyte
s. This is a
bamboo
spine

Shoulder radiograph demonstrating the formation of an

osteophyte at the inferior lip of the glenoid labrum caused
by primary osteoarthritis
 Spondylolisthesis Spondylolysis
SKELETAL SYSTEM:

 Results from a cleft, or

Anterospondylolisthesis
breaking down, of the body
refers to the anterior of a vertebra between the
slipping of the body
superior and inferior articular
of the vertebra
processes (pars interarticularis)
Retrospondylolisthesis
refers to the posterior
slipping of the body of
the vertebra.

It appears radiographically a “collar” or

“broken neck” on the “Scotty dog”
 Osteochondroma/ Endochondroma
SKELETAL SYSTEM:

 Excessive bone growth  A slow-growing benign tumor

composed of hyaline
cartilage and is hypothesized
to be a result of incomplete
endochondral ossification.
 Appear as a “bubbly” lesion
of the bone.
 Giant Cell Tumor/ Osteosarcoma/
SKELETAL SYSTEM:

 Characterized by the  The most common primary

presence of numerous, malignancy of the skeleton
multinucleated which arises from osteoblast
osteoclastic giant cells
 classic “soap bubble”
appearance
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:
Atresia
 It is congenital absence or closure of a
normal body orifice or tubular organ.
 Types of atresia:

Esophageal atresia

Ileal atresia

Duodenal atresia

Colonic atresia

Visualization of the classic “double bubble

sign” indicates duodenal atresia.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:
Imperforate anus/ Hypertrophic pyloric
 Congenital disorder in stenosis
which anal opening to  The pyloric canal leading out
the exterior is absent of the stomach is greatly
narrowed because of
hypertrophy and hyperplasia
of the pyloric sphincter
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:
Malrotation Hirschsprung disease/
 Exists when the intestines  The absence of neurons in
are not in their normal the bowel wall, typically in
position the sigmoid colon
 Imaging Modality: UGI
series
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:
Gastroesophageal Peptic ulcer
reflux disease  An erosion of the mucous
 Allows the backward membrane
flow of gastric acid  The most likely site of a peptic
and contents into the ulcer is in the duodenal bulb
esophagus and on the lesser curvature of
the stomach

A benign gastric ulcer

(from the antrum) of a
gastrectomy specimen.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:
Regional enteritis/ Appendicitis
 Chronic IBD of unknown  An inflammation of the
cause and is increasing vermiform appendix
in prevalence

Fecalith within the appendix, a common

cause of appendicitis.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:
Ulcerative colitis Esophageal varices
 An inflammatory lesion  Varicose veins in the
of the colonic mucosa esophagus
 “Lead pipe” sign
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:
Achalasia Barrette’s Esophagus
 Failure of the smooth  Peptic ulcer of the lower
muscle of the alimentary esophagus, often with
canal to relax stricture
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:
Tertiary Peristalsis Bezoar
 Spontaneous  Mass in the stomach formed by
contractions of the material that does not pass
esophagus into the intestine
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:
Inguinal Hernia Hiatal hernia
 Protrusion of a loop of  Permits some portions of
bowel through a small the stomach to herniate
opening into the thoracic cavity.

Schatzki ring
demonstrated
in the case of a
sliding hiatal
hernia.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:
Volvulus
 Twisting of a bowel loop
about its mesenteric base
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:
Intussusception Ileus
 Occurs when a segment  Obstruction in the small
of bowel telescopes into intestine
a distal segment  Paralytic Ileus
 Mechanical Ileus

GALLSTONE ILEUS
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:
Esophageal diverticula Colonic Diverticulum
 Occur when mucosal  Diverticulosis is the
outpouchings penetrate presence of diverticula
through the muscular without inflammation
layer of the esophagus.

