KIST COLLEGE AND SS

Kamalpokhari, Kathmandu
Practical report of Mathematics
Report
Submitted to the
Department of Mathematics
KIST COLLEGE AND SS
Kamalpokhari,Kathmandu
PROJECT OF MATHEMATICS
A partial fulfillment of final examination of Mathematics
By
Yubraj Kumar JHa
ID No.:- 7677
Class:- XI
Section:- ‘U’
Registration No.:-
Submitted to
Mr. C.B. Sir
Math Department
2081-09-05

…………………………….. ………………………………
Signature of student Signature of teacher
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I would like to express my deepest gratitude to all those who have contributed to the successful
completion of this project. Without their support, guidance, and encouragement, this project
would not have been possible. I am sincerely thankful for the opportunities I had to learn and
grow throughout the course of this project.
First and foremost, I would like to thank my project supervisor, C.B. Sir , for their invaluable
guidance and continuous support throughout this journey. Their expertise, constructive feedback,
and insightful suggestions have played a crucial role in shaping the direction of my work. I am
truly grateful for their patience and for always making time to clarify my doubts, which made a
significant difference in the quality of the project. The advice provided has been instrumental in
helping me understand the core concepts and practical applications of the subject matter.
I would also like to extend my gratitude to the faculty members of the Mathematics at KIST
COLLEGE and SS. Their academic teachings and encouragement throughout my academic
tenure have helped me build a solid foundation for this project. Their support, both academic and
emotional, has been essential in allowing me to pursue my interests and execute this work to the
best of my ability.
My heartfelt thanks go to all the research participants and contributors who took the time to
provide their insights, data, and feedback, which have been pivotal to the successful outcome of
this project. I deeply appreciate their willingness to participate and share their valuable
experiences, which have greatly enriched my work.
I am also grateful to the library and administrative staff at KIST COLLEGE and SS for
providing me with the resources and access to the necessary tools and materials that made my
research possible. Their assistance in ensuring that I had everything I needed to conduct
thorough and well-informed research is deeply appreciated.
Additionally, I would like to acknowledge my family and friends for their unwavering support,
encouragement, and understanding throughout the course of this project. Their moral support and
motivation, especially during the challenging times, have been a constant source of strength for
me. I am fortunate to have such a wonderful support system.
I would also like to extend my thanks to KIST COLLEGE and SS who have helped in various
capacities during the course of my research. Their expertise, resources, or access to relevant data
have contributed greatly to the successful completion of the project.
Lastly, I would like to thank all my colleagues, peers, and fellow students for their
encouragement and collaborative spirit. Their ideas, discussions, and shared experiences have
inspired and motivated me throughout the project. I have learned a great deal from all of them,
and their camaraderie has been a source of inspiration.
In conclusion, this project has been an incredible learning experience, and I am grateful to
everyone who has played a role in its completion. Each of you has contributed to the realization
of this project, and for that, I am truly thankful.
 STUDENT DECLARATION

I, Yubraj Kumar Jha , a student of Computer Science of class XI section ‘U” , enrolled in KIST
COLLEGE and SS , hereby declare that the work submitted on the topic of “DERIVATIVE
AND ITS APPLICATION” as part of my academic requirements is entirely my own and has
been completed in accordance with the principles of academic integrity. I understand that
plagiarism, cheating, or any form of dishonest conduct is not only unethical but also detrimental
to my academic and personal growth.
I affirm that all the sources, references, and materials consulted in the preparation of this work
have been properly acknowledged and cited according to the citation style required by my
institution. Any ideas, text, or data not originally my own have been duly referenced to avoid
misrepresentation of the work as my own. I take full responsibility for ensuring that my
submission adheres to the highest standards of honesty and academic integrity.
In addition, I understand that my academic institution upholds strict rules regarding the use of
external assistance during the preparation of assignments and exams. I have not received
unauthorized help or used any resources that would violate these rules. My work has been carried
out independently, and I have refrained from collaborating or consulting unauthorized materials
that would compromise the authenticity of the assignment. I also understand the importance of
meeting deadlines and have made every effort to submit my work on time.
Furthermore, I acknowledge that academic misconduct may lead to severe consequences,
including academic probation, suspension, or expulsion from the institution. I am aware of the
institutional policies governing academic honesty and agree to abide by them throughout my
academic career. If any of the work submitted is found to be plagiarized or non-compliant with
academic standards, I am prepared to accept the penalties as stipulated in the university’s code of
conduct.
By submitting this declaration, I confirm that all statements made are accurate, and I am fully
aware of the responsibility I hold in maintaining the integrity of my academic journey. I
understand that failure to comply with these standards not only affects my academic standing but
also my personal reputation.
I am committed to upholding the values of honesty, responsibility, and diligence throughout my
studies and beyond.