A feces filled diverticulum

in the sigmoid colon
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:
Ascariasis
 Disease caused by the
parasitic roundworm
ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:
Colonic polyps Colorectal cancers
 Small masses of tissue
arising from the bowel
wall to project inward into
the lumen
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:
Pneumoperitoneum Ascites
 Presence of gas/air in the  It is the accumulation of
peritoneal cavity fluid within the peritoneal
cavity

Abdominal sonography is commonly used in

[Link]
the detection or confirmation of ascites.
[Link]/courses/rad/gi/peritoneum/[Link]
 Ascites Hepatitis
 It is the accumulation of  Inflammation of the liver
HEPATOBILIARY:

fluid within the peritoneal

cavity
[Link]/courses/rad/gi/peritoneum/[Link]
[Link]

Acute hepatitis is the most common

cause of starry sky appearance.

Abdominal sonography is commonly used in

the detection or confirmation of ascites.
 Fatty Liver Disease Cirrhosis
 Develops as lipids  A chronic liver condition in
HEPATOBILIARY:

accumulate within the which the liver parenchyma

hepatocytes forming free and architecture are
radicals. destroyed

[Link]
[Link]?pid=22
 Cholelithiasis
 It is the presence of gallstones
HEPATOBILIARY:

[Link]

A sagittal sonographic image of a

dilated gallbladder containing stones.
 Cholecystitis
 An acute inflammation of the gallbladder
HEPATOBILIARY:

Sonogram demonstrating a thickened

wall of the gallbladder, often
indicative of cholecystitis.
“porcelain” gallbladder, which results from
chronic cholecystitis
 Jaundice Hepatocellular
 A yellowish discoloration Carcinoma/
HEPATOBILIARY:

of the skin and whites of  An primary neoplasm of

the eyes the liver
Medical (non obstructive) jaundice
Surgical (obstructive) jaundice

[Link]
 Respiratory Distress Pneumonia
Syndrome/ Inflammation of the lung
 A disorder of premature (pneumonitis) & compromised
infants or those born at pulmonary function
RESPIRATORY:

less than a 37-week

gestation

“ground glass” appearance

 Bronchiectasis Pulmonary Tuberculosis
 It is the permanent,  It is an infection caused by
abnormal dilatation of inhalation of Mycobacterium
one or more large bronchi tuberculosis.
RESPIRATORY:

High-resolution computed tomography scan

demonstrating bilateral lung bronchiectasis with
associated left lung pneumatoceles.
 Chronic Pulmonary Obstructive Disease
 It refers to a group of disorders that cause
chronic airway obstruction
RESPIRATORY:

Chronic Bronchitis Most often arises from long-term, heavy

cigarette smoking or prolonged exposure to
high levels of industrial air pollution.

Emphysema Signs & Symptoms:

1. Persistent cough
2. Expectoration

A condition in which the lung’s Characterized by an increase in

alveoli become distended, the air spaces distal to the
usually from loss of elasticity or terminal bronchioles, with
interference with expiration. destruction of the alveolar walls.
 Pneumoconiosis
 Results in pulmonary fibrosis from inhalation of
foreign inorganic dust.
RESPIRATORY:

Silicosis Anthracosis Asbestosis

Results from inhaling Results from Asbestosis

silica (quartz) dust and is inhalation of coal results from the
common among miners, dust over an inhalation of
grinders & sandblasters. extended period of asbestos dust,
about 20 years. which causes
Occurs following 10 to chronic injury
30 years of exposure to to the lungs.
silica dust.
 Pneumoconiosis
 Results in pulmonary fibrosis from inhalation of
foreign inorganic dust.
RESPIRATORY:

[Link] [Link]
Miner's lung with silicosis curpage=image&course=path&mod cles/asbestosis
and tuberculosis. e=browse&lesson=8&img=377

[Link]
 Lung abscess Pleural effusion
 Localized area of dead  Results when excess fluid
(necrotic) lung tissue collects in the pleural cavity
surrounded by
RESPIRATORY:

inflammatory debris

Left lateral decubitus chest shows free pleural

[Link]
fluid layering out against the chest wall.
 Pneumothorax Atelectasis
 Presence of air/gas in  The incomplete expansion
the pleural cavity of part or all of a lung due
to a blockage of the air
RESPIRATORY:

passages or pneumothorax

[Link]
 Pulmonary metastases
Pulmonary metastases from uterine cancer
demonstrate multiple lesions
RESPIRATORY:
CARDIOVASCULAR:
Patent Ductus Coarctation of the Aorta
Arteriosus  It is the narrowing of the
 The ductus arteriosus is a aorta may occur at the
temporary vessel that is junction site.
used during in utero life.
CARDIOVASCULAR:
Septal Defects
 A defect in either the
ventricular septum or
the atrial septum
allows the blood to be
shunted between the
two chambers and
mixing pulmonary and
systemic blood

Chest radiograph depicting ventricular septal defect.

Note the enlargement of the right heart border.
CARDIOVASCULAR:
Tetralogy of Fallot Rheumatic Fever
 It is a combination of  Most common cause of
four heart defects chronic valve disease of
the heart.

[Link]
disease/deck/1149718

Chest radiograph on an infant with tetralogy of Fallot.

Note the “boot-shaped” cardiac shadow.
CARDIOVASCULAR:
Atherosclerosis
 Atheroma formations are composed of intracellular
and extracellular lipids, muscle, and connective tissue.

[Link]
CARDIOVASCULAR:
Atherosclerosis
 Atheroma
formations are
composed of
intracellular and
extracellular
lipids, muscle,
and connective
tissue.
CARDIOVASCULAR:
Myocardial Infarction Cardiac Tamponade
 Caused by an acute  Heart compression as a
thrombus of the result of fluid accumulation
coronary arteries and in the pericardial sac
primarily affects the left
ventricle of the heart
CARDIOVASCULAR:
Aneurysm
 A localized “ballooning”
or outpouching of a
vessel wall
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM:
Diabetes Insipidus Diabetes Mellitus
 Results when the  A syndrome that is
posterior pituitary gland associated with chronic
secretes an insufficient hyperglycemia
level of ADH The most common types of
diabetes mellitus are:
1. Type 1 - caused by a defect
in the primary β cells
2. Type 2 - resulting in insulin
resistance

[Link]
[Link]/1506/comp
any-files-patent-
food-sucking-obesity-
solution
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM:
Gigantism Dwarfism
 Over secretion of GH  Under secretion of GH
before puberty before puberty
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM:
Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism
 Results from over  Results from a deficiency
secretion of thyroid of TH
hormone
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM:
Cretinism Myxedema
 Congenital form of  Caused by an extreme
hypothyroidism deficiency of thyroid
secretion
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM:
Cushing Syndrome Addison Disease
 Hypersecretion of  A rare disease of primary
glucocorticoids from adrenal insufficiency.
the anterior pituitary

[Link]
[Link]/Signs+and+Sympto
ms?responseToken=077e801e33128a421d850a
ff23efcaaa6
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM:
Galactorrhea Virilism
 An excess of prolactin  Caused by excessive output of
[Link]

causes the breasts to adrenal androgens leading to

produce milk development of masculine
spontaneously traits in females
NERVOUS SYSTEM:
Hydrocephalus
 Refers to an excessive accumulation
of CSF within the ventricles
NERVOUS SYSTEM:
Multiple Sclerosis Meningitis
 Degeneration of the myelin  An inflammation of the
sheath covering the meningeal coverings of
nervous tissue of the spinal
cord and the white matter
the brain and spinal cord
within the brain.
Bacterial
Infection

Meningococcal Streptococcal Pneumococcal

Meningitis Meningitis Meningitis
NERVOUS SYSTEM:
Encephalitis Brain Abscess
 An infection of the  An encapsulated
brain tissue accumulation of pus
within the cranium
Encephalitis appears in
two forms, and these
forms are categorized
by the way they infect
the brain:

1. Primary encephalitis
2. Secondary
encephalitis
[Link]
12_60_2_231_96412_u2.jpg
NERVOUS SYSTEM:

Pulposus/

getting-on-your-nerves/
Herniated Nucleus

[Link]

[Link]
[Link]
edics/where-does-it-hurt/lower-
back/lumbar-disc-herniation/
NERVOUS SYSTEM:
Cerebrovascular Primary Brain Tumors
Accident/  Classified according to
 Strokes occur in the site such as the
essentially two ways, specific lobe of the brain
and they are classified or according to histologic
as: composition
 Ischemic Stroke
 Hemorrhagic Stroke
[Link]/[Link]?acti
on=gallery;sa=view;id=9342
[Link]