Student Name:- Yubraj Kumar Jha

Class:- XI
Section:- ‘U’
ID No.:- 7677
Roll No.:- 44
Shift:- Morning

Student’s Signature
 INTRODUCTION

A derivative is a fundamental concept in calculus that describes the rate of change of a function with
respect to a variable. In simple terms, it measures how much one quantity changes in response to
changes in another. Derivatives are used to understand the behavior of functions, such as determining
the slope of a curve, finding maximum and minimum values, and solving real-world problems involving
rates of change (e.g., speed, growth, or decay).

Mathematically, the derivative of a function f(x)f(x)f(x) at a point x is defined as the limit of the average
rate of change of the function over an interval as the interval approaches zero. This is expressed as:

Where:

 f(x)is the function being analyzed,

 x is the point at which the derivative is calculated,

 Δx is a small change in x.

The result, f′(x), is called the derivative of f(x) at the point x. It represents the slope of the tangent line to
the graph of f(x) at that point, indicating how f(x) is changing at that specific location.

DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION

The derivative of a function provides the rate of change of the function at any given point. It tells us how
the output of the function changes as the input (independent variable) changes. For a function f(x), the
derivative is denoted as f′(x) or d/dxf(x), where d/dx represents the operation of taking the derivative
with respect to x.

Mathematically, the derivative is defined as the limit of the average rate of change over an infinitesimally
small interval:

The derivative f′(x) gives the slope of the tangent line to the graph of f(x)at any point x.
 DERIVATIVES OF ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS

An algebraic function is a function that involves algebraic operations such as addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, and exponentiation of variables and constants. The rules for differentiating
algebraic functions are based on simple formulas and the application of derivative laws.

Here are some key rules for differentiating algebraic functions:

1. POWER RULE :
The derivative of x^n (where n is a constant) is:

Example:

2. CONSTANT RULE :
The derivative of a constant (a number with no variable) is zero:

Example:

3. SUM AND DIFFERENCE RULE :

The derivative of the sum or difference of two functions is the sum or difference of their
derivatives

Example:

4. PRODUCT RULE :
For two functions f(x) and g(x), the derivative of their product is:
 Example:

5. QUOTIENT RULE :
For two functions f(x) and g(x), the derivative of their quotient is:

Example:

6. CHAIN RULE :
When differentiating a composite function f(g(x)), we use the chain rule:

Example:

DERIVATIVES OF PARAMETRIC FUNCTION

As discussed earlier, parametric equations are given as:

x=f(t) and y=g(t)
Where t is the parameter, and both x and y are expressed in terms of t. The derivative of y with
respect to x, dy/dx, can be calculated as follows:

FORMULA FOR DERIVATIVE OF PARAMETRIC FUNCTION:

Where:
 dy/dt is the derivative of y with respect to t,
 dx/dt is the derivative of x with respect to t.
Steps:
1. Differentiate x=f(t)x = f(t)x=f(t) to get dx/dt.
2. Differentiate y=g(t)y = g(t)y=g(t) to get dy/dt.
3. Use the formula to find dy/dx = dy/dt X dt/dx.
 Example:
Given the parametric equations:
Differentiate x=t^2+2t:

DERIVATIVE OF IMPLICIT FUNCTIONS

When dealing with implicit functions, we're working with equations that define a relationship
between variables x and y without solving explicitly for y in terms of x (or vice versa). These
equations are usually of the form:
F(x,y)=0
Here, F(x,y) is a function of both x and y. To find the derivative dy/dx, we use implicit
differentiation.
First Derivative (dy/dx)
Assume you have an equation like F(x,y)=0. To find dy/dx, follow these steps:
1. Differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to x, treating y as a function of x. This
means applying the chain rule when differentiating terms involving y.
For example, if you have F(x,y(x))=0F, differentiate implicitly:

Solve for dy/dx(the derivative of y with respect to x) by isolating dy/dx after differentiating.
Example: Let's consider the equation x^2+y^2= 1, which defines a circle.

Differentiating both sides :

Solving for dy/dx:

So, the first derivative for this implicit function is dy/dx=−x/y.

HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVES

Once you have the first derivative, you can calculate higher-order derivatives by differentiating
the expression for dy/dx again.

Second Derivative (d²y/dx²)

To find the second derivative d^2y/dx^2, differentiate dy/dx with respect to x.
Example: From the first derivative dy/dx=−x/y (from the equation of the circle), differentiate
implicitly with respect to x.

Use the quotient rule to differentiate −x/y:

 Substitute dy/dx=−x/y into the equation:

Simplifying:

Since x^2+y^2=1 , substitute this into the expression:

Thus, the second derivative for the circle equation is:

DERIVATIVE OF TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS

1. DERIVATIVE OF sin(x) :

2. DERIVATIVE OF cos(x) :

3. DERIVATIVE OF tan(x) :

4. DERIVATIVE OF cot(x) :

5. DERIVATIVE OF sec(x) :

6. DERIVATIVE OF cosec(x) :

DERIVATIVE OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS

1. Derivative of sin^{-1}(x) :

2. Derivative of cos^{-1}(x) :

3. Derivative of tan^{-1}(x) :

4. Derivative of cot^{-1}(x) :

5. Derivative of sec^{-1}(x) :

6. Derivative of cosec^{-1}(x) :
 DERIVATIVES OF EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
The derivatives of exponential and logarithmic functions are fundamental concepts in calculus.
Here's an overview of their derivatives, along with examples:

1. DERIVATIVE OF e^x :
2. DERIVATIVE OF a^x :
3. DERIVARTIVE OF ln(x) (Natural Logarithm):
4. DERIVATIVE OF loga(x) (Logarithm with base a):
APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
 INTRODUCTION
In calculus, the derivative of a function represents the rate at which the function's output
changes as its input changes. It is a measure of how a function behaves locally, and it is
fundamentally linked to the concept of instantaneous rate of change.
The derivative gives the slope of the tangent line to the curve of the function at any given point.
This concept has vast applications in fields ranging from physics to economics, biology, and
engineering, helping to describe the rates of change, optimize functions, and solve real-world
problems.
The derivative of a function is denoted as:
 f′(x) or d/dxf(x)
 If the function is represented in a general form, say f(x), the derivative at a point x=a is written as
f′(a).

GEOMETRICAL INTERPRETATION OF DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION

The derivative of a function can be interpreted geometrically as the slope of the tangent line to
the curve at any given point. Let’s break this down:
1. Tangent Line:
o Imagine a curve represented by the function y=f(x).
o The tangent to this curve at any point x=a is a straight line that touches the curve at
exactly one point, without crossing it.
o The slope of this tangent line is given by the value of the derivative f′(a). This means that
f′(a) represents how steep the curve is at that particular point.

2. Secant Line:
o If we take two points on the curve, say (a,f(a)) and (a+h,f(a+h)), the slope of the line
connecting these two points is called the secant line.
o The derivative is the limit of the slope of the secant line as the second point
(a+h,f(a+h)),approaches the first point (a,f(a)).
o Mathematically:

o As h→0, this becomes the derivative:

1. Definitions of Monotonicity
 Monotonically Increasing: A function f(x) is said to be monotonically increasing on an interval if
for every pair of points x1 and x2 in the interval such that x1<x2, we have:f(x1)≤f(x2)This means
that the function either stays constant or increases as x increases.
 Strictly Increasing: A function f(x) is strictly increasing on an interval if for every pair of points x1
and x2 in the interval such that x1<x2, we have:
f(x1)<f(x2).
This means the function is always increasing without ever staying flat.
 Monotonically Decreasing: A function f(x) is monotonically decreasing on an interval if for every
pair of points x1 and x2 in the interval such that x1<x2, we have:
 f(x1)≥f(x2).
This means the function either stays constant or decreases as x increases.
 Strictly Decreasing: A function f(x) is strictly decreasing on an interval if for every pair of points
x1 and x2in the interval such that x1<x2, we have:
f(x1)>f(x2).
This means the function is always decreasing without ever staying flat.
 Constant Function: A function f(x) is constant on an interval if f(x1)=f(x2) for all x1,x2 in that
interval. This is a special case where the function does not increase or decrease, but remains flat.