The modalities of choice in imaging brain

tumours of all types are MRI and CT
 Renal agenesis/ Supernumerary Kidney
URINARY SYSTEM:

 A condition wherein  A condition which

the kidney does not involves the presence of

[Link]
form in the normal a third, small, rudimentary
manner kidney.
 Horseshoe kidney Crossed fused renal
URINARY SYSTEM:

 The lower poles of the ectopy

kidneys are joined  One kidney lies across the
across the midline by a midline and is fused with
band of soft tissue the other kidney

[Link]
logy/[Link]/Renal_System_-_Abnormalities
 Ureterocele Pyelonephritis
URINARY SYSTEM:

 A cystlike dilatation of  Bacterial infection of the

a ureter near its calyces and renal pelvis.
opening into the
bladder.
 Bicornuate Uterus Unicornuate Uterus
 Presents as paired  Occurs when the uterine
uterine horns extend cavity is elongated and
REPRODUCTIVE:

into the fallopian tubes. has a single fallopian

tube emerging from it.
 Uterus Didelphys Endometriosis
 It is a rare congenital  Presence of endometrial
anomaly with tissue or glands outside
REPRODUCTIVE:

complete duplication the uterus

of the uterus, cervix,  Referred to as chocolate
and vagina. cysts
 Cervical Carcinoma
 Common malignancy of
the female reproductive
REPRODUCTIVE:

system caused by an
abnormal growth pattern of
epithelial cells around the
neck of the uterus

The Pap test allows early detection of this disease,

thus improving the chance of cure and survival.
 Polycystic ovaries Dermoid Cysts/
 It consist of enlarged  These masses arise from
ovaries containing an unfertilized ovum that
REPRODUCTIVE:

multiple small cysts. undergoes neoplastic

change.

[Link]/images/search?q=Pcos+Ultraso

[Link]
[Link]
und&FORM=RESTAB

ives/[Link]
Ultrasound of a polycystic ovary
 Leiomyomas/ Ectopic Pregnancy
 Benign, solid masses of  Refers to the
the uterus, which development of an
REPRODUCTIVE:

develop from an embryo outside the

overgrowth of the uterine cavity.
uterine smooth muscle

[Link]
tissue.

[Link]/p_abdominal_01.php
[Link]
dlaporte/[Link]

Uterine
Leiomyo
mas
 Uterine Prolapse Polyhydramnios
 Result from weakening  Refers to an excess of
of supporting ligaments amniotic fluid.
REPRODUCTIVE:

and pelvic musculature

[Link]
Uterine
prolapse
in a 71

/media/File:Uterine_prolapse.jpg
year old
woman,
with the
cervix
visible in
the
vaginal [Link]

orifice.
 Prostatic Hyperplasia Testicular torsion
 Benign enlargement of  Occurs if a testicle twists
the prostate gland on itself, inducing severe
REPRODUCTIVE:

pain and swelling.

 [Link]
Hydrocele Gynecomastia
 Caused by a collection  The proliferation of breast
of fluid in the testis or tissue in the male patient.
REPRODUCTIVE:

along the spermatic

cord

Doctors from around China gathered at Jinan Chest

Hospital to treat 53-year-old Guo Qingpo, who was
suffering from a severe case of gynecomastia, more
commonly known as man boobs, or moobs.
 Hypospadias Cryptorchidism
 Congenital anomaly of  Condition in which the testes
the penis in which the do not descend into the
REPRODUCTIVE:

urethra opens on the scrotum

ventral surface

[Link]
 Varicocele Phimosis
 A knot of widening  A narrowing of the opening of the
varicose veins in one foreskin so it cannot be retracted
REPRODUCTIVE:

(pulled back) to expose the glans penis

side of the scrotum

[Link]

Acute left varicocele in

an adult
 Chlamydia Genital herpes
 Caused by the bacterium  Caused by the herpes simplex
Chlamydia trachomatis, It is virus type 1 or 2. Symptoms
REPRODUCTIVE:

highly contagious and requires include itching or burning before

early treatment with antibiotics the appearance of lesions (sores)
on the genitals or rectum.

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