2. Determining Monotonicity Using Derivatives

The first derivative f′(x) of a function provides valuable information about its monotonicity.
Specifically:
 If f′(x)>0 on an interval, the function is increasing on that interval.
 If f′(x)<0 on an interval, the function is decreasing on that interval.
 If f′(x)=0 on an interval, the function may be constant or have a horizontal tangent at those
points. Further analysis is needed to determine the nature of the function (whether it's constant
or has a local maximum or minimum).

3. Intervals of Monotonicity

To find the intervals of monotonicity for a given function, follow these steps:
1. Find the first derivative f′(x).
2. Solve f′(x)=0 to find the critical points. These are the points where the slope of the tangent is
zero, indicating potential maxima, minima, or points of inflection.
3. Determine the sign of f′(x) on intervals divided by the critical points. You can do this by choosing
test points within the intervals to check whether f′(x) is positive or negative.
4. Classify the intervals: Based on the sign of f′(x), determine whether the function is increasing or
decreasing on each interval.

3. Example of Monotonicity and Intervals of Monotonicity

Let’s consider the function:

 Thus, the critical point are:

Step 4: Conclusion - Intervals of Monotonicity:

1. Extreme Values of a Function

Extreme values refer to the points where a function reaches a local maximum or local minimum.
These values are essential in understanding the behavior of a function and in optimization
problems.
There are two types of extreme values:
 Local Maximum: A function f(x) has a local maximum at x=a if there exists an interval around x=a
such that for all x near a, f(a)≥f(x).
 Local Minimum: A function f(x) has a local minimum at x=a if there exists an interval around x=a
such that for all x near a, f(a)≤f(x).
In addition to local extrema, we also have:
 Global Maximum: The highest value the function attains over its entire domain.
 Global Minimum: The lowest value the function attains over its entire domain.
Conditions for Extreme Values
The extreme values of a function can be found using the following steps:
1. Find the critical points:
o A critical point occurs where the first derivative f′(x)=0 or where f′(x) does not exist.
These points are potential candidates for local maxima or minima.
 2. Use the First Derivative Test:
o The First Derivative Test involves analyzing the sign of f′(x) around the critical points:
 If f′(x) changes from positive to negative at a point, then the function has a local
maximum at that point.
 If f′(x) changes from negative to positive at a point, then the function has a local
minimum at that point.
 If f′(x) does not change sign, the critical point is not an extremum.
3. Use the Second Derivative Test:
o The Second Derivative Test can be used to determine the nature of critical points:
 If f′(x)=0 and f′′(x)>0, the function has a local minimum at x.
 If f′(x)=0 and f′′(x)<0, the function has a local maximum at x.
 If f′(x)=0 and f′′(x)=0, the test is inconclusive, and higher derivatives need to be
considered.

EXAMPLE: FINDING EXTREME VALUES

2. Concavity of a Function

Concavity refers to the curvature of the graph of a function. A function can either be concave up or
concave down depending on the sign of its second derivative f′′(x).
  Concave Up: A function f(x) is concave up on an interval if f′′(x)>0 on that interval. The graph of
the function has the shape of a "cup" (i.e., it opens upward).

 Concave Down: A function f(x) is concave down on an interval if f′′(x)<0 on that interval. The
graph of the function has the shape of an "arch" (i.e., it opens downward).

 Inflection Point: An inflection point occurs where the function changes concavity, i.e., where the
second derivative changes sign (from positive to negative or vice versa). At an inflection point,
the function may still be continuous, but the curvature changes.

Determining Concavity

1. Find the second derivative f′′(x).

2. Solve for intervals where f′′(x)>0 (concave up) and f′′(x)<0 (concave down).

3. Identify inflection points where f′′(x)=0 and f′′(x) changes sign

Point of Inflection

A point of inflection is a point on the graph of a function where the function changes its concavity. In
other words, at an inflection point, the function switches from being concave up (cup-shaped) to
concave down (arch-shaped), or vice versa. This change occurs when the second derivative of the
function changes sign.

Definition:

A point x=c is a point of inflection if:

1. f′′(c)=0 or f′′(c) does not exist (i.e., the second derivative is either zero or undefined at x=c).

2. The concavity of the function changes around x=c (i.e., the sign of f′′(x) changes from positive to
negative, or negative to positive